61-498: Chinatown ( Chinese : 墨爾本華埠 ) is an ethnic enclave in the central business district (CBD) of Melbourne , Victoria, Australia. Centred at the eastern end of Little Bourke Street , it extends between the corners of Swanston and Spring streets, and consists of numerous laneways, alleys and arcades. Established in the 1850s during the Victorian gold rush , it is notable for being the longest continuous ethnic Chinese settlement in
122-564: A Victorian parliamentary committee, arguing that clear laws would give Chinese migrants more confidence to settle in Australia with their families. In 1857, the Victorian government legislated a tax of £1 (equivalent to A$ 186 in 2018) per month on all Chinese residents in Victoria. This prompted petitions, protests and resistance from Chinese mining communities. By November 1857, the residency tax
183-926: A supercargo . Kong Meng was a British subject by virtue of being born in Penang. He and his family supported the British in the First Opium War , in which his brother was killed "in the service of the East India Company ". In 1853, Kong Meng travelled to Melbourne after hearing of the Victorian gold rush in Mauritius. He was the first Chinese merchant to arrive in Victoria. After unsuccessfully attempting mining for 3 months, Kong Meng left Australia for Calcutta disillusioned. He returned with cargo from India and established an importing firm Kong Meng and Co. in 1854. Initially, Kong Meng's importing business catered primarily to
244-503: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from
305-687: A handful of houses from the middle of one of the Celestial cities, and flung them down, inhabitants and all, in the Antipodes. One almost expects to behold the princess on her way to the bath, or to meet that mighty potentate the brother to the sun, uncle to the moon, and first cousin to the seven stars. Despite the cultural divide, several community leaders with strong Chinatown connections became influential and well-regarded among Melburnians more broadly, including businessman Lowe Kong Meng , police detective Fook Shing and missionary Cheok Hong Cheong . Also during
366-541: A haven for members of the University of Melbourne ALP Club . This growing patronage helped pave the way for a distinctly Australian Chinese cuisine , which achieved mainstream popularity by the mid-20th century. The dim sim , a staple of Australian Chinese cuisine, was invented in Chinatown by William Wing Young, in 1945, at his restaurant Wing Lee, and has become a major snack food in takeaway outlets and supermarkets throughout
427-642: A predominantly Chinese population. The residents of Chinatown established themselves as storekeepers, importers, furniture-makers, herbalists and in the wholesale fruit and vegetable industries, with a strong presence at the nearby Eastern Market on Bourke Street. Christian churches were built and Chinese political groups and newspapers were subsequently formed. Other members of the Chinese community who lived and worked elsewhere used Chinatown to congregate with friends. The area also provided further support to new Chinese immigrants. Early in its history, Chinatown developed
488-444: A reputation for "salubrious" enterprises including opium dens, gambling houses and brothels, but maintained a distinctly "entrepreneurial air". By 1859, Victoria's Chinese population reached approximately 45,000, representing nearly 8.5% of the colony's total population. Australian colonial author Marcus Clarke wrote in 1868: One-half of Little Bourke-street is not Melbourne but China. It is as though some djinn or genie had taken up
549-601: A standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of
610-523: A substantial increase in immigration from Indochina, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China. The demographics of Chinatown, as well as its culinary scene, greatly diversified as a result. In 2010, the ground floor of the Chinese Museum was remodelled as a visitor centre for Melbourne's Chinatown. The following year, a memorial statue of Dr Sun Yat-sen was unveiled outside
671-459: Is Lowe ( Chinese : 劉 ; pinyin : Liú ), but in Australia he took Kong Meng as his surname. In Australia, he retained his Chinese cultural heritage. He married Mary Ann (or Annie ) Prussia in Melbourne on 4 February 1860. They had 12 children and lived in the wealthy suburb of Malvern . His mixed-race marriage appears not to have impeded his participation in the Melbourne elite. In 1867,
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#1732837747201732-850: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;
793-421: Is possible that he was the labour importer for others. He is credited with operating one of the largest credit-ticket operations in the antipodes. The number of Chinese miners in Victoria began to decline after 1859, and Kong Meng diversified his business accordingly. He began to import Chinese tea for European consumers, and invested in mining and banking. With Louis Ah Mouy , he was a founding shareholder in
854-506: Is set in Melbourne, with several scenes shot in Chinatown. Chinatown appears in episodes of the period detective drama series Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries (2012–2015), including "Ruddy Gore" (episode 6, season 1), which focuses largely on Chinatown and its connection to the East End Theatre District . Books Journals Theses Webpages Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are
915-483: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to
976-470: The Commercial Bank of Australia , which would eventually become Westpac . Their involvement in the bank was apparently part of an effort to attract Chinese depositors. A gold-mining firm based south of Maryborough , Kong Meng Gold Mining Company, was quite successful. By 1863, The Argus wrote that "there are reputedly few wealthier men in Victoria". From the start of the Victorian gold rush until
1037-557: The Kensiu language . Lowe Kong Meng Lowe Kong Meng (born 1830 or 1831; died 22 October 1888) was a Chinese-Australian businessman. Born into a trading family in Penang , Kong Meng learned English and French at an early age and worked as an importing merchant around the Indian Ocean. In 1853 he moved to Melbourne where he started a business importing goods for Chinese miners during
1098-622: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝ 'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for
1159-509: The Victorian gold rush . After 1860, as the Chinese population in Melbourne peaked, he diversified into other lines of business, including investing in the Commercial Bank of Australia . Kong Meng was a prominent and well-regarded member of Melbourne's elite, and for a time was one of the city's wealthiest men. He was a leading defender of Chinese Australians at a time when their status was politically controversial and they were subjected to targeted taxation, discrimination and violence. Kong Meng
1220-637: The Western World and the oldest Chinatown in the Southern Hemisphere . Melbourne's Chinatown has played an important role in establishing the culture of Chinese immigrants in Australia, and is still home to many Chinese restaurants, cultural venues, businesses and places of worship. Today, Melbourne's Chinatown is a major tourist attraction , known for its architectural heritage, annual festivals and cuisines of Asian origins, as well as its karaoke venues, bars and fashion boutiques. Beyond Chinatown and
1281-636: The "dark recesses" of the Chinese Quarter, where Detective Kilsip, the novel's protagonist, pursues his suspect. Alfred Dampier 's Marvellous Melbourne play of the same year features a scene in a Chinatown opium den. Between 1909 and 1910, Melbourne's first Chinese-language newspaper, the Chinese Times , serialised Wong Shee Ping 's novel The Poison of Polygamy , the first novel written in Literary Chinese to be published in Australia and possibly
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#17328377472011342-585: The 1880s. During the Second World War, modernist Eric Thake created a series of works depicting Chinatown shopfronts, which now belong in the State Library of Victoria 's painting collection. Fergus Hume 's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1886), one of the most famous mystery crime novels of the Victorian era, is based largely on the author's observations of life in Little Bourke Street, including
1403-801: The British Empire. They rejected claims that Chinese migrants constituted cheap labour that would undercut British in Australia. Instead, they claimed that (like Irish migrants ), their wages would quickly equalise with local workers. In 1887, the Zongli Yamen (the Qing ministry of foreign affairs ), sent two imperial commissioners to Australia to investigate the treatment of Chinese Australians. The commissioners Wang Ronghe and Yu Quiong visited Melbourne, Sydney , Brisbane , Darwin and Cooktown . Kong Meng received them when they arrived at Spencer St station . He knew Wang personally as they had been classmates in
1464-536: The CBD, Melbourne's Chinese community is well-represented in other areas of the city, most notably Box Hill , where a $ 450 million development named "New Chinatown" is currently being constructed. Chinatown is home to the Chinese Museum . The advent of the Victorian gold rush in 1851 attracted immigrants from around the world, including tens of thousands of Chinese prospectors . The majority were Cantonese-speaking male villagers from Hong Kong and nearby areas, including
1525-498: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China
1586-521: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,
1647-507: The West. Set in Victoria during the 1850s gold rush, the novel describes life in Chinatown. Set in Little Bourke Street, Elinor Mordaunt 's 1919 novel The Ginger Jar is about a love affair between a Chinese Australian hawker and a European woman. A pivotal scene of the 1911 silent film The Double Event , directed by W. J. Lincoln , takes place in Melbourne's Chinatown. The 1997 Hong Kong action film Mr. Nice Guy , starring Jackie Chan ,
1708-431: The colonial period, a number of businesses run by Australians of European descent were based in Chinatown, including the offices of Table Talk , one of Melbourne's most popular magazines in the 1880s. Chinatown peaked in the early 20th century in terms of population and size with businesses having expanded into the nearby Little Lon red-light district, transforming it into a predominantly Chinese-owned area. This growth
1769-641: The context of increasing support for exclusion in Australia and the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States. The pamphlet referred to US congressional investigations, and testimony from missionaries in defence of Chinese migrants. It emphasised the importance of free Chinese migration to continuing free trade with China. The authors also pointed to obligations in the Anglo-Chinese Peking Convention of 1860 which granted reciprocal rights for Chinese people to travel and work in
1830-461: The country. Young's daughter, Elizabeth Chong , became a television celebrity chef and Chinatown tour guide. Chinatown's potential as a tourist site was recognised in the 1960s by local entrepreneur and politician David Wang , whose push for the redevelopment of Little Bourke Street led to the archways of today. During the 1960s and 1970s, the White Australia policy was dismantled, resulting in
1891-519: The couple attended a fancy-dress ball in honour of the Duke of Edinburgh , Kong Meng wearing a mandarin's robes, while she dressed as a Grecian lady. Kong Meng was a comfortable member of Melbourne's elite. Contemporary accounts described him with words like "cultured", "influential" and "highly esteemed" and reference extensive donations to charities and churches. Even The Bulletin , which supported exclusion of Chinese migrants from Australia, noted that he
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1952-407: The festival has expanded to multiple CBD sites in recent years, including Crown Casino . The celebrations feature traditional and contemporary Chinese cultural activities and festivities, dances, Chinese opera and singing, karaoke competition, numerous stalls of culinary delights, arts and crafts, Chinese chess competitions, calligraphy and children's events. The Dai Loong Dragon Parade, as well as
2013-570: The implementation of the White Australia policy , the status and treatment of Chinese Australians was politically controversial in colonial Australia. They were the subject of targeted taxation, discrimination and violence (e.g. the Buckland riot ). As a leader in the Melbourne Chinese community, Kong Meng was a prominent voice defending Chinese migration, often contributing to debate about the so-called "Chinese question". In 1857, he testified before
2074-423: The importing agent. From 1855, a landing tax of £10 (equivalent to A$ 1624 in 2018) was levied on Chinese migrants who disembarked at Victorian ports. To avoid this, it was common for Chinese migrants to disembark at Robe in the neighbouring colony of South Australia and walk the 350 kilometres (220 mi) to the goldfields in Victoria. At least one of Kong Meng's ships offloaded Chinese passengers at Robe. It
2135-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from
2196-654: The main Lion Dances (performed by the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, Chinese Masonic Society and Hung Gar Martial Arts School) begin at roughly 10am on the Sunday following New Year, and run till roughly 4pm. The Dragon parade begins and ends at Melbourne's Chinese Museum. The Asian food festival is typically held in Spring and celebrates Asian cuisine with food tasting, stalls, cooking demonstrations, among others. Beyond
2257-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as
2318-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In
2379-549: The majority of Little Bourke Street from Elizabeth to Russell streets. It is notable for being the oldest Chinatown in the Southern Hemisphere, and the longest continuous Chinese settlement outside Asia, owing to San Francisco 's Chinatown 's relocation following the 1906 earthquake . The Victorian gold rush eventually waned, causing a shift from rural living and an influx of people migrating into metropolitan Melbourne, particularly Little Bourke Street, which already had
2440-975: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often
2501-462: The museum's entrance, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China . The traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance has always ended at this spot, but will now end with a blessing of the statue. The Chinese New Year is primarily celebrated in Chinatown on the first Sunday of the new Lunar year. It is the original and primary location of Melbourne's CNY festival, although
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2562-415: The needs of Chinese miners on the Victorian goldfields. This included opium , preserved foods, tea and clothing. Most of the rice being shipped to Melbourne came from Calcutta, and it is possible that Kong Meng was part of this trade given his connections there. British traders were supplying most of the tea drunk by British in Victoria, and it is likely he was not a large importer of tea. By the mid-1860s, he
2623-665: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as
2684-440: The original Chinatown in the CBD, several newer Chinese communities have developed in Melbourne's eastern suburbs, such as Box Hill , Glen Waverley and Springvale . An older community, with links back to the 1850s gold rush, is to be found in the regional city of Bendigo , 150 km north-west of Melbourne. Tom Roberts , one of the leading figures of Australian Impressionism , created sketches of life in Little Bourke Street in
2745-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as
2806-825: The predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to
2867-433: The same English school in Penang. Kong Meng presented a petition to the commissioners co-signed with Louis Ah Mouy and Cheok Hong Cheong. The petition complained about the poll tax on Chinese residents, restrictions on their movement between Australian colonies, and unprovoked assaults on Chinese merchants. The petition was also presented to the Victorian premier , Duncan Gillies . Lowe Kong Meng's family name in Chinese
2928-490: The southwestern districts of Guangdong (See Yup), and its capital city Guangzhou (Sam Yap). The eastern half of Little Bourke Street was considered convenient for these immigrants, as both a staging post and a place to pick up supplies en route to the goldfields in central Victoria. The earliest lodging houses were established in Celestial Avenue, off Little Bourke Street, and by 1855, Chinese houses and businesses lined
2989-467: The tax. He and 150 other Chinese merchants duly paid the tax after their entreaties were unsuccessful. The unwillingness of Melbourne's Chinese merchants (including Kong Meng) to stand alongside Chinese miners contributed to the campaign against the tax eventually petering out. In 1879, with Louis Ah Mouy and Cheok Hong Cheong , Kong Meng published a pamphlet The Chinese Question in Australia . It argued against excluding Chinese people from Australia, in
3050-627: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with
3111-970: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write
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#17328377472013172-509: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being
3233-571: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c. 200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c. the 5th century . Although
3294-434: Was "idolised by his Victorian fellow-countrymen". Elsewhere, The Bulletin relates a story of Kong Meng being accosted on a bus to Richmond by a "cheeky youth" who assumed he could not speak English. Kong Meng purportedly responded that he could happy converse in 6 languages, but requested that he not be addressed "in a dialect which should only be used by you for conversing with your own social equals.” In 1863, Kong Meng
3355-429: Was amended to £6 per year, and it was again reduced to £4 per year in 1859 amid widespread civil disobedience and refusal to pay. In May 1859, Kong Meng met with the Victorian governor . He argued that, since the tax had been conceived mainly to target Chinese miners, he and other Chinese merchants ought not to be subject to it. He distanced himself from the civil disobedience and campaigning of Chinese miners opposed to
3416-851: Was awarded the title Mandarin of the Blue Button by the Tongzhi Emperor in recognition of his leadership of the Chinese community in Melbourne. Redmond Barry invited him to curate Chinese art for an exhibition in 1869 but Kong Meng declined owing to the poor quality of art available in Victoria. He was a member of the Royal Society of Victoria and was appointed a commissioner for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880. Lowe Kong Meng died on 22 October 1888 at his home in Malvern. The Argus reported that his funeral procession
3477-717: Was born in Penang in either 1830 or 1831. His father Lowe A Quee was a merchant who owned significant amounts of property in Penang. His family had originated in Siyi in Guangdong , and had been trading in Penang for "a century". He went to high school in Penang and at the age of 16 travelled to Mauritius where he learned English and French under private tuition. Between 1847 and 1853 he began operating as an importing merchant, particularly between Singapore , Mauritius, and Calcutta (now Kolkata in India ). He travelled between these destinations as
3538-485: Was hampered by the Immigration Restriction Act , implemented after the federation of Australia in 1901. Chinatown's subsequent decline was further exacerbated by a broader shift of businesses and residents from Melbourne's central business district (CBD) to the surrounding suburbs. In the 1920s, more Australians of European descent began frequenting Chinatown eateries, one being Chung Wah on Heffernan Lane,
3599-528: Was made up of about 100 vehicles, and the route was lined by many people, including many Chinese Melburnians. He was buried in the Melbourne General Cemetery . Kong Meng's family continued to be well regarded into the 20th century. In 1916, his son George wrote to The Age and The Argus , complaining that he had been rebuffed while attempting to enlist to fight in the First World War . He
3660-620: Was rejected on grounds of being "not substantially of European origin". An editorial in the Euroa Gazette described the decision as unjust, calling the Kong Meng family "old and highly respected" in both Victoria's north-east and in Melbourne. The Argus also questioned the decision, pointing out that George's brother was already serving with the Australian 1st Division as a sergeant. Twenty-eight years after his death, it recalled Lowe Kong Meng as
3721-453: Was the biggest single supplier of goods for Chinese miners in Victoria. To pay for his imports, Kong Meng's business was also a major exporter of gold from Australia, primarily to Galle in Sri Lanka and Hong Kong . Kong Meng's importing business was also involved in Chinese migration to Victoria. Between 1857 and 1867, 1,985 Chinese passengers arrived in Melbourne on ships for which he was
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