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50-509: The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest use (as "Androides") to Ephraim Chambers ' 1728 Cyclopaedia , in reference to an automaton that St. Albertus Magnus allegedly created. By the late 1700s, "androides", elaborate mechanical devices resembling humans performing human activities, were displayed in exhibit halls. The term "android" appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automatons. The term android

100-407: A French translation of Chambers's work. Attribution: Tactile sensor A tactile sensor is a device that measures information arising from physical interaction with its environment. Tactile sensors are generally modeled after the biological sense of cutaneous touch which is capable of detecting stimuli resulting from mechanical stimulation, temperature, and pain (although pain sensing

150-470: A broader spectrum of realized technology in the near future. Now Saya is working at the Science University of Tokyo as a guide. The Waseda University (Japan) and NTT docomo 's manufacturers have succeeded in creating a shape-shifting robot WD-2 . It is capable of changing its face. At first, the creators decided the positions of the necessary points to express the outline, eyes, nose, and so on of

200-448: A certain person. The robot expresses its face by moving all points to the decided positions, they say. The first version of the robot was first developed back in 2003. After that, a year later, they made a couple of major improvements to the design. The robot features an elastic mask made from the average head dummy. It uses a driving system with a 3DOF unit. The WD-2 robot can change its facial features by activating specific facial points on

250-718: A companion for the young and the elderly. Assoc Prof Gerald Seet from the School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and the BeingThere Centre led a three-year R&D development in tele-presence robotics , creating EDGAR. A remote user can control EDGAR with the user's face and expressions displayed on the robot's face in real time. The robot also mimics their upper body movements. KITECH researched and developed EveR-1 , an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial "musculature" and capable of rudimentary conversation, having

300-768: A continuation of the long tradition of men attempting to create the stereotypical "perfect woman". Examples include the Greek myth of Pygmalion and the female robot Maria in Fritz Lang 's Metropolis . Some gynoids, like Pris in Blade Runner , are designed as sex-objects, with the intent of "pleasing men's violent sexual desires", or as submissive, servile companions, such as in The Stepford Wives . Fiction about gynoids has therefore been described as reinforcing "essentialist ideas of femininity", although others have suggested that

350-588: A cost of 500 billion won (US$ 440 million), of which 50 billion is direct government investment. The new robot city will feature research and development centers for manufacturers and part suppliers, as well as exhibition halls and a stadium for robot competitions. The country's new Robotics Ethics Charter will establish ground rules and laws for human interaction with robots in the future, setting standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots to prevent human abuse of robots and vice versa. Walt Disney and

400-457: A mask, with each point possessing three degrees of freedom . This one has 17 facial points, for a total of 56 degrees of freedom. As for the materials they used, the WD-2's mask is fabricated with a highly elastic material called Septom, with bits of steel wool mixed in for added strength. Other technical features reveal a shaft driven behind the mask at the desired facial point, driven by a DC motor with

450-491: A photo of their face is projected onto the 3D Mask. Prof Nadia Thalmann, a Nanyang Technological University scientist, directed efforts of the Institute for Media Innovation along with the School of Computer Engineering in the development of a social robot, Nadine. Nadine is powered by software similar to Apple's Siri or Microsoft's Cortana . Nadine may become a personal assistant in offices and homes in future, or she may become

500-404: A robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a gynoid . Besides one can refer to robots without alluding to their sexual appearance by calling them anthrobots (a portmanteau of anthrōpos and robot; see anthrobotics ) or anthropoids (short for anthropoid robots; the term humanoids is not appropriate because it is already commonly used to refer to human-like organic species in

550-559: A se alienum putat Vita simul et laboribus functus Hic requiescere voluit EPHRAIM CHAMBERS. In English thus: Heard of by many, Known to few, Who led a Life between Fame and Obscurity Neither abounding nor deficient in Learning Devoted to Study, but as a Man Who thinks himself bound to all Offices of Humanity, Having finished his Life and Labours together, Here desires to rest EPHRAIM CHAMBERS. The Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert owed its inception to

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600-460: A simple pulley and a slide screw. Apparently, the researchers can also modify the shape of the mask based on actual human faces. To "copy" a face, they need only a 3D scanner to determine the locations of an individual's 17 facial points. After that, they are then driven into position using a laptop and 56 motor control boards. In addition, the researchers also mention that the shifting robot can even display an individual's hair style and skin color if

650-478: A staff of Imagineers created Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln that debuted at the 1964 New York World's Fair . Dr. William Barry, an Education Futurist and former visiting West Point Professor of Philosophy and Ethical Reasoning at the United States Military Academy , created an AI android character named "Maria Bot". This Interface AI android was named after the infamous fictional robot Maria in

700-480: A variety of subjects. She uses AI to process and synthesize information to make her own decisions on how to talk and engage. She collects data through conversations, direct data inputs such as books or articles, and through internet sources. Maria Bot was built by an international high-tech company for Barry to help improve education quality and eliminate education poverty. Maria Bot is designed to create new ways for students to engage and discuss ethical issues raised by

750-647: A vocabulary of around 400 words. She is 160 cm tall and weighs 50 kg , matching the average figure of a Korean woman in her twenties. EveR-1's name derives from the Biblical Eve , plus the letter r for robot . EveR-1's advanced computing processing power enables speech recognition and vocal synthesis, at the same time processing lip synchronization and visual recognition by 90-degree micro- CCD cameras with face recognition technology . An independent microchip inside her artificial brain handles gesture expression, body coordination, and emotion expression. Her whole body

800-427: A wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other fictional depictions of androids fall somewhere in between. Eric G. Wilson, who defines an android as a "synthetic human being", distinguishes between three types of android, based on their body's composition: Although human morphology is not necessarily the ideal form for working robots, the fascination in developing robots that can mimic it can be found historically in

850-887: Is a 'tactile element'. Each tactel is capable of detecting normal forces. Tactel-based sensors provide a high resolution 'image' of the contact surface. Alongside spatial resolution and force sensitivity, systems-integration questions such as wiring and signal routing are important. Pressure sensor arrays are available in thin-film form. They are primarily used as analytical tools used in the manufacturing and R&D processes by engineers and technicians, and have been adapted for use in robots. Examples of such sensors available to consumers include arrays built from conductive rubber , lead zirconate titanate (PZT), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PVDF-TrFE, FET , and metallic capacitive sensing elements. Several kinds of tactile sensors have been developed that take advantage of camera-like technology to provide high-resolution data. A key exemplar

900-520: Is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice. The Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Science , has developed an android head called Saya , which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama , Japan. There are several other initiatives around the world involving humanoid research and development at this time, which will hopefully introduce

950-480: Is made of highly advanced synthetic jelly silicon and with 60 artificial joints in her face, neck, and lower body; she is able to demonstrate realistic facial expressions and sing while simultaneously dancing. In South Korea, the Ministry of Information and Communication had an ambitious plan to put a robot in every household by 2020. Several robot cities have been planned for the country: the first will be built in 2016 at

1000-485: Is not common in artificial tactile sensors). Tactile sensors are used in robotics , computer hardware and security systems . A common application of tactile sensors is in touchscreen devices on mobile phones and computing . Tactile sensors may be of different types including piezoresistive , piezoelectric , optical, capacitive and elastoresistive sensors. Tactile sensors appear in everyday life such as elevator buttons and lamps which dim or brighten by touching

1050-464: Is the Gelsight technology first developed at MIT which uses a camera behind an opaque gel layer to achieve high-resolution tactile feedback. The Samsung ``See-through-your-skin (STS) sensor uses a semi-transparent gel to produce combined tactile and optical imaging. Strain gauges rosettes are constructed from multiple strain gauges , with each gauge detecting the force in a particular direction. When

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1100-427: Is used for the actuator. As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem, the movement is very fluid and there is very little noise. DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion. Compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. Once programmed, it

1150-663: The Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . Chambers' Cyclopædia is known as the original source material for the French Encyclopédie that started off as a translation of Cyclopædia. Chambers was born in Milton near Kendal , Westmorland , England. Little is known of his early life but he attended Heversham Grammar School, then was apprenticed to a globe maker, John Senex , in London from 1714 to 1721. It

1200-615: The Cyclopaedia appeared by subscription in 1728 and was dedicated to George II, King of Great Britain . When he died in 1740, he left materials for a Supplement; edited by George Lewis Scott , this was published in 1753. He also wrote for, and possibly edited, the Literary Magazine (1735–1736), which mainly published book reviews. Chambers worked on translating other works in French on perspective and chemistry from 1726 to 1727, including

1250-786: The Practice of Perspective from the French of Jean Dubreuil. He also worked with John Martyn to translate the History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris (1742). Chambers' epitaph , written by himself, was published in both the original Latin and in English in the Gentleman's Magazine , volume 10, as follows (translation is the original): Multis pervulgatus paucis notus Qui vitam inter lucem et umbram Nec eruditus nec idiota Literis deditus transegit, sed ut homo Qui humani nihil

1300-461: The human condition and what it means to be human. One aspect of writing about the meaning of humanity is to use discrimination against androids as a mechanism for exploring racism in society, as in Blade Runner . Perhaps the clearest example of this is John Brunner's 1968 novel Into the Slave Nebula , where the blue-skinned android slaves are explicitly shown to be fully human. More recently,

1350-484: The manufacturing of automobiles (brakes, clutches, door seals, gasket ), battery lamination, bolted joints, fuel cells etc. Tactile imaging , as a medical imaging modality, translating the sense of touch into a digital image is based on the tactile sensors. Tactile imaging closely mimics manual palpation, since the probe of the device with a pressure sensor array mounted on its face acts similar to human fingers during clinical examination, deforming soft tissue by

1400-534: The 1927 film Metropolis , as a well-behaved distant relative. Maria Bot is the first AI Android Teaching Assistant at the university level. Maria Bot has appeared as a keynote speaker as a duo with Barry for a TEDx talk in Everett, Washington in February 2020. Resembling a human from the shoulders up, Maria Bot is a virtual being android that has complex facial expressions and head movement and engages in conversation about

1450-622: The Kokoro company demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture , Japan and released the Telenoid R1 in 2010. In 2006, Kokoro developed a new DER 2 android. The height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm. There are 47 mobile points. DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet and twist its body. The "air servosystem" which Kokoro developed originally

1500-471: The PKD android won a first-place artificial intelligence award from AAAI . Androids are a staple of science fiction. Isaac Asimov pioneered the fictionalization of the science of robotics and artificial intelligence , notably in his 1950s series I, Robot . One thing common to most fictional androids is that the real-life technological challenges associated with creating thoroughly human-like robots — such as

1550-563: The WABOT-1, the first android, a full-scale humanoid intelligent robot. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with hands, using tactile sensors . Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth. In 1984, WABOT-2

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1600-402: The androids Bishop and Annalee Call in the films Aliens and Alien Resurrection are used as vehicles for exploring how humans deal with the presence of an " Other ". The 2018 video game Detroit: Become Human also explores how androids are treated as second class citizens in a near future society. Female androids, or " gynoids ", are often seen in science fiction, and can be viewed as

1650-474: The assimilation of two concepts: simulacra (devices that exhibit likeness) and automata (devices that have independence). Several projects aiming to create androids that look, and, to a certain degree, speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway. Japanese robotics have been leading the field since the 1970s. Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed

1700-471: The base. There are also innumerable other applications for tactile sensors of which most people are never aware. Sensors that measure very small changes must have very high sensitivities. Sensors need to be designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages. Tactile sensors can be used to test the performance of all types of applications. For example, these sensors have been used in

1750-413: The context of science fiction, futurism and speculative astrobiology). Authors have used the term android in more diverse ways than robot or cyborg . In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only superficial, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside but with robot-like internal mechanics. In other stories, authors have used the word "android" to mean

1800-464: The creation of strong artificial intelligence —are assumed to have been solved. Fictional androids are often depicted as mentally and physically equal or superior to humans—moving, thinking and speaking as fluidly as them. The tension between the nonhuman substance and the human appearance—or even human ambitions—of androids is the dramatic impetus behind most of their fictional depictions. Some android heroes seek, like Pinocchio , to become human, as in

1850-414: The distribution of pressures, and the pattern of forces that would come from pressure sensor arrays and strain gauge rosettes, allowing two-point discrimination and force sensing, with human-like ability. Advanced versions of biologically designed tactile sensors include vibration sensing which has been determined to be important for understanding interactions between the tactile sensor and objects where

1900-573: The film Bicentennial Man , or Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation . Others, as in the film Westworld , rebel against abuse by careless humans. Android hunter Deckard in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and its film adaptation Blade Runner discovers that his targets appear to be, in some ways, more "human" than he is. Android stories, therefore, are not essentially stories "about" androids; they are stories about

1950-524: The first full-body walking android in history. Hanson Robotics, the FedEx Institute of Technology, and the University of Texas at Arlington also developed the android portrait of sci-fi author Philip K. Dick (creator of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? , the basis for the film Blade Runner ), with full conversational capabilities that incorporated thousands of pages of the author's works. In 2005,

2000-557: The increasing presence of robots and artificial intelligence. Barry also uses Maria Bot to demonstrate that programming a robot with life-affirming, ethical framework makes them more likely to help humans to do the same. Maria Bot is an ambassador robot for good and ethical AI technology. Hanson Robotics, Inc. , of Texas and KAIST produced an android portrait of Albert Einstein , using Hanson's facial android technology mounted on KAIST's life-size walking bipedal robot body. This Einstein android, also called " Albert Hubo ", thus represents

2050-500: The information from each strain gauge is combined, the information allows determination of a pattern of forces or torques. A variety of biologically inspired designs have been suggested ranging from simple whisker-like sensors which measure only one point at a time through more advanced fingertip-like sensors, to complete skin-like sensors as on the latest iCub . Biologically inspired tactile sensors often incorporate more than one sensing strategy. For example, they might detect both

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2100-429: The probe and detecting resulting changes in the pressure pattern. Robots designed to interact with objects requiring handling involving precision, dexterity , or interaction with unusual objects, need sensory apparatus which is functionally equivalent to a human's tactile ability. Tactile sensors have been developed for use with robots. Tactile sensors can complement visual systems by providing added information when

2150-622: The robot begins to grip an object. At this time vision is no longer sufficient, as the mechanical properties of the object cannot be determined by vision alone. Determining weight, texture, stiffness , center of mass , coefficient of friction , and thermal conductivity require object interaction and some sort of tactile sensing. Several classes of tactile sensors are used in robots of different kinds, for tasks spanning collision avoidance and manipulation. Some methods for simultaneous localization and mapping are based on tactile sensors. Pressure sensor arrays are large grids of tactels. A "tactel"

2200-414: The sensor slides over the object. Such interactions are now understood to be important for human tool use and judging the texture of an object. One such sensor combines force sensing, vibration sensing, and heat transfer sensing. Recently, a sophisticated tactile sensor has been made open-hardware , enabling enthusiasts and hobbyists to experiment with an otherwise expensive technology. Furthermore, with

2250-402: The treatment of androids is a way of exploring racism and misogyny in society. The 2015 Japanese film Sayonara , starring Geminoid F , was promoted as "the first movie to feature an android performing opposite a human actor". Ephraim Chambers Ephraim Chambers ( c.  1680 – 15 May 1740) was an English writer and encyclopaedist , who is primarily known for producing

2300-646: The word robot to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word "robot" has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term "android" can mean either one of these, while a cyborg ("cybernetic organism" or "bionic man") would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts. The term " droid ", popularized by George Lucas in the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of "android", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2 . The word "android"

2350-594: Was here that he developed the plan of the Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . After beginning the Cyclopaedia , he left Senex's service and devoted himself entirely to the encyclopedia project. He also took lodging in Gray's Inn , where he remained for the rest of his life. Chambers died in Canonbury House in Islington and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey . The first edition of

2400-437: Was revealed, and made a number of improvements. It was capable of playing the organ. Wabot-2 had ten fingers and two feet, and was able to read a score of music. It was also able to accompany a person. In 1986, Honda began its humanoid research and development program, to create humanoid robots capable of interacting successfully with humans. The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University , and

2450-549: Was used in Star Trek: The Original Series episode " What Are Little Girls Made Of? " The abbreviation "andy", coined as a pejorative by writer Philip K. Dick in his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? , has seen some further usage, such as within the TV series Total Recall 2070 . While the term "android" is used in reference to human-looking robots in general (not necessarily male-looking humanoid robots),

2500-597: Was used in a more modern sense by the French author Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam in his work Tomorrow's Eve (1886), featuring an artificial humanoid robot named Hadaly. The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson 's The Cometeers (1936) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton 's Captain Future stories (1940–1944). Although Karel Čapek 's robots in R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (1921)—the play that introduced

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