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62-528: Melancton Smith was born in Jamaica, Long Island, New York , and was homeschooled by his parents. When his family moved to Poughkeepsie, New York , he became involved in the mercantile business. Smith manifested a life-long interest in metaphysics and religion, and in 1769 he helped organize the Washington Hollow Presbyterian Church and purchased one of its pews . He became a delegate to

124-450: A high school education and 51% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Jamaica and Hollis students excelling in math rose from 36% in 2000 to 55% in 2011, and reading achievement increased slightly from 44% to 45% during the same time period. Jamaica and Hollis's rate of elementary school student absenteeism

186-752: A local political leader in 1982), Sutphin Boulevard, and Union Turnpike, as well as the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678) and the Grand Central Parkway . Michael Zuckert Michael P. Zuckert (born July 24, 1942) is an American political philosopher and Reeves Dreux Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame . Zuckert earned a bachelor's degree in Cornell University in 1964, and completed his master's degree and doctorate at

248-487: A low population of residents who are uninsured . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 5%, lower than the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in Jamaica and Hollis is 0.007 milligrams per cubic metre (7.0 × 10  oz/cu ft), less than the city average. Eight percent of Jamaica and Hollis residents are smokers , which

310-804: A lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 86.1% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 5 murders, 28 rapes, 156 robberies, 383 felony assaults, 153 burglaries, 414 grand larcenies, and 138 grand larcenies auto in 2018. Jamaica contains four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations: Major hospitals in Jamaica include Jamaica Hospital and Queens Hospital Center . As of 2018 , preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Jamaica and Hollis than in other places citywide. In Jamaica and Hollis, there were 100 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 21.4 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Jamaica and Hollis have

372-700: A neighborhood of mansions north of Jamaica's central business district. The Archer Avenue lines ( E ​, ​ J , and ​ Z trains) serve Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport and Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer stations. The Jamaica Yard , at the south end of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, abuts Grand Central Parkway and the Van Wyck Expressway. Jamaica's bus network provides extensive service across eastern Queens, as well as to points in Nassau County ,

434-572: A non-fatal assault rate of 68 per 100,000 people, Jamaica and Hollis's rate of violent crimes per capita is more than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 789 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole. The 103rd Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 80.6% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 5 murders, 31 rapes, 346 robberies, 408 felony assaults, 152 burglaries, 466 grand larcenies, and 79 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The 113th Precinct also has

496-721: A prominent merchant. He helped found the New York Manumission Society in opposition to slavery and served in the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1787. He played an active role in the writing of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . Smith was the most important Anti-Federalist member of the State ratification convention at Poughkeepsie in 1788, where he made many of the same arguments as the Federal Farmer , bore

558-443: A trading post for farmers and their produce. For more than a century, their horse-drawn carts plodded along Jamaica Avenue, then called King's Highway. The Jamaica Post Office opened September 25, 1794, and was the only post office in the present-day boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803. Union Hall Academy for boys and Union Hall Seminary for girls were chartered in 1787. The academy eventually attracted students from all over

620-492: Is 56% in Jamaica and Hollis, higher than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Jamaica and Hollis are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying . The borough of Queens is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the world. Jamaica is large and has a diverse population, predominantly African Americans, Caribbean/West Indians, Hispanics, and Asians/Asian Indians. Jamaica

682-547: Is a NYC BID Association that focuses on these specific developed stores in Jamaica, Queens. The Federal Aviation Administration Eastern Region has its offices at Rockaway Boulevard in South Jamaica, near JFK Airport. Several businesses are at the nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport. North American Airlines has its headquarters on the property of JFK. Nippon Cargo Airlines maintains its New York City offices there. The Northeastern Program Service Center (NEPSC)

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744-517: Is a central transfer point on the LIRR which is headquartered in a building adjoining the station. All of the commuter railroad's passenger branches except for the Port Washington Branch run through the station. The New York City Subway 's IND Queens Boulevard Line ( E , ​ F , and <F> trains) terminate at the 179th Street station, at the foot of Jamaica Estates ,

806-648: Is also an African-American commercial area. Many Sri Lankans live in the area for similar reasons as the Bangladeshi community, reflected by the numerous food and grocery establishments along Hillside Avenue catering to the community. Significant Filipino and African communities thrive in Jamaica, along with the neighboring Filipino community in Queens Village and the historic, well established African-American community residing in Jamaica. From 151st Street to 164th Street, many groceries and restaurants are representative of

868-553: Is also residential. Jamaica is bordered by Hollis , St.Albans and Cambria Heights to the East. South Jamaica , Rochdale Village (SouthSide), John F.Kennedy International Airport /( JFK ) and Springfield Gardens to the South. Laurelton ,and Rosedale ,to the southeast; Richmond Hill , South Ozone Park ,and Aqueduct Racetrack to the west;and Southwest. Briarwood to the northwest; and Kew Gardens Hills , Jamaica Hills ,and Jamaica Estates to

930-472: Is another South Asian ethnic enclave in New York City, as South Asian immigration and the city's South Asian population has grown rapidly. Economic development was long neglected. In the 1960s and 1970s, many big box retailers moved to suburban areas where business was more profitable. Departing retailers included brand name stores and movie theaters that once thrived in Jamaica's busiest areas. Macy's and

992-462: Is located in the Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building at Parsons Boulevard and Jamaica Avenue. The NEPSC serves approximately 8.6 million retirement, survivor, and disability insurance beneficiaries, whose Social Security numbers (SSN) begin with 001 through 134, 729, and 805 through 808. The NEPSC also processes disability claims for beneficiaries age 54 and over for the same SSN series. Constructed in 1989,

1054-410: Is lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Jamaica and Hollis, 30% of residents are obese , 16% are diabetic , and 37% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 22%, 8%, and 23% respectively. In addition, 23% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Eighty-six percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which

1116-654: Is more than the rest of New York City. In Jamaica and Hollis, 22% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , higher than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 74% of high school students in Jamaica and Hollis graduate on time, about the same as the citywide average of 75%. Jamaica's public schools are operated by the New York City Department of Education . Public high schools in Jamaica include: Public elementary and middle schools in Jamaica include: Private schools in Jamaica include: The Catholic schools are administered by

1178-579: Is now St. Albans . By 1834, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad company had completed a line to Jamaica. In 1850, the former Kings Highway (now Jamaica Avenue) became the Brooklyn and Jamaica Plank Road , complete with toll gate. In 1866, tracks were laid for a horsecar line, and 20 years later it was electrified, the first in the state. On January 1, 1898, Queens became part of the City of New York , and Jamaica became

1240-422: Is part of three ZIP Codes: 11432 north of Jamaica Avenue , 11433 between Jamaica Avenue and Linden Boulevard, and 11434 south of Linden Boulevard. The United States Post Office operates four post offices nearby: Jamaica and Hollis possess a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018 . While 29% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 19% have less than

1302-446: Is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD . The 103rd Precinct is located at 168-02 91st Avenue and serves downtown Jamaica and Hollis, while the 113th Precinct is located at 167-02 Baisley Boulevard and serves St. Albans and South Jamaica. The 103rd Precinct ranked 51st safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010, while the 113th Precinct ranked 55th safest. As of 2018 , with

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1364-458: Is slightly less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 82% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", higher than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Jamaica and Hollis, there are 20 bodegas . Jamaica is covered by multiple ZIP Codes . West of Sutphin Boulevard, Jamaica falls under ZIP Codes 11435 north of Linden Boulevard and 11436 south of Linden Boulevard. East of Sutphin Boulevard, Jamaica

1426-617: The Jamaica Racetrack , now the massive Rochdale Village housing development). John F. Kennedy International Airport and the hotels nearby are also located in Jamaica. The neighborhood is located in Queens Community District 12 . It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department 's 103rd and 113th Precincts. The neighborhood was named Yameco , a corruption of the word yamecah , meaning " beaver ", in

1488-587: The Jamaica station from 2001 to 2006. The station, which served the Long Island Rail Road , was expanded with a transfer to the AirTrain JFK to John F. Kennedy International Airport . A further capacity increase included a platform at Jamaica station. Efforts have been made to follow the examples of major redevelopment occurring in Astoria , Long Island City , Flushing , and Downtown Brooklyn . In 2005,

1550-533: The New York City Department of City Planning drafted a plan that would rezone 368 blocks of Jamaica in order to stimulate development, relieve traffic congestion , and shift upscale amenities away from low-density residential neighborhoods. The plan includes up-zoning the immediate areas around Jamaica Station to accommodate passengers traveling through the area. To improve infrastructure the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation has agreed to create more greenery and open spaces to allow pedestrians to enjoy

1612-642: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn . From its 1975 founding to around 1980, the Japanese School of New York was located in Jamaica Estates , near Jamaica. Several colleges and universities make their home in Jamaica proper or in its close vicinity, most notably: The Queens Public Library operates four branches in Jamaica: An additional two branches are located nearby: Jamaica station

1674-536: The South , as part of the New Great Migration . On October 23, 2014, the neighborhood was the site of a terrorist hatchet attack on two New York City Police Department officers; the police later killed the attacker. The First Reformed Church , Grace Episcopal Church Complex , Jamaica Chamber of Commerce Building , Jamaica Savings Bank , King Manor , J. Kurtz and Sons Store Building , La Casina , Office of

1736-729: The county seat . The present Jamaica station of the Long Island Rail Road was completed in 1913, and the BMT Jamaica Line arrived in 1918, followed by the IND Queens Boulevard Line in 1936 and the IND/BMT Archer Avenue lines in 1988, the latter of which replaced the eastern portion of the Jamaica Line that was torn down in 1977–85. The 1920s and 1930s saw the building of the Valencia Theatre (now restored by

1798-530: The 1970s, more West Indians immigrated to the United States than ever before, most of whom settled in New York City. Many Salvadoran, Colombian, and Dominican immigrants moved in. These ethnic groups tended to stay more towards the Jamaica Avenue and South Jamaica areas. Decrease in crime attracted many families to Jamaica's safe havens; Hillside Avenue reflects this trend. Along 150th to 161st streets, much of

1860-462: The 932,000-square-foot (86,600 m ) federal building is a 12-story masonry and steel office structure that was built for the agency and was given $ 8.5 million 2017 dollars to consolidate operations to the lower 2 floors and bring other federal leaseholders from other parts of Queens to occupy the upper floors. The funds approved were part of budget cuts proposed during the Obama administration . Jamaica

1922-618: The Bronx , the Rockaways , and Midtown Manhattan . Nearly all bus lines serving Jamaica terminate near either the 165th Street Bus Terminal or the Jamaica Center subway station, except for the Q46 bus, which operates along Union Turnpike, at the northern border of Jamaica. Greater Jamaica is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport, one of the busiest international airports in the United States and

Melancton Smith - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-567: The Constitution: the essays of Brutus and The Federal Farmer . While many believed Robert Yates to have been the author of the Brutus essays and Richard Henry Lee to have written the Federal Farmer, scholars have recently cast doubt on those attributions. In a computational analysis of the known writings of Smith, Yates, Lee, and other prominent Antifederalists, John Burrows concluded that Smith

2046-845: The Queens County Family Court and the Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building, home to the Social Security Administration 's Northeastern Program Service Center. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration 's Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are located in Jamaica. Jamaica Center, the area around Jamaica Avenue , is a major commercial center. The New York Racing Association , based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, lists its official address as Jamaica (central Jamaica once housed

2108-561: The Register , Prospect Cemetery , St. Monica's Church , Sidewalk Clock at 161-11 Jamaica Avenue, New York, NY , Trans World Airlines Flight Center , and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Jamaica was 53,751 an increase of 1,902 (3.5%) from the 51,849 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 1,084.85 acres (439.02 ha),

2170-568: The Tabernacle of Prayer), the "futuristic" Kurtz furniture store, and the Roxanne Building. In the 1970s, it became the headquarters for the Islamic Society of North America . King Kullen opened in 1930, the first self-service supermarket in the country. The many foreclosures and the high level of unemployment of the 2000s and early 2010s induced many black people to move from Jamaica to

2232-458: The United States and the West Indies . The public school system was started in 1813 with funds of $ 125. Jamaica Village, the first village on Long Island , was incorporated in 1814 with its boundaries being from the present-day Van Wyck Expressway (on the west) and Jamaica Avenue (on the north, later Hillside Avenue ) to Farmers Boulevard (on the east) and Linden Boulevard (on the south) in what

2294-458: The Valencia theater were the last companies to move out in 1969. The 1980s crack epidemic created even more hardship and crime. Prime real estate spaces were filled by hair salons and 99 cent stores . Furthermore, existing zoning patterns and inadequate infrastructure did not anticipate future development. Since then, the decrease of the crime rate has encouraged entrepreneurs who plan to invest in

2356-498: The West Indies. Mainly of Guyanese and Trinidadian origin, these merchants serve their respective populations in and around the Jamaica Center area. Many East Indian shops are located east from 167th Street to 171st Street. Mainly supported by the ever-growing Bangladeshi population, thousands of South Asians come here to shop for Bangladeshi goods. Some people call the area "Little South Asia" similar to that of Jackson Heights . Jamaica

2418-417: The area. The Greater Jamaica Development Corporation, the local business improvement district , acquired valuable real estate for sale to national chains in order to expand neighborhood commerce. As well they have completed underway proposals by allocating funds and providing loans to potential investors who have already established something in the area. One Jamaica Center is a mixed-use commercial complex that

2480-517: The brunt of the Federalist attack and got into heated debates with Alexander Hamilton . Smith was so successful in opposing even Hamilton that he had been characterized as "one of the ablest debaters in the country". Following the ratification of the Constitution by New Hampshire and Virginia, and a letter he received from Nathan Dane , Smith became convinced that New York had no choice but to accept

2542-510: The fastest out of all localities in New York City. The community's median home prices rose 39% in 2015. The median sales price for a small row house in 2015 was $ 330,000, and the median asking rent for a three-bedroom house in 2015 was $ 1,750. Sutphin Boulevard has been described as "the next tourist hot spot". Jamaica's proximity to the JFK AirTrain has stimulated the development of several hotels. The 165th Street Mall Improvement Association

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2604-749: The first New York Provincial Congress in New York on May 22, 1775. He served in the Continental Line Regiment on June 30, 1775, which he organized as the Dutchess County Rangers . On Feb. 11, 1777, he became one of three members of a Dutchess County commission for "inquiring into, detecting and defeating all conspiracies ... against the liberties of America;" he served for the next six months administering oaths of allegiance, arresting suspects, informing upon and examining Loyalists . While wielding this powerful civil and military authority, he

2666-609: The first magistrate by the Dutch government, serving until the English took over in 1664, making it a part of the county of Yorkshire . In 1683, when the Crown divided the colony of New York into counties, Jamaica became the county seat of Queens County, one of the original counties of New York. Colonial Jamaica had a band of 56 minutemen who played an active part in the Battle of Long Island ,

2728-617: The island Jamaica is unrelated, coming from the Taíno term Xaymaca , meaning "land of wood and water" or "land of springs". Jamaica Avenue was an ancient trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River and the Great Lakes , coming to trade skins and furs for wampum . It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for

2790-407: The land lying between the old trail and " Beaver Pond " (now filled in; what is now Tuckerton Street north of Liberty Avenue runs through the site of the old pond, and Beaver Road was named for its western edge). Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp ("rest-town") in granting the 1656 land patent . Among its founding settlers was Robert Coe , who was appointed as

2852-466: The language spoken by the Lenape , the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The semivowel "y" sound of English is spelled with a "j" in Dutch, the language of the first people to write about the area; the English retained the Dutch spelling but replaced the semivowel sound with the affricate [dʒ] sound that the letter "j" usually represents in English. The name of

2914-453: The neighborhood had a population density of 49.5 inhabitants per acre (31,700/sq mi; 12,200/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 3.6% (1,949) Non-Hispanic White , 22.2% (11,946) Black or African American , 0.9% (466) Native American , 24.3% (13,073) Asian , 0.1% (66) Pacific Islander , 5.2% (2,814) from other races , and 4.9% (2,647) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 38.7% (20,790) of

2976-427: The north. Jamaicas original designation was for an area greater than the current neighborhoods, was settled under Dutch rule in 1656. It was originally called Rustdorp . Under English rule , Jamaica became the center of the " Town of Jamaica"; the name is of Lenape origin and wholly unrelated to that of the country . It was the first county seat of Queens County, holding that title from 1683 to 1788, and

3038-599: The outcome of which led to the occupation of the New York City area by British troops during most of the American Revolutionary War . Rufus King , a signer of the United States Constitution , relocated to Jamaica in 1805. He added to a modest 18th-century farmhouse, creating the manor which stands on the site today; King Manor was restored at the turn of the 21st century to its former glory, and houses King Manor Museum. By 1776, Jamaica had become

3100-521: The population. The entirety of Community Board 12 , which mainly comprises Jamaica but also includes Hollis, had 232,911 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 80.5 years. This is slightly lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 22% are between ages 0 and 17; 27% between 25 and 44; and 27% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents

3162-582: The ratification of the Constitution and could not afford to wait until it had been amended because of external threats. His vote for the Constitution , albeit with the recommendation of amendments , broke Anti-Federalist ranks and brought down Governor George Clinton 's wrath. He was one of the few important landowners and merchants among the Anti-Federalists, and Smith continued in the Clintonian party. He

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3224-464: The same time, suggest that Smith instead collaborated closely with other Antifederalists. They find it more probable that he wrote one of the sets of essays, while another person or persons close to him wrote the other. Jamaica, Queens Jamaica is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens . It popular for a large commercial and retail area,though part of the neighborhood

3286-596: The scenery. At the same time, the city has reserved the right to protect the suburban/residential charm of neighboring areas. Several blocks will be down-zoned to keep up with the existing neighborhood character. In 2007 the City Council overwhelmingly approved the plan, providing for structures of up to 28 stories to be built around the main transit hub as well as residential buildings of up to 7 stories to be built on Hillside Avenue. According to real-estate listing service StreetEasy , Jamaica's real-estate prices are rising

3348-463: The stores and restaurants typify South American and Caribbean cultures. Farther east is the rapidly growing East Indian community. Mainly spurred on by the Jamaica Muslim Center, Bangladeshis have flocked to this area due to easy transit access and the numerous Bangladeshi stores and restaurants lining 167th and 168th Streets. Bangladeshis are the most rapidly growing ethnic group; however, it

3410-609: The world. Public transportation passengers are connected to airline terminals by AirTrain JFK , which operates as both an airport terminal circulator and rail connection to central Jamaica at the integrated LIRR and bi-level subway station located at Sutphin Blvd and Archer Avenue. Major streets include Archer Avenue, Hillside Avenue , Jamaica Avenue , Liberty Avenue, Merrick Boulevard , Rockaway Boulevard, Parsons Boulevard, Guy R. Brewer Boulevard (formerly known as New York Boulevard but renamed for

3472-872: Was also serving as sheriff of Dutchess County. He extended his land holdings by purchasing some of the forfeited Loyalist estates. In May 1777 was appointed Sheriff of Dutchess County , an office he retained until 1781. In the following year, the Provincial Commission selected Smith to be the Second Judge on the Court of Common Pleas . He was also elected to be the Justice of the Peace in Dutchess County and held both positions until 1784, when he and his family moved to New York City. Smith moved to New York City in 1784 where he became

3534-424: Was built in 2002. Many banks have at least one branch along various major streets: Jamaica Avenue, Parsons Boulevard, Merrick Boulevard, and Sutphin Boulevard. In 2006, a $ 75 million deal between the developers, the Mattone Group and Ceruzzi Enterprises, and Home Depot cleared the way for a new location at 168th Street and Archer Avenue. The most prominent piece of development has been the renovation and expansion of

3596-465: Was elected to the Assembly in 1791 and canvassed the state for Clinton in 1792 against John Jay . Smith died during the yellow fever epidemic in New York City in 1798 and is buried in Jamaica Cemetery, Jamaica, Queens, New York . The homonymous Unionist naval officer Melancton Smith was his grandson. Smith has been cited as the likely author of some of the more prominent Anti-Federalist essays written to encourage voters to reject ratification of

3658-442: Was lower, at 10% and 14% respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 12 was $ 61,670. In 2018, an estimated 20% of Jamaica and Hollis residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (12%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,

3720-415: Was not always as diverse as it is today. Throughout the 19th to early 20th centuries, Jamaica was mainly populated with whites as Irish immigrants settled around the places known today as Downtown and Baisley Pond Park. In the 1950s, however, a long period of white flight began that lasted through the 1970s and 1980s with mainly middle-income African Americans taking their place. Beginning in 1965 and through

3782-403: Was the first incorporated village on Long Island . When Queens was incorporated into the City of Greater New York in 1898, both the town of Jamaica and the village of Jamaica were dissolved, but the neighborhood of Jamaica regained its role as county seat. Jamaica is the location of several government buildings such as Queens Civil Court , the civil branch of the Queens County Supreme Court ,

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3844-502: Was the most likely author of both sets of essays. He found that "Brutus is consistently unlike... Yates's other writings." However, "the resemblance to Smith is strong and unfaltering." Furthermore, "[a]ll of the tests employed upheld Smith's authorship of Federal Farmer's papers, while the claim for Richard Henry Lee found no support at all." Michael Zuckert and Derek Webb, noting that it would be odd for one person to write two separate sets of essays covering similar topics and publishing at

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