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89-572: The Celtic Club logo includes the shamrock and harp of Ireland together with the Southern Cross star constellation representing Australia . The motto reads 'Pro patria et libertate' (For Fatherland and Liberty) reflecting the Clubs origins as an Irish Home Rule club. The Club's newly adopted motto is 'Ní neart go cur le chéile' the Irish for 'There is strength in unity'. Founded on 26 September 1887,

178-534: A Quaker neighbour who had been a United Irishman and had laughed at the idea that the issue was kings and governments. What mattered was the land from which the people got their bread. Instead of singing La Marseillaise , he said that what the men of '98 should have borrowed from the French was "their sagacious idea of bundling the landlords out of doors and putting tenants in their shoes". In 1842, he had already allied himself with James Godkin who had abandoned

267-400: A land tax , on the grounds that it unfairly penalised small farmers. When McCulloch's government was defeated on this issue, Duffy became Premier and Chief Secretary (June 1871 to June 1872). Victoria's finances were in a poor state and he was forced to introduce a tariff bill to provide government revenue, despite his adherence to British free trade principles. An Irish Catholic Premier

356-753: A bible mission to campaign for the rights of the Catholic tenants he had been tasked with bringing into the Protestant fold. He now looked to James MacKnight (M'Knight) who, closely aided by a group of radical Presbyterian ministers, in 1847 had formed the Ulster Tenant Right Association in Derry. In 1850, a convention called in Dublin by Duffy and MacKnight formed the Irish Tenant Right League . It

445-531: A figure of St Patrick preaching to a crowd while holding a shamrock, presumably to explain the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. When Saint Patrick arrived in Ireland in 431, he used the shamrock to teach pagans the Holy Trinity. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities , which could have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts. Patricia Monaghan states that "There

534-424: A native Irish plant and had only been introduced into Ireland in the middle of the 17th century, and based his argument on the same comments by Elizabethan authors that shamrock had been eaten. Bicheno argued that this fitted the wood sorrel better than clover, as wood sorrel was often eaten as a green and used to flavour food. Bicheno's argument has not been generally accepted however, as the weight of evidence favours

623-589: A new Whig administration. In the Protestant North William Sharman Crawford and other League candidates had their meetings broken up by Orange "bludgeon men". To the cause of tenant rights, Cullen was sympathetic, but of Duffy he was deeply suspicious. Following O'Connell he described Duffy as an "Irish Mazzini "—condemnation from a man who had witnessed the Church's humiliation under Mazzini's Roman Republic in 1849. Duffy in turn accused

712-457: A plant particularly associated with the Irish, but only with a confused notion that the shamrock was a plant eaten by them. To a herbalist like Gerard it is clear that the shamrock is clover, but other English writers do not appear to know the botanical identity of the shamrock. This is not surprising, as they probably received their information at second or third hand. It is notable that there is no mention anywhere in these writings of St. Patrick or

801-513: A platform of land reform. With the collapse of the Victorian Government 's Haines Ministry, during 1857, another Irish Catholic , John O'Shanassy , unexpectedly became Premier. Duffy was his deputy as well as Commissioner for Public Works, President of the Board of Land and Works , and Commissioner for Crown Lands and Survey . Irish Catholics serving as Cabinet Ministers was hitherto unknown in

890-621: A public appeal was soon held to enable him to buy the freehold property necessary to stand for the colonial Parliament . He was immediately elected to the Legislative Assembly for Villiers and Heytesbury in the Western District in 1856. A Melbourne Punch cartoon depicted Duffy entering Parliament as a bog Irishman carrying a shillelagh atop the parliamentary benches ( Punch , 4 December 1856, p. 141). He later represented Dalhousie and then North Gippsland . Duffy stood on

979-562: A restoration of an Irish parliament through a reversal of the 1800 Acts of Union . When he had first followed O'Connell, Duffy concedes that he had "burned with the desire to set up again the Celtic race and the catholic church". But in The Nation (which repeatedly invoked memory of the United Irishmen ) Duffy committed himself to a "nationality" that would embrace as easily "the stranger who

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1068-568: A round of calls to promote it in Monaghan. Inspired by Teeling's recollections of '98, Duffy began contributing to the journal, The Northern Herald . In Belfast, Duffy went on to edit The Vindicator , an O'Connellite journal launched by Thomas O'Hagan (later the first Catholic to become Lord Chancellor of Ireland since 1687). At the same time, he began studying law at the King's Inns in Dublin . Duffy

1157-504: A species of clover. A more scientific approach was taken by English botanists James Britten and Robert Holland, who stated in their Dictionary of English Plant Names published in 1878, that their investigations had revealed that Trifolium dubium was the species sold most frequently in Covent Garden as shamrock on St. Patrick's Day , and that it was worn in at least 13 counties in Ireland. Finally, detailed investigations to settle

1246-542: A stand "for Old Ireland", O'Connell rejected the "godless" colleges. For Duffy there was a further, less liberal basis, for his disaffection: O'Connell's repeated denunciations of a "vile union" in the United States "of republicanism and slavery", and his appeal to Irish Americans to join in the abolitionist struggle. Duffy believed the time was not right "for gratuitous interference in American affairs". Not least because of

1335-457: A sweet breath. There is nothing in Dineley's account of the legend of St. Patrick using the shamrock to teach the mystery of the Holy Trinity, and this story does not appear in writing anywhere until a 1726 work by the botanist Caleb Threlkeld . Threlkeld identifies the shamrock as White Field Clover ( Trifolium pratense album ) and comments rather acerbically on St. Patrick's Day customs including

1424-437: Is a result of their marginal hand-to-mouth existence as bandits. Moryson claims that the Irish "willingly eat the herbe Schamrock being of a sharpe taste which as they run and are chased to and fro they snatch like beasts out of the ditches." The reference to a sharp taste is suggestive of the bitter taste of wood sorrel. What is clear is that by the end of the sixteenth century the shamrock had become known to English writers as

1513-538: Is a term for the Irish diaspora first coined in 1691 after the Treaty of Limerick . President: Patrick McGorry Vice-President: Ronan McDonald Treasurer: Fergal Coleman Secretary: Michael Cooney Committee Members: Rosemary Sheehan, Nial Finegan (Past President), Lynda Meredith, Aoife Kealy, and James Dunne A key aim of the Celtic Club is to support, present and celebrate Irish culture and traditions across

1602-490: Is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts". However, Jack Santino speculates that "The shamrock was probably associated with the earth and assumed by the druids to be symbolic of the regenerative powers of nature ... Nevertheless, the shamrock, whatever its history as a folk symbol, today has its meaning in a Christian context. Pictures of Saint Patrick depict him driving

1691-457: Is purple field clover, and which they eat to make them speedy and of nimble strength'). Linnaeus based his information that the Irish ate shamrock on the comments of English Elizabethan authors such as Edmund Spenser who remarked that the shamrock used to be eaten by the Irish, especially in times of hardship and famine. It has since been argued however, that the Elizabethans were confused by

1780-656: Is still not a consensus over the precise botanical species of clover that is the "true" shamrock. John Gerard in his herbal of 1597 defined the shamrock as Trifolium pratense or Trifolium pratense flore albo , meaning red or white clover. He described the plant in English as "Three leaved grasse" or "Medow Trefoile", "which are called in Irish Shamrockes ". The Irish botanist Caleb Threlkeld , writing in 1726 in his work entitled Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum or A Treatise on Native Irish Plants followed Gerard in identifying

1869-470: Is the official emblem of Irish football club Shamrock Rovers . Shamrock commonly appear as part of the emblem of many organisations in countries overseas with communities of Irish descent. Outside Ireland, various organisations, businesses and places also use the symbol to advertise a connection with the island. These uses include: Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician) Sir Charles Gavan Duffy , KCMG , PC (12 April 1816 – 9 February 1903),

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1958-516: Is used in the emblems of many state organisations, both in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . Some of these are all-Ireland bodies, (such as Tourism Ireland ) as well as organisations specific to the Republic of Ireland (such as IDA Ireland ) and Northern Ireland (such as Police Service of Northern Ireland ). The Irish Postal Service An Post , regularly features the shamrock on its series of stamps . The airline Aer Lingus uses

2047-603: Is within our gates" as "the Irishman of a hundred generations." This expansive, ecumenical, view of the opinion-forming tasks of the paper brought him into conflict with the clericalism of the broader movement. O'Connell's paper, The Pilot , did not hesitate to identify religion as The "positive and unmistakable" mark of distinction between Irish and English. As leader of the Catholic Association , O'Connell had fought to secure not only Catholic entry to Parliament but also

2136-541: The British Army use the shamrock as their emblem, and wear a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's Day . Shamrock are exported to wherever the regiment is stationed throughout the world. Queen Victoria decreed over a hundred years ago that soldiers from Ireland should wear a sprig of shamrock in recognition of fellow Irish soldiers who had fought bravely in the Boer War , a tradition continued by British army soldiers from both

2225-659: The British Empire and the Melbourne's Protestant establishment was ill-prepared "to countenance so startling a novelty". Duffy's Land Act was passed in 1862. Like the Nicholson Act of 1860 which it modified, the Duffy Act provided, in specified areas, for new and extended pastoral leases. It was an effort to break the land-holding monopoly of the so-called "squatter" class . However, the bill had been amended into ineffectiveness by

2314-464: The French Revolution to undermine their Ministry. One famous Punch image, "Citizens John and Charles", depicted the pair as French revolutionaries holding the skull and cross bone flag of the so-called Victorian Republic . The O'Shanassy Ministry was defeated at the 1859 election and a new government formed. In 1871, Duffy led the opposition to Premier Sir James McCulloch 's plan to introduce

2403-484: The Legislative Council so that it was easy for the squatters to employ dummies and extend their control. Duffy's attempts to correct the legislation were defeated. Historian Don Garden commented that "Unfortunately Duffy's dreams were on a higher plane than his practical skills as a legislator and the morals of those opposed to him." In 1858–59, Melbourne Punch cartoons linked Duffy and O'Shanassy with images of

2492-494: The Repeal Association tabled resolutions declaring that under no circumstances was a nation justified in asserting its liberties by force of arms. The Young Irelanders had not advocated physical force, but in response to the "Peace Resolutions" Thomas Meagher argued that if Repeal could not be carried by moral persuasion and peaceful means, a resort to arms would be a no less honourable course. O'Connell's son John forced

2581-454: The thistle of Scotland to symbolise the unity of the three kingdoms. Since then, the shamrock has regularly appeared alongside the rose, thistle and (sometimes) leek for Wales in British coins such as the two shilling and crown, and in stamps . The rose, thistle and shamrock motif also appears regularly on British public buildings such as Buckingham Palace . Throughout the nineteenth century

2670-425: The Church under Cullen of pursuing a "Roman policy" in Ireland "hostile to its nationality." Until O'Connell's death, Duffy suggested that Rome had "believed in the possibility of an Independent Catholic State" in Ireland, but that since O'Connell's death could "only see the possibility of a Red Republic". The Curia had, as a result, returned to "her design of treating Ireland as an entrenched camp of Catholicity in

2759-507: The Club with the Irish language group meet on Tuesday nights and the Scottish Gaelic group meet on Wednesday nights. Famous members of the Celtic Club include Victorian Premier Charles Gavan Duffy ; Labor leader Arthur Augustus Calwell ; Justice Redmond Barry former North Melbourne Football Club chairman and media personality Ron Casey and Paddy Donnelly, CFMEU organiser and hero of

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2848-568: The Club. The Celtic Club Melbourne moved to The Metropolitan in North Melbourne while plans for a longer term home were developed. The Club bought The Limerick Arms Hotel in South Melbourne. The Limerick Arms is leased on commercial terms giving a return to members. In March 2023 The Celtic Club opened its new premises,The Wild Geese, in Brunswick as its new home and club. The Wild Geese

2937-647: The German Supreme Court in 1985. Since 1969, a bowl of shamrocks in a special Waterford Crystal bowl featuring a shamrock design is flown from Ireland to Washington, D.C. , and presented to the President of the United States every St. Patrick's Day. Shamrock is also used in emblems of UK organisations with an association with Ireland, such as the Irish Guards . Soldiers of the Royal Irish Regiment of

3026-747: The Harp and Lion Bar in Listowel , County Kerry. It also appears on street furniture, such as old lamp standards like those in Mountjoy Square in Dublin, and on monuments like the Parnell Monument, and the O'Connell Monument , both in O'Connell Street , Dublin. Shamrocks also appeared on decorative items such as glass, china, jewellery, poplin and Irish lace . Belleek Pottery in County Fermanagh, for example, regularly features shamrock motifs. The shamrock

3115-685: The Irish Kidney Donors Association. In addition many sporting organisations representing Ireland use the shamrock in their logos and emblems. Examples include the Irish Football Association (Northern Ireland), Irish Rugby Football Union , Swim Ireland , Cricket Ireland , and the Olympic Council of Ireland . A sprig of shamrock represents the Lough Derg Yacht Club Tipperary, (est. 1835). The shamrock

3204-411: The Irish ate shamrock was widely repeated in later works and seems to be a confusion with the Irish word seamsóg or wood sorrel (Oxalis). There is no evidence from any Irish source that the Irish ate clover, but there is evidence that the Irish ate wood sorrel. For example, in the medieval Irish work Buile Shuibhne ( The Frenzy of Sweeney ), the king Sweeney, who has gone mad and is living in

3293-580: The Irish element in Victoria (and Australia more generally) make frequent reference to the importance of the club in maintaining a sense of 'Irishness' in Melbourne, as well as in helping to foster a new identity. The club was also included in Andrew Brown-May and Shurlee Swain 's Encyclopedia of Melbourne in 2005. From 21 December 1959 to September 2017, the club's headquarters were in Queen Street , near

3382-418: The Irish tenants, and indeed of Ireland generally, seemed to Duffy more hopeless than ever. Broken in health and spirit, he published in 1855 a farewell address to his constituency, declaring that he had resolved to retire from parliament, as it was no longer possible to accomplish the task for which he had solicited their votes. To John Dillon he wrote that an Ireland where McKeogh typified patriotism and Cullen

3471-529: The Lord; error generally leading to debauchery. The Rev Threlkeld's remarks on liquor undoubtedly refer to the custom of toasting St. Patrick's memory with "St. Patrick's Pot", or "drowning the shamrock" as it is otherwise known. After mass on St. Patrick's Day the traditional custom of the menfolk was to lift the usual fasting restrictions of Lent and repair to the nearest tavern to mark the occasion with as many St. Patrick's Pots as they deemed necessary. The drowning of

3560-613: The Protestant community would with little delay melt into the overwhelming majority of the Irish nation". In 1845, the Dublin Castle administration proposed to educate Catholics and Protestants together in a non-denominational system of higher education. The Nation welcomed the proposition, but O'Connell, claiming that there had been "unanimous and unequivocal condemnation" from the bishops", opposed. Disregarding Thomas Davis 's plea that "reasons for separate education are reasons for [a] separate life", and declaring himself content to take

3649-596: The Shamrock embodies the Victorian spirit of sentimentality. It was immensely popular and contributed to raising the profile of the shamrock as an image of Ireland: Oh The Shamrock - Through Erin's Isle, To sport awhile, As Love and Valor wander'd With Wit, the sprite, Whose quiver bright A thousand arrows squander'd. Where'er they pass, A triple grass Shoots up, with dew-drops streaming, As softly green As emeralds seen Through purest crystal gleaming. Oh

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3738-478: The Shamrock, the green immortal Shamrock! Chosen leaf Of Bard and Chief, Old Erin's native Shamrock! Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the shamrock continued to appear in a variety of settings. For example, the shamrock appeared on many buildings in Ireland as a decorative motif, such as on the facade of the Kildare Street Club building in Dublin, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh , and

3827-583: The WestGate Bridge disaster. Shamrock A shamrock is a type of clover , used as a symbol of Ireland . Saint Patrick , one of Ireland's patron saints, is said to have used it as a metaphor for the Christian Holy Trinity . The name shamrock comes from Irish seamróg ( [ˈʃamˠɾˠoːɡ] ), which is the diminutive of the Irish word seamair and simply means "young clover". At most times , Shamrock refers to either

3916-481: The body of their support confined to the garrisoned towns, their efforts issued in a small demonstration that broke up after its first armed encounter, the Battle of Ballingarry . Their death sentences for treason commuted, the leaders were transported to Van Diemen's Land ( Tasmania ). Duffy alone escaped. Defended by Isaac Butt he was freed after his fifth trial. On his release, Duffy toured famine-stricken Ireland with

4005-407: The bottom of the glass and thrown over the left shoulder. The shamrock is still chiefly associated with Saint Patrick's Day , which has become the Irish national holiday, and is observed with parades and celebrations worldwide. The custom of wearing shamrock on the day is still observed and depictions of shamrocks are habitually seen during the celebrations. As St. Patrick is Ireland's patron saint,

4094-597: The broad spectrum of all Gaelic groups and to recognise and celebrate the great and continuing Australian Irish contribution to the heritage and culture of our country since early settlement. The club celebrates the role of the Irish language as an element of Irish-Australian culture. It has hosted a number of events relevant to the language and also provides accommodation for the Irish Language Association of Australia . Irish and Scots language classes are still held in

4183-508: The carrions .... and if they found a plott of water cresses or shamrockes theyr they flocked as to a feast for the time, yett not able long to contynewe therewithall. The idea that the Irish ate shamrock is repeated in the writing of Fynes Moryson , one-time secretary to the Lord Deputy of Ireland . In his 1617 work An itinerary thorow Twelve Dominions , Moryson describes the "wild Irish", and in this case their supposed habit of eating shamrock

4272-405: The case for taking "the no less honourable course". With Mitchel he was arrested, leaving it to Meagher, O'Brien and Dillon to raise the standard of revolt. This was a republican tricolour with which Meagher had returned from revolutionary Paris , its colours intended to symbolise reconciliation (white) between Catholic (green) and Protestant (orange). But with the rural priesthood against them and

4361-460: The church was an Ireland in which he could no longer live. In 1856, Duffy and his family emigrated to Australia. After being feted in Sydney and Melbourne, he settled in the newly formed Colony of Victoria . Duffy was followed to Melbourne by Margaret Callan . Her daughter was later to marry Duffy's eldest son by his first marriage, John Gavan Duffy . Duffy initially practised law in Melbourne, but

4450-507: The club was originally a semi-political association, supportive of Irish Home Rule among Melbourne's sizeable Irish population; and championing the rights of Irish Australians in an establishment otherwise dominated by the Anglo-Saxon traditions of Great Britain and its colonies. Reflecting this political background, the original name of the club was the 'Celtic Home Rule Club'. The club had its formal opening in 1888. The founding President

4539-586: The conception of the shamrock in Ireland had changed little in almost a hundred years. The results of the surveys are shown in the table below. The results show that there is no one "true" species of shamrock, but that Trifolium dubium (lesser clover) is considered to be the shamrock by roughly half of Irish people, and Trifolium repens (white clover) by another third, with the remaining sixth split between Trifolium pratense (red clover), Medicago lupulina (black medick), Oxalis acetosella (wood sorrel), and various other species of Trifolium and Oxalis . None of

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4628-713: The conservative James Francis and later resigned the leadership of the liberal party in favour of Graham Berry . When Berry became Premier in 1877 he made Duffy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly , a post he held without much enthusiasm until handing it over to Peter Lalor , the younger brother of James Fintan Lalor , in 1880. Thereafter he quit politics and retired to southern France where he wrote his memoirs: The League of North and South, 1850–54 (1886) and My Life in Two Hemispheres (1898). In exile in France, Duffy

4717-509: The corner of La Trobe Street in the Melbourne central business district . This purchase – of Monahan's New Union Club Hotel – provided the club for the first time with a stable headquarters. The club was then open to both members and non-members for meals, drinks and other facilities. The Club's membership voted to sell the QueenStreet premises to ensure the longer term financial sustainability of

4806-676: The decision: the resolution was carried on the threat of the O'Connells themselves quitting the Association. Duffy and the other Young Ireland dissidents associated with his paper withdrew and formed themselves as the Irish Confederation . In the desperate circumstances of the Great Famine and in the face of martial-law measures that, following O'Connell's death, a number of Repeal Association MPs had approved in Westminster , Duffy conceded

4895-550: The desire for American support and funding, it was a common view. Following Davis's sudden death in 1845, Duffy appointed Mitchel deputy editor. Against the background of increasingly violent peasant resistance to evictions and of the onset of famine, Mitchell brought a more militant tone. When the Standard in London observed that the new Irish railways could be used to transport troops to quickly curb agrarian unrest, Mitchel responded that

4984-433: The election of Patricia McWalters who served for four years. Histories of the club include Hugh Buggy, The Celtic Club – A Brief History , 1947 and D. J. O'Hearn, Erin go bragh – advance Australia fair: a hundred years of growing , Melbourne: Celtic Club, 1990. Both record the key events in the club's history, and the role it played in helping Irish migrants to become accepted into mainstream Australian culture. Histories of

5073-461: The emblem in its logos, and its air traffic control call sign is "SHAMROCK". The shamrock has been registered as a trademark by the Government of Ireland . In the early 1980s, Ireland defended its right to use the shamrock as its national symbol in a German trademark case, which included high-level representation from Taoiseach Charles Haughey . Having originally lost, Ireland won on appeal to

5162-651: The flags of the Limerick Volunteers, the Castle Ray Fencibles and the Braid Volunteers. The United Irishmen adopted green as their revolutionary colour and wore green uniforms or ribbons in their hats, and the green concerned was often associated with the shamrock. The song The Wearing of the Green commemorated their exploits and various versions exist which mention the shamrock. The Erin go bragh flag

5251-662: The heart of the British Empire, capable of leavening the whole." Ireland for this purpose had to be"thoroughly imperialised, loyalised, welded into England." Cullen has been described as the man who "borrowed the British Empire." Under his leadership the Irish church developed an "Hiberno-Roman" mission that was ultimately extended through Britain to the entire English-speaking world. But Cullen's biographers would argue that Duffy travestied Cullen and his church's complex and nuanced relationship to Irish nationalism. —perhaps as much as Cullen caricatured Duffy's separatism. The cause of

5340-520: The land. The bill passed in the House of Commons in 1853 and 1854, but failed to win consent of the landed grandees in the House of Lords . What Duffy optimistically hailed as the " League of North and South " unravelled. In the Catholic South, Archbishop Cullen approved the leading Catholic MPs William Keogh and John Sadlier breaking their pledge of independent opposition and accepting positions in

5429-426: The legend of his using the shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity. However, there are two possible references to the custom of "drowning the shamrock" in "usquebagh" or whiskey . In 1607, the playwright Edward Sharpham in his play The Fleire included a reference to "Maister Oscabath the Irishman ... and Maister Shamrough his lackey". Later, a 1630 work entitled Sir Gregory Nonsence by the poet John Taylor contains

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5518-434: The lines: "Whilste all the Hibernian Kernes in multitudes, /Did feast with shamerags steeved in Usquebagh." Traditionally, shamrock is said to have been used by Saint Patrick to illustrate the Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity when Christianising Ireland in the 5th century. The first evidence of a link between St Patrick and the shamrock appears in 1675 on the St Patrick's Coppers or Halpennies. These appear to show

5607-404: The link does not appear until 1681, in the account of Thomas Dineley, an English traveller to Ireland. Dineley writes: The 17th day of March yeerly is St Patricks, an immoveable feast, when ye Irish of all stations and condicions were crosses in their hatts, some of pinns, some of green ribbon, and the vulgar superstitiously wear shamroges, 3 leav'd grass, which they likewise eat (they say) to cause

5696-503: The literature in Irish makes no distinction between clover and shamrock, and it is only in English that shamrock emerges as a distinct word. The first mention of shamrock in the English language occurs in 1571 in the work of the English Elizabethan scholar Edmund Campion . In his work Boke of the Histories of Irelande , Campion describes the habits of the "wild Irish" and states that the Irish ate shamrock: "Shamrotes, watercresses, rootes, and other herbes they feed upon". The statement that

5785-585: The matter were carried out in two separate botanical surveys in Ireland, one in 1893 and the other in 1988. The 1893 survey was carried out by Nathaniel Colgan , an amateur naturalist working as a clerk in Dublin ; while the 1988 survey was carried out by E. Charles Nelson , Director of the Irish National Botanic Gardens . Both surveys involved asking people from all across Ireland to send in examples of shamrock, which were then planted and allowed to flower, so that their botanical species could be identified. The results of both surveys were very similar, showing that

5874-428: The north and the south of Ireland following partition in 1921. The coat of arms on the flag of the Royal Ulster Constabulary George Cross Foundation was cradled in a wreath of shamrock. The shamrock also appears in the emblems of a wide range of voluntary and non-state organisations in Ireland, such as the Irish Farmers Association , the Boy Scouts of Ireland association, Scouting Ireland Irish Girl Guides, and

5963-430: The popularity of the shamrock as a symbol of Ireland grew, and it was depicted in many illustrations on items such as book covers and St. Patrick's Day postcards. It was also mentioned in many songs and ballads of the time. For example, a popular ballad called The Shamrock Shore lamented the state of Ireland in the nineteenth century. Another typical example of such a ballad appears in the works of Thomas Moore whose Oh

6052-468: The prerogatives and independence of the Catholic Church . It was, he maintained, "a national Church" and should the people "rally" to him, they would "have a nation for that Church". O'Connell, at least privately, was of the view that "Protestantism would not survive the Repeal ten years". He assured Dr Paul Cullen (the future Cardinal and Catholic Primate of Ireland ) that once an Irish parliament had swept aside Ascendancy privilege, "the great mass of

6141-426: The renowned Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher Thomas Carlyle . Duffy had invited Carlyle, a Unionist and anti-Catholic, in the vain hope that he might help sway establishment opinion in favour of humane and practical relief. Increasingly he was convinced that agrarian reform was the nation's existential issue and one that could form the basis for a non-sectarian national movement. From his youth Duffy recalled

6230-420: The series of medieval metrical poems about various Irish places called the Metrical Dindshenchus , a poem about Tailtiu or Teltown in County Meath describes it as a plain blossoming with flowering clover ( mag scothach scothshemrach ). Similarly, another story tells of how St. Brigid decided to stay in County Kildare when she saw the delightful plain covered in clover blossom ( scoth-shemrach ). However,

6319-407: The shamrock as Trifolium pratense , calling it White Field Clover. The botanist Carl Linnaeus in his 1737 work Flora Lapponica identifies the shamrock as Trifolium pratense , mentioning it by name as Chambroch , with the following curious remark: " Hiberni suo Chambroch, quod est Trifolium pratense purpureum, aluntur, celeres & promtissimi roburis " ('The Irish call it shamrock, which

6408-570: The shamrock has been used as a symbol of Ireland since the 18th century. The shamrock first began to evolve from a symbol purely associated with St. Patrick to an Irish national symbol when it was taken up as an emblem by rival militias during the turbulent politics of the late eighteenth century. On one side were the Volunteers (also known as the Irish Volunteers ), who were local militias in late 18th century Ireland , raised to defend Ireland from

6497-425: The shamrock was accompanied by a certain amount of ritual as one account explains: "The drowning of the shamrock" by no means implies it was necessary to get drunk in doing so. At the end of the day the shamrock which has been worn in the coat or the hat is removed and put into the final glass of grog or tumbler of punch; and when the health has been drunk or the toast honoured, the shamrock should be picked out from

6586-406: The similarity between the Irish (Gaelic) name for young clover seamróg , and the name for wood sorrel seamsóg . The situation regarding the identity of the shamrock was further confused by a London botanist James Ebenezer Bicheno , who proclaimed in a dissertation in 1830 that the real shamrock was Oxalis acetosella , a species of wood sorrel. Bichino falsely claimed that clover was not

6675-632: The snakes out of Ireland with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other." Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity". Why the Celts to whom St Patrick was preaching would have needed an explanation of the concept of a triple deity is not clear, since at least two separate triple goddesses are known to have been worshipped in pagan Ireland - Ériu , Fódla and Banba ; and Badb Catha , Macha and The Morrígan . The first written mention of

6764-477: The species Trifolium dubium (lesser/yellow clover, Irish: seamair bhuí ) or Trifolium repens (white clover, Irish: seamair bhán ). However, other three-leaved plants—such as Medicago lupulina , Trifolium pratense , and Oxalis acetosella —are sometimes called shamrocks. The shamrock was traditionally used for its medicinal properties, and was a popular motif in Victorian times. There

6853-420: The species in the survey are unique to Ireland, and all are common European species, so there is no botanical basis for the belief that the shamrock is a unique species of plant that only grows in Ireland. The word shamrock derives from seamair óg or young clover, and references to semair or clover appear in early Irish literature, generally as a description of a flowering clovered plain. For example, in

6942-652: The threat of French and Spanish invasion when regular British soldiers were withdrawn from Ireland to fight during the American Revolutionary War . On the other side were revolutionary nationalist groups, such as the United Irishmen . Among the Volunteers, examples of the use of the shamrock include its appearance on the guidon of the Royal Glin Hussars formed in July 1779 by the Knight of Glin , and its appearance on

7031-469: The tracks could be turned into pikes and trains ambushed. O’Connell publicly distanced himself from the seditious import of the remarks—it appeared to some setting Duffy, as the publisher, up for prosecution. When the courts failed to convict, O'Connell pressed the issue, seemingly intent on effecting a break with those he referred to disdainfully as "Young Irelanders"—a reference to Giuseppe Mazzini 's anti-clerical and insurrectionist Young Italy . In 1847,

7120-452: The wearing of shamrocks: This plant is worn by the people in their hats upon the 17. Day of March yearly, (which is called St. Patrick's Day.) It being a current tradition, that by this Three Leafed Grass, he emblematically set forth to them the Mystery of the Holy Trinity. However that be, when they wet their Seamar-oge, they often commit excess in liquor, which is not a right keeping of a day to

7209-623: The woods as a hermit, lists wood sorrel among the plants he feeds upon. The English Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser , writing soon after in 1596, described his observations of war-torn Munster after the Desmond Rebellion in his work A View of the Present State of Ireland . Here shamrock is described as a food eaten as a last resort by starving people desperate for any nourishment during a post-war famine: Anatomies of death, they spake like ghosts, crying out of theire graves; they did eat of

7298-650: Was Dr M.U. O'Sullivan KSG. Meetings of the club were originally held at the Imperial Hotel, before the first club rooms were opened at 82 Collins Street . This makes the club the second-oldest (and longest surviving) Irish organisation in Australia, after the Sydney-based Hibernian Society (founded 1880). The first woman to be elected as President of the Celtic Club was Veronica O'Sullivan in 2014. The first woman to be elected secretary occurred in 1992 with

7387-658: Was admitted to the Irish Bar in 1845. But before then he established himself in literary circles as the editor of Ballad Poetry of Ireland (1843), and in political circles as editor of a new Dublin weekly, The Nation . In 1842, Duffy co-founded The Nation with Thomas Osborne Davis , and John Blake Dillon . Contributors were notable for including nationally minded Protestants: in addition to Davis, Jane Wilde , Margaret Callan , John Mitchel , John Edward Pigot and William Smith O'Brien . All were members or supporters of Daniel O'Connell 's Repeal Association , dedicated to

7476-509: Was an Irish poet and journalist (editor of The Nation ), Young Irelander and tenant-rights activist. After emigrating to Australia in 1856 he entered the politics of Victoria on a platform of land reform , and in 1871–1872 served as the colony's 8th Premier. Duffy was born at No. 10 Dublin Street in Monaghan Town , County Monaghan , Ireland , the son of a Catholic shopkeeper. He

7565-788: Was an enthusiastic supporter of the Melbourne Celtic Club , which aimed to promote Irish Home Rule and Irish culture. His sons also became members of the club. In recognition of his services to Victoria, he was knighted in 1873 and made KCMG in 1877. He married for a third time in Paris in 1881, to Louise Hall, and they had four more children. In 1842, Duffy married Emily McLaughlin (1820-1845), with whom he had two children, one of whom survived, his son John Gavan Duffy. Emily died in 1845. In 1846 he married his cousin from Newry, Susan Hughes (1827-1878), with whom he had eight children, six of whom survived. After Susan died in 1878, he married for

7654-497: Was committed in its charter to MacKnight's " three F's ’": fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure. Uniting activists across the sectarian and constitutional divide, in 1852, the League helped return Duffy (for New Ross ) and 49 other tenant-rights MPs to Westminster . In November 1852, Lord Derby's short-lived Conservative government introduced a land bill to compensate Irish tenants on eviction for improvements they had made to

7743-575: Was educated in Belfast at St Malachy's College and in the collegiate department of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution where he studied logic, rhetoric and belles-lettres . One day, when Duffy was aged 18, Charles Hamilton Teeling , a United Irish veteran of the 1798 rising , walked into his mother's house (his father had died when he was 10). Teeling was establishing a journal in Belfast and asked Duffy to accompany him on

7832-527: Was used as their standard and was often depicted accompanied by shamrocks, and in 1799 a revolutionary journal entitled The Shamroc briefly appeared in which the aims of the rebellion were supported. Since the 1800 Acts of Union between Britain and Ireland the shamrock was incorporated into the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom , depicted growing from a single stem alongside the rose of England, and

7921-468: Was very unpopular with the Protestant majority in the colony, and Duffy was accused of favouring Catholics in government appointments, an example being the appointment of John Cashel Hoey , who had been his successor as editor of The Nation, to a position in London. In June 1872, his government was defeated in the Assembly on a confidence motion allegedly motivated by sectarianism. He was succeeded as premier by

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