66-501: McKinney Falls State Park is a state park in Austin, Texas , United States at the confluence of Onion Creek and Williamson Creek. It is administered by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department . The park opened on April 15, 1976 and is named after Thomas F. McKinney , a businessman, race horse breeder and rancher , who owned and lived on the land in the mid-to-late 19th century. The park
132-496: A crawfish pond in Louisiana , where weed control and soil moisture were excellent through June, averaged 2.9 m (9.5 ft) and 3.5 cm (1.4 in) diameter at breast height after five years. However, a replicate of the same sources planted in an old soybean field, where weed control and soil moisture were poor, resulted in the same diameter, but a smaller average seedling height of 2.1 m (6.9 ft). When planted in
198-516: A land lease from the U.S. government , while Mackinac National Park was handed down to become the first of the Michigan state parks . As with national parks, facilities at state parks are often leased to concessionaires to operate. Breaks Interstate Park is operated under an interstate compact by Virginia state parks , although it is also one of the Kentucky state parks , straddling both sides of
264-555: A variety of bald cypress, as Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum (Nutt.) Croom. It differs in shorter leaves borne on erect shoots, and in ecology, being largely confined to low-nutrient blackwater habitats. A few authors also treat Taxodium mucronatum as a variety of bald cypress, as T. distichum var. mexicanum Gordon, thereby considering the genus as comprising only one species. The native range extends from southeastern New Jersey south to Florida and west to Central Texas and southeastern Oklahoma , and also inland up
330-569: A bluff on the northern edge of the donated land. The offices are outside the park boundaries and only accessible by a separate road. Heavy rains that started on October 30, 2013, pushed the water of Onion Creek to its highest level since the park opened. Water flooded the Smith Visitor Center and damaged bathrooms, picnic sites and the Rockshelter Trail. The park was evacuated and temporarily closed while park staff cleaned up and repaired
396-492: A drain on the side of the highway north of Port Douglas Queensland (the tree itself is at a latitude and longitude of-16.4853970, 145.4134609), so it would seem the species can grow well in tropical conditions. It does, however, require hot summers for good growth. When planted in locales with the cool summers of oceanic climates , growth is healthy but very slow; some specimens in northeastern England have only grown to 4–5 m tall in 50 years and do not produce cones. One of
462-572: A few exceptions such as Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California, and Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska, the largest state park in the United States . In addition to preserving natural landscapes and providing recreational opportunities, many state parks also serve as important educational resources . They often offer guided tours, interpretive programs, and exhibits that help visitors learn about
528-640: A height of 20–75 cm (up to 100 cm in fertilized nursery conditions) in their first year. Seedlings die if inundated for more than about two to four weeks. Natural regeneration is therefore prevented on sites that are always flooded during the growing season. Although vigorous saplings and stump sprouts can produce viable seed, most specimens do not produce seed until they are about 30 years old. In good conditions, bald cypress grows fairly fast when young, then more slowly with age. Trees have been measured to reach 3 m in five years, 21 m in 41 years, and 36 m in height in 96 years; height growth has largely ceased by
594-536: A residential yard and weeded and watered, they averaged 3.7 m (12 ft) tall three years later. Bald cypress is one of the few conifer species that sprouts. Thrifty sprouts are generally produced from stumps of young trees, but trees up to 60 years old also send up healthy sprouts if the trees are cut during the fall or winter. However, survival of these sprouts is often poor, and those that live are usually poorly shaped and do not make quality saw timber trees. Stumps of trees up to 200 years old may also sprout, but
660-683: A restaurant) for lodging at some parks. These typically use "Resort" in the name, such as "_____ Resort State Park" in West Virginia state parks and "_____ State Resort Park" in neighboring Kentucky state parks , which has 17 such resort parks, the most of any state. Other states use the Resort name inconsistently (like DeGray Lake Resort State Park , the only one out of three resorts in Arkansas state parks ), or have only one such park ( South Carolina state parks ' Hickory Knob State Resort Park ), or do not use
726-667: A whole plantation in a short amount of time. In 2002, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources identified T. distichum as a state protected plant with the status of Threatened. Globally, the species is listed as of Least Concern by the IUCN . The bald cypress is hardy and can be planted in hardiness zones 4 through 10 in the US. The species is a popular ornamental tree that is cultivated for its light, feathery foliage and orangey brown to dull red autumnal color. In cultivation it thrives on
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#1733114967474792-637: A wide range of soils, including well-drained sites where it would not grow naturally because juvenile seedlings cannot compete with other vegetation. Cultivation is successful far north of its native range, even to southern Canada . It is also commonly planted in Europe , Asia , and other temperate and subtropical locales. Additionally it is sometimes planted in gardens and parks Eastern Australia with most specimens being found in Temperate to warm temperate areas although two trees are thriving in an open location along
858-404: Is epigeal . Under swamp conditions, germination generally takes place on a sphagnum moss or a wet-muck seedbed. Seeds will not germinate under water, but some will remain viable for 30 months under water. By contrast, seeds usually fail to germinate on better drained soils because of the lack of surface water. Thus, a soil saturated but not flooded for a period of one to three months after seedfall
924-618: Is monoecious , with male and female cones on a single plant forming on slender, tassel-like structures near the edge of branchlets. The tree produces cones in April and the seeds ripen in October. The male and female strobili are produced from buds formed in late autumn, with pollination in early winter, and mature in about 12 months. Male cones emerge on panicles that are 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) inches long. Female cones are round, resinous and green while young. They then turn hard and then brown as
990-477: Is completely submerged by flooding, and prolonged submergence kills the seedling. In nurseries, Taxodium seeds show an apparent internal dormancy that can be overcome by various treatments, usually including cold stratification or submerging in water for 60 days. Nursery beds are sown in spring with pretreated seeds or in fall with untreated seeds. Seedlings usually reach 75 to 100 cm (29.5 to 39.5 in) in height during their first (and usually only) year in
1056-416: Is grayish brown to reddish brown, thin, and fibrous with a stringy texture; it has a vertically, interwoven pattern of shallow ridges and narrow furrows. The needle-like leaves are 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 ⁄ 4 inch (1.3 to 1.9 cm) long and are simple, alternate, green, and linear, with entire margins. In autumn, the leaves turn yellow or copper red. The bald cypress is deciduous. This species
1122-533: Is noted for the russet-red fall color of its lacy needles. This plant has some cultivated varieties and is often used in groupings in public spaces. Common names include bald cypress, swamp cypress, white cypress , tidewater red cypress , gulf cypress and red cypress . The bald cypress was designated the official state tree of Louisiana in 1963. In some cultures, the bald cypress symbolizes longevity, endurance, and mourning. Bald cypress trees are valued because of their rot-resistant heartwood when
1188-457: Is often found in swamps as far north as New Jersey, and occasionally as far north as Connecticut, although it is more common in the southeastern states. This partially mineralized wood is harvested from swamps in the southeastern states, and is greatly prized for special uses such as for carvings. The fungus Lauriliella taxodii causes a specific form of the wood called "pecky cypress", which is used for decorative wall paneling . The bald cypress
1254-620: Is part of the El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail . During the Cretaceous Period through the early Paleogene Period, much of Texas was covered by a shallow subtropical sea - the Western Interior Seaway . The calcium carbonate sediments deposited during this period lithified into the limestone rock underneath the park's soil and was exposed by erosion around the creek bed. Aquatic reptiles swam in
1320-417: Is prevented by ice damage to seedlings. Larger trees are able to tolerate much lower temperatures and lower humidity. In 2012 scuba divers discovered an underwater cypress forest several miles off the coast of Mobile, Alabama , in 60 feet of water. The forest contains trees that could not be dated with radiocarbon methods , indicating that they are more than 50,000 years old and thus most likely lived in
1386-582: Is recognized as the largest member of its species in the country and is listed as such on the National Register of Champion Trees by American Forest. The National Champion Bald Cypress is in the Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge , near St. Francisville, Louisiana , and it is 96 feet (29 m) tall, 56 feet (17 m) in circumference, and is estimated to be approximately 1,500 years old. The oldest known living specimen, found along
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#17331149674741452-402: Is required for germination. After germination, seedlings must grow fast enough to keep at least part of their crowns above floodwaters for most of the growing season. Bald cypress seedlings can endure partial shading, but require overhead light for good growth. Seedlings in swamps often reach heights of 20 to 75 cm (8 to 29.5 in) their first year. Growth is checked when a seedling
1518-448: Is still often restricted because of high fecal coliform counts, usually after heavy rains. State park State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at the sub-national level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under
1584-589: The Black River in North Carolina , is at least 2,624 years old, rendering it the oldest living tree in eastern North America . The Senator , a bald cypress in Longwood, Florida , was 165 feet (50 m) tall before the hurricane of 1925, when it lost about 40 feet (12 m) in height. It had a circumference of 47 feet (14 m) and a diameter of 17.5 feet (5.3 m) and was estimated to be 3,500 years old. It
1650-524: The Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration . Taxodium distichum Taxodium distichum ( baldcypress , bald-cypress , bald cypress , swamp cypress ; French : cyprès chauve ; cipre in Louisiana ) is a deciduous conifer in the family Cupressaceae . It is native to the southeastern United States. Hardy and tough, this tree adapts to a wide range of soil types, whether wet, salty, dry, or swampy. It
1716-759: The Mississippi River . Ancient bald cypress forests , with some trees more than 1,700 years old, once dominated swamps in the Southeast. The original range had been thought to only reach as far north as Delaware , but researchers have now found a natural forest on the Cape May Peninsula in southern New Jersey. The species can also be found growing outside its natural native range, in New York and Pennsylvania . The largest remaining old-growth stands are at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary , near Naples , Florida, and in
1782-609: The Texas rat snake , Texas indigo racer and western diamondback rattlesnake are also found. The park also features the Smith Rock Shelter , a limestone overhang used for shelter by Native Americans for hundreds of years, along with the ruins of McKinney's stone house , gristmill and his horse trainer's cabin. The Smith Rock Shelter and the McKinney homestead have each been added to the National Register of Historic Places . The park
1848-579: The Three Sisters tract along eastern North Carolina's Black River . The Corkscrew trees are around 500 years of age, and some exceed 40 m in height. In 1985, the Black River trees were cored by a dendrochronologist from the University of Arkansas , who found that some began growing as early as 364 AD. A subsequent visit to the area in 2019 revealed a tree dated by its tree-ring count to 605 B. C., ranking as
1914-878: The administration of the government of each U.S. state , some of the Mexican states , and in Brazil . The term is also used in the Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales . The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, and Belgium, is provincial park . Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies. State parks are thus similar to national parks , but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g., regional parks or county parks . In general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with
1980-542: The city and regularly discharged effluent into the creek, not all of which met state standards for discharge. Twelve years later in June 1993, the park ban on swimming was finally lifted. This was due to the closure of the Williamson Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant in 1986, Austin's enactment of a comprehensive watershed ordinance and starting a citywide hazardous chemicals collection program. Swimming
2046-416: The cone is deposited on shore. The second is by wildlife: squirrels eat seeds, but often drop some scales from the cones they harvest. Seeds do not germinate under water and rarely germinate on well-drained soils; seedlings normally become established on continuously saturated, but not flooded, soils for one to three months. After germination, seedlings must grow quickly to escape floodwaters; they often reach
McKinney Falls State Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
2112-426: The cone scales with their resin-coated seeds adhering to them, or sometimes entire cones, drop to the water or ground. This drop of mature seeds is often hastened by squirrels, which eat bald cypress seeds, but usually drop several scales with undamaged seeds still attached to each cone they pick. Floodwaters spread the scales or cones along streams and are the most important means of seed dissemination. Germination
2178-731: The country's state parks. The NASPD further counts over 43,000 miles (69,000 km) of trail, 217,367 campsites, and 8,277 cabins and lodges across U.S. state parks. The largest state park system in the United States is Alaska State Parks , with over 100 sites encompassing 3.3 million acres. Many states include designations beyond "state park" in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas , state beaches, and state nature reserves . Some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites . To encourage tourism in rural areas, several states have simple lodges, inns, hotels, or motels (usually with
2244-436: The damage. The Smith Visitor Center and part of the Rockshelter Trail officially reopened in 2022. The park includes several designated hiking trails. The namesake features of the park are the scenic upper and lower falls along Onion Creek. Bald Cypress , sycamores and pecan trees line the banks of Onion Creek and live oak , ashe juniper , cedar elm and mesquite can be found on the drier uplands. Other trees found in
2310-474: The designation at all (such as the lodges of Georgia state parks ). The term "lodge" may also refer to a hiking lodge , essentially a large cabin for hikers rather than a large facility with private rooms and a restaurant. Other lodging may include yurts and tipis . Not all parks owned by a state are necessarily part of its state-park system, such as Stone Mountain Park near Atlanta. Some Texas state parks are
2376-486: The early glacial interval of the last ice age. The cypress forest is well preserved, and when samples are cut they still smell like fresh cypress. A team, which has not yet published its results in a peer-reviewed journal, is studying the site. One possibility is that Hurricane Katrina exposed the grove of bald cypress, which had been protected under ocean floor sediments. The bald cypress is monoecious . Male and female strobili mature in one growing season from buds formed
2442-491: The full range of light (sandy), medium (loamy), and heavy (clay) soils. It can also grow in saline soils. It can tolerate atmospheric pollution. The cones are often consumed by wildlife. The tallest known specimen, near Williamsburg, Virginia , is 44.11 m (145 ft) tall, and the stoutest known, in the Real County near Leakey, Texas , has a circumference of 475 in (39 ft). The National Champion Bald Cypress
2508-450: The government of Mexico . Samuel May Williams acquired ten leagues (about 44,000 acres (18,000 ha)) of the grant from del Valle and sold the land to Michel Branamour Menard who in turn sold nine leagues (about 40,000 acres (16,000 ha)) to Thomas F. McKinney in 1839. McKinney did not move to his land until 1850 and took two years to build a stone house and barns . He also built a water-powered flour gristmill in 1852. The mill
2574-591: The ground or water. Their function was once thought to be to provide oxygen to the roots, which grow in the low dissolved oxygen waters typical of a swamp (as in mangroves ). However, evidence for this is scant; in fact, roots of swamp-dwelling specimens whose knees are removed do not decrease in oxygen content and the trees continue to thrive. Another more likely function is structural support and stabilization. Bald cypress trees growing on flood-prone sites tend to form buttressed bases, but trees grown on drier sites may lack this feature. The buttressed base usually begins at
2640-451: The heartwood of living trees, usually from the crown down to the roots. A few other fungi attack the sapwood and the heartwood of the tree, but they do not usually cause serious damage. Insects such as the cypress flea beetle ( Systena marginalis ) and the bald cypress leafroller ( Archips goyerana ) can seriously damage trees by destroying leaves, cones or bark. Nutrias also clip and unroot young bald cypress seedlings, sometimes killing
2706-433: The largest of any species of Cupressaceae , and are produced every year, with heavy crops every 3–5 years. The seedlings have three to nine, but usually six, cotyledons each. The bald cypress grows in full sunlight to partial shade. This species grows best in wet or well-drained soil but can tolerate dry soil. It is moderately able to grow in aerosols of salt water. It does well in acid, neutral and alkaline soils across
McKinney Falls State Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
2772-484: The local flora , fauna , geology , and cultural history of the area. These programs are designed not only to enhance the visitor experience but also to promote conservation awareness and encourage responsible enjoyment of natural resources. There are 6,792 state park units in the United States, according to the National Association of State Park Directors (NASPD). There are some 813 million annual visits to
2838-402: The mostly urban area located upstream on Onion and Williamson Creeks. The run off dumped animal waste, oils, dirt and debris into the creeks. Another contributor was the Williamson Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant. The plant would occasionally dump effluent in various stages of treatment into Williamson Creek if there was equipment failure. By 1982, the plant was overloaded by the rapid growth of
2904-532: The ninth-oldest tree in the world. This species is native to humid climates where annual precipitation ranges from about 30 in or 760 millimetres in Central Texas to 64 in or 1,600 millimetres along the Gulf Coast. Although it grows best in warm climates, the natural northern limit of the species is not due to a lack of cold tolerance, but to specific reproductive requirements: further north, regeneration
2970-574: The nursery. Average size of 1-0 nursery-grown seedlings in a seed source test including 72 families was 81.4 cm (32.0 in) tall and 1.1 cm (0.43 in) in diameter. Control of competing vegetation may be necessary for a year or more for bald cypress planted outside of swamps. Five years after planting on a harrowed and bedded, poorly drained site in Florida, survival was high, but heights had increased only 30 cm (12 in), probably because of heavy herbaceous competition. Seedlings grown in
3036-581: The oldest specimens in Europe was planted in the 1900s in the Arboretum de Pézanin in Burgundy , France . An alley of Louisiana cypress trees was planted in the 18th century in the park of the Château de Rambouillet , southwest of Paris. Bald cypress has great merchantable yields. In virgin stands, yields from 112 to 196 m /ha were common, and some stands may have exceeded 1,000 m /ha. Still usable prehistoric wood
3102-633: The park include Wafer Ash , Red Oak , Texas Persimmon , chinaberry and Mexican Plum . In spring , the roads are lined with flowers , dominated by the Texas Bluebonnet . Agarita , Firewheel and Wild Petunia are a few of the other flowering plants in the park. Cacti can also be found such as the Prickly Pear and Pencil Cactus . White-tailed deer are common throughout the park, as well as raccoons , armadillos , coyote , cottontail rabbits and fox squirrels . Many bird species are found in
3168-566: The park such as the northern mockingbird , northern cardinal , greater roadrunner , Carolina wren , scissor-tailed flycatcher , painted bunting , Carolina chickadee , blue jay , killdeer , mourning dove and wild turkey . Snowy Egret and Yellow-crowned night heron have also been spotted in the park. Areas in and around the creeks are inhabited by the Guadalupe spiny softshell turtle , red-eared slider , alligator snapping turtle and Blanchard's cricket frog . Many species of snakes such as
3234-1044: The previous year. The male catkins are about 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter and are borne in slender, purplish, drooping clusters 7 to 13 cm ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 to 5 in) long that are conspicuous during the winter on this deciduous conifer. Pollen is shed in March and April. Female conelets are found singly or in clusters of two or three. The globose cones turn from green to brownish-purple as they mature from October to December. The cones are 13 to 36 mm (0.51 to 1.42 in) in diameter and consist of 9 to 15 four-sided scales that break away irregularly after maturity. Each scale can bear two (rarely three) irregular, triangular seeds with thick, horny, warty coats and projecting flanges. The number of seeds per cone averages 16 and ranges from 2 to 34. Cleaned seeds number from about 5,600 to 18,430 per kg (2,540 to 8,360 per lb). Some seeds are produced every year, and good seed crops occur at three- to five-year intervals. At maturity,
3300-568: The ranch to the State of Texas for a park. The land was appraised at $ 731,300 and the state received a matching federal grant to develop the park. After archaeological digs and surveys were completed, the park was developed. The park was dedicated on April 14, 1976 by Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe and opened to the public on April 15. The Texas Legislature also approved funds for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to construct new state offices on
3366-432: The sea as evidenced by a complete skeleton of a mosasaur found in the rocks of Onion Creek not far from the park. In the park, shells of extinct sea animals such as species of Inoceramus and Exogyra are preserved in the limestone. A volcano , now long extinct and called " Pilot Knob ," spewed debris into the surrounding sea. The streams of soft volcanic debris eroded faster than the hard limestone. The removal of
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#17331149674743432-449: The softer layers and undercutting of the limestone by the water led the falls to be formed over millions of years. There is evidence that hunter-gatherers occupied the land that is now McKinney Falls State Park at least five thousand years ago, maybe more. The tribes found water in the creek and protection among the rock shelters created by the same undercutting action that formed the falls. In Spanish Texas , McKinney Falls State Park
3498-418: The soil surface and usually extends up to the maximum annual flooding elevation. Buttressed bases and a strong, intertwined root system allow them to resist very strong winds; even hurricanes rarely overturn them. Many agents damage T. distichum trees. The main damaging (in some cases lethal) agent is the fungus Lauriliella taxodii , which causes a brown pocket rot known as "pecky cypress." It attacks
3564-409: The sprouts are not as vigorous and are more subject to wind damage as the stump decays. In the only report on the rooting of bald cypress cuttings found in the literature, cuttings from trees five years old rooted better than those from older trees. The seeds remain viable for less than one year, and are dispersed in two ways. One is by water: the seeds float and move on water until flooding recedes or
3630-419: The state line. Other multi-state parks are legally two separate parks with the same name and more informal cooperation between them. The title of oldest state park in the United States is claimed by Niagara Falls State Park in New York , established in 1885. Several public parks previously or currently maintained at the state level pre-date it. Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by
3696-454: The state of Georgia as a public park since 1825, although it did not gain the title "State Park" until 1931. In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the federal government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890. In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its northern forests as "The State Park" but, needing money, sold most of it to lumber companies within 20 years. Mackinac National Park
3762-406: The time the trees are 200 years old. Some individuals can live over 1,000 years. Determination of the age of an old tree may be difficult because of frequent missing or false rings of stemwood caused by variable and stressful growing environments. Bald cypress trees growing in swamps have a peculiarity of growth called cypress knees . These are woody projections from the root system project above
3828-414: The tree matures. They are globular and 2.0–3.5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) in diameter. They have from 20 to 30 spirally arranged, four-sided scales, each bearing one, two, or rarely three triangular seeds . Each cone contains 20 to 40 large seeds. The cones disintegrate at maturity to release the seeds. The seeds are 5–10 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 13 ⁄ 32 in) long,
3894-401: The trees are mature. Because of this, the trees are often used for making fence posts, doors, flooring, caskets, and a number of other items. Taxodium distichum is a large, slow-growing, and long-lived tree . It typically grows to heights of 35–120 feet (10–40 m) and has a trunk diameter of 3–7 feet (0.9–2.1 m). The main trunk is often surrounded by cypress knees . The bark
3960-458: The wood is exposed to the elements. In the first half of the 20th century, it was marketed as "The Wood Eternal." The lumber is valuable for timber framing, building materials, fence posts, planking in boats, river pilings, doors, blinds, flooring, shingles, garden boxes, caskets, interior trim and cabinetry. Bald cypress timbers are commonly available in lengths up to 24 feet. This species enjoys predictable lead times for projects. The wood
4026-472: Was a popular spot for swimming from the day it opened. In April 1981, swimming in the park was banned when several elementary school children complained of cramps and nausea after swimming in Onion Creek. Testing indicated the fecal coliform count in the water was 2600 per 100 milliliters of water, well above the 200 count maximum deemed safe for swimming. The problem was blamed on rain water runoff from
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#17331149674744092-492: Was burned down accidentally in 2012. "Big Dan" is one of the oldest living specimens and is found near High Springs, Florida at Camp Kulaqua. It is estimated to be 2,704 years old as of 2020. It is growing in the Hornsby Spring swamp run and is more than 35 feet in circumference. The closely related Taxodium ascendens (pond cypress) is treated by some botanists as a distinct species, while others classify it as merely
4158-400: Was destroyed by a flood in 1869 and the house by a fire in the late 1940s. McKinney lived on the land ranching and raising thoroughbred horses until his death on October 5, 1873. McKinney's wife, Anna, sold small parcels of land to relatives, and in 1885 she sold most of the land to James W. Smith. In 1971, J.E. "Pete" Smith, the grandson of James Smith, donated 682 acres (276 ha) of
4224-468: Was established in 1875 as the second U.S. national park before being converted to a state park in 1895. The first state park with the designation of "state park" was Itasca State Park in Minnesota , established in 1891. Many state park systems date to the 1930s, when around 800 state parks (and several national ones) across the country were developed with assistance from federal job-creation programs like
4290-517: Was traversed as part of the El Camino Real de Los Tejas. In 1716 the expedition of Domingo Ramón followed the left bank of Onion Creek along the western edge of the park to its junction with Williamson Creek. Indentations in the rock resulted from extensive use of the area. The land that the park occupies was originally part of an eleven league (about 49,000 acres (20,000 ha)) grant that Mexican land speculator Santiago Del Valle purchased from
4356-591: Was used by Native Americans to create coffins, homes, drums and canoes. Joshua D. Brown , the first settler of Kerrville , Texas , made his living producing shingles from bald cypress trees that grew along the Guadalupe River of the Texas Hill Country . In the southern United States, the odorless wood, which closely resembles that of other Cupressus species, has been valued since colonial times for its resistance to water, making it ideal for use wherever
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