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54-417: Mbya may refer to: Mbayá , a historic ethnic group of Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil Mbyá Guaraní people , an ethnic group of Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay Mbyá Guaraní language , a Guarani language of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay Sirionó language , a Guarayu language of Bolivia See also [ edit ] Kadiweu language or Mbayá,

108-488: A Guaicuruan language of Brazil Mbia (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mbya . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbya&oldid=1213930553 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

162-576: A few thousand natives were left of nearly 100,000 just before the Paulista invasion. Father Antonio Ruiz de Montoya purchased 10,000 cattle, and was able to convert the natives from farmers to stock raisers. Soon under Fathers Rançoncier and Romero the Uruguay missions were re-established. In 1632 the Mamelucos discovered a new line of attack from the south. In 1638, despite some successful resistance, all twelve of

216-660: A group of culturally-related indigenous peoples of South America . They are distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guarani language . The traditional range of the Guarani people is in what is now Paraguay between the Paraná River and lower Paraguay River , the Misiones Province of Argentina, southern Brazil once as far east as Rio de Janeiro, and parts of Uruguay and Bolivia. Although their demographic dominance of

270-528: A large military operation against the Mbayá northeast of Asunción . The Myabá had been raiding the sedentary Guarani peoples and the Spanish agreed to help protect them. The expedition was a success, but helped create the enduring animosity between the Mbayá and Spanish. Over the next century, the Mbayá acquired by theft or trade horses and iron tools and weapons from the Spanish and became more threatening, especially to

324-454: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Mbay%C3%A1 The Mbayá called themselves the Eyiguayegis 'people of the palm', a reference to the abundant palm trees in their home country. (The name Eyiguayegis is similar to that of Agaces or aigeis , a name more often applied to

378-425: Is estimated that the Guarani numbered some 400,000 people when they were first encountered by Europeans. At that time, they were sedentary and agricultural, subsisting largely on manioc , maize, wild game, and honey . Equally little is known about early Guarani society and beliefs. They practiced a form of animistic pantheism , much of which has survived in the form of folklore and numerous myths . According to

432-453: The Acaray River . In two battles, the Paulista army suffered a defeat that warded off invasions for ten years. In 1651, the war between Spain and Portugal encouraged another Paulista attack to gain territory for Portugal. Before Spanish troops could arrive to help defend the missions, the fathers themselves led a Guarani army against the enemy. In 1732, at the time of their greatest prosperity,

486-777: The Guapay , Parapetí , and Ɨtɨka Guasu (or Pilcomayo) River valleys. The Bolivian Guarani are represented by the Assembly of the Guarani People . Some Guarani placenames in Bolivia: Yacuiba , Paraimiri, Itaimbeguasu , Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú, Abapó , Timboy, Caraparí , Urubichá , Kuruguakua , Guanay , Yaguarú and Rogagua . There are three principal subgroups of Guarani in Bolivia, marked by dialectical and historical differences: Today,

540-458: The Guarani who lived eastward from the Paraguay River . In 1661, some of the Mbayá migrated east of the river, destroyed a Jesuit mission, also called a reduction , and displaced the Guarani in the old region of Itatín , located southwest of the present day city of Campo Grande, Brazil . The Mbayá and other Guaycuruan groups developed a horse culture, similar in many respects to that of

594-551: The catechism into the Guarani language and preached to Guarani people who resided in the area around the settlement. In 1588–89 St. Francis Solanus crossed the Chaco wilderness from Peru and stopped at Asunción, but gave no attention to the Guarani. His departure left the Jesuits alone with their missionary work, and to defend the natives against slave dealers. The Jesuit provincial Torres arrived in 1607, and "immediately placed himself at

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648-519: The indigenous peoples of the Great Plains of North America . They both raided and traded with the Spanish, often making peace with one town or region while attacking another. From 1651 to 1756, the Mbayá were a severe threat to the Spanish in Paraguay, the eastern and southern bands making an uneasy peace with the Spanish in the latter year. The first moderately successful Roman Catholic mission among

702-657: The tribes of the Chaco . In 1750 the Treaty of Madrid between Spain and Portugal transferred to Portugal the territory of the seven missions on the Uruguay River, and the Guaranis were ordered to leave; they refused, being familiar with the Portuguese as slave hunters. Seven years of guerrilla warfare killed thousands of them (see Guarani War ). The Jesuits secured a royal decree restoring

756-479: The 18th century, some of them migrated along with the Mbayá east of the Paraguay River. They were estimated, perhaps generously, in the early 18th century to have numbered 18,000 to 30,000. In 1793 they numbered about 8,200. The Guaná provided Mbayá chiefs with labor, agricultural products, textiles, and wives and in exchange were given protection and European goods such as iron tools by the Mbayá. The cultures of

810-597: The Andes and had a different history than most other Guarani people. Noted for their warlike character, the Chiriguanos were hostile in turn to the Inca Empire , the Spanish, and the independent state of Bolivia from the late 15th to the late 19th century. The Jesuit missions had little success among the Chiriguanos, although Franciscans in the 19th century attracted numerous converts. The Chririguanos were not finally pacified until

864-512: The Company of Jesus know how to get along with us, and we with them, we are happy serving God and the King." The Guarani request was denied, but the letter highlights the value of the relationship the Jesuits and Guarani had established in the region. The missions were turned over to priests of other orders, chiefly Franciscans , but under a code of regulations drawn up by the viceroy and modeled largely on

918-581: The Guaná and Mbayá slowly became more similar as the Mbayá adopted agriculture and weaving and the Guaná became equestrian. The Mbayá augmented their numbers, strictly limited by late marriages and abortion , by intermarriage with Guaná and captive women of other ethnic groups. Spanish chroniclers describe the Guaná as docile. The Mbayá, arrogant and ethnocentric, were described by Spanish chroniclers as surprisingly benign and respectful in dealing with their Guaná subjects. Guaran%C3%AD people The Guarani are

972-608: The Guarani Lands, Anthology in 1870 (translated into the English language in 1906). Guarani myth and legend can roughly be divided into the following broad categories: The Iguazu Falls , considered sacred by the Guarani, hold special significance and are the inspiration for numerous myths and legends. They reveal the sound of ancient battles at certain times, they are also the place where I-Yara —a malign Pomboro spirit—abducted Angá —a fair maiden—and hid her. The swallows that inhabit

1026-487: The Guarani caciques. The Jesuit missions needed new converts and required workers to assist in the maintenance of the missions. The Guarani helped grow the crops to sustain the missions' populations and also produce goods to sell and trade to fund the missions. Stimulated by this success, Father González and two companions journeyed to the east bank of the Uruguay River (now the country of Uruguay) and established two or three small missions in 1627. The local tribes killed

1080-442: The Guarani missions were guarded by a well-drilled and well-equipped army of 7,000 Guaranis. On more than one occasion this mission army, accompanied by their priests, defended the Spanish colony. In 1732, there were 30 Guarani missions with 141,252 converted Guaranis. Two years later a smallpox epidemic killed approximately 30,000 of them. In 1765, a second outbreak killed approximately 12,000 more, and then spread westward through

1134-585: The Jesuit missionary Martin Dobrizhoffer , they practiced cannibalism at one point, perhaps as a funerary ritual, but later disposed of the dead in large jars placed inverted on the ground. Guarani mythology is still widespread in rural Paraguay. Much Guarani myth and legend were compiled by the Universidad Nacional de Misiones in northern Argentina and published as Myths and Legends: A Journey around

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1188-400: The Jesuit system. Under chaotic political regulation, the missions rapidly declined. Most Guaranis returned to the countryside. According to the official census of 1801, fewer than 45,000 Guaranis remained; cattle, sheep, and horses had disappeared; the fields and orchards were overgrown or cut down, and the churches were in ruins. The long period of revolutionary struggle that followed completed

1242-557: The Jesuits was to capture by subterfuge 500 Mbayá warriors and disperse them to other missions. For the next 30 years, until 1793, the Mbayá menaced the Santo Corazon area, reduced the settlement to impotence, and retained effective control of the Bolivian Chaco. Not until the 1870s was a road fashioned across the northern Chaco from Santa Cruz to Corumbá Brazil. Located on the frontier between Portuguese Brazil and Spanish Paraguay,

1296-511: The Kadiweu band, fought on the Brazilian side. They were both praised for bravery and condemned for a "limitless ardor for plunder" by Brazilian officers. They suffered heavy casualties from battle and disease. One Brazilian general said that Brazil owed its continued control of the southern Mato Grosso to the Mbayá. During and after the war, a smallpox epidemic decimated their population and with

1350-478: The Mbayá also raided the Portuguese, although they made peace with them in 1791. Ranchers in Paraguay in 1796 killed 300 indigenous peoples, including eleven Mbayá chiefs, thus breaking the long-standing peace agreement between Mbayá and Paraguayans. The Mbayá responded by raiding settlements and aiding the Portuguese in their conflicts with the Spanish and the Paraguayans. By 1800, most of the Mbayá had moved east of

1404-433: The Mbayá was established in 1760 east of the city of Concepción, Paraguay , thus beginning a process of absorbing them into the population of Paraguay. However, the Mbayá were never politically united. While some made peace with the Paraguayans, in the northern Chaco the Mbayá bands contested Spanish authorities and Jesuits expanding out of Santa Cruz de la Sierra , Bolivia. The Santo Corazon mission, established in 1760,

1458-409: The Mbayá, a relationship that, according to Spanish accounts, existed in 1548, and possibly much earlier. The Guaná were agricultural and pedestrian as opposed to the nomadic Mbayá who became equestrians by the early 17th century. In the early 18th century the Guaná lived in seven large villages of 1,000 or more people on the western side of the Paraguay River between 19 and 22 south latitudes. Later in

1512-522: The Paraguay River to Mato Grosso do Sul province, Brazil. The Portuguese and the newly independent Brazilians provided them with arms and ammunition and bought the cattle and horses they stole from Paraguayan ranches. By the 1840s, however, the Brazilians were trying to force the Mbayá to live in permanent settlements, but with little success. In the Paraguayan War (1864-1870), the Mbayá, especially

1566-506: The capturing and selling of Guaranis as slaves. To oppose these armed and organized robbers, the tribes had only their bows and arrows. Many Guaranis were slain or enslaved by the slave hunters active in Brazil during those years. In 1607, Spanish King Philip III sent a letter to the governor of Rio de Plata Hernandarias de Saavedra to instruct him to send the newly arrived Jesuits to begin their missionary work. With Spanish royal protection,

1620-603: The defeat in 1892 of forces led by their messianic leader Apiaguaiki Tumpa in the Battle of Kuruyuki . Indigenous Guarani in Argentina fight to protect their ancestral lands from illegal logging and government neglect. A group formed by members of the Guarani community called "Los Rumberos," or “The Patrollers,” safeguard the forest to deter further encroachment. The Guarani people and culture persist. Many are descendants of mission exiles. In Paraguay , Guarani lineage predominates in

1674-622: The descendants of these matches characterize the Paraguayan nation today. The Laws of the Indies forbade slavery in Hispanic America . The first two Jesuits , Father Barcena and Father Angulo, came to what is now the State of Paraná , Southern Brazil, in 1585, by land from the west. Others soon followed, and a Jesuit college was established at Asunción. In 1608, as a result of the Jesuit protest against

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1728-499: The destruction. In 1814, the mission Indians numbered 8,000, and in 1848 the few who remained were declared citizens. A 2018 study in The Quarterly Journal of Economics found that "in areas of former Jesuit presence—within the Guarani area—educational attainment was higher and remains so (by 10–15%) 250 years later. These educational differences have also translated into incomes that are 10% higher today. The identification of

1782-492: The disputed mission territory to Spanish jurisdiction. Two missions in 1747 and a third in 1760 were established in the sub-tribe of the Itatínes , or Tobatines, in central Paraguay, far north of the older mission group. In one of these, San Joaquín de los Tobatines  [ es ] (founded 1747), Martin Dobrizhoffer ministered for eight years. In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from Spanish dominions by royal edict. Fearing

1836-451: The enslavement of the indigenous population, King Philip III of Spain gave authority to the Jesuits to convert and colonize the tribes of Guayrá. In the early period, the name Paraguay was loosely used to designate the entire river basin, including parts of what are now Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Exploring expeditions were accompanied by Franciscan friars . Early in the history of Asunción, Father Luis de Bolaños translated

1890-400: The falls to this day vainly search for her. In 1537, Gonzalo de Mendoza traversed through Paraguay to about the present Brazilian frontier. On his return, he made acquaintance with the Guarani and founded the city of Asunción , later the capital of Paraguay. The first governor of the Spanish territory of Guayrá initiated a policy of intermarriage between European men and indigenous women;

1944-461: The first Guayrá mission , Loreto , was established on the Paranapanema by Father Joseph Cataldino and Father Simon Macerata in 1610. The Jesuit priest Father Ruiz de Montoya discussed the difficulties of spreading the missions and his interactions with the Guarani in his book The Spiritual Conquest . Ruiz de Montoya wrote that one of the Guarani caciques Miguel Artiguaye initially refused to join

1998-489: The head of those who had opposed the cruelties at all times exercised over the natives". Today, the Guarani language is an official language of Paraguay and Bolivia. As of 2012, an estimated 90% of the people in Paraguay spoke Guarani. The center depot of the slave trade was the town of São Paulo . Originally a rendezvous place for Portuguese and Dutch pirates, it later became a refuge for criminals, who mixed with Native American and African women and actively participated in

2052-638: The influx of large numbers of Brazilian settlers, the Mbayá lost their lands and became laborers and ranch hands. In 1870 some of the Kadiwéu band of the Mbayá moved to Argentina where their descendants number 1,000. The Kadiweu or Caduveo band also survives in Brazil. As a reward for their military service, in 1903 the Brazilian government granted them an expanse of territory in Mato Grosso do Sul where about 1,400 of them live. The Guaná, (also called Chané and Layaná), speakers of an Arawak language , were vassals of

2106-514: The late 19th century. They also raided and subjugated other indigenous groups, notably the Guana . They were generally friendly with the Payaguá , who lived along the Paraguay River and had a riverine culture. The terms Mbayá and Guaycuru were synonymous to the early Spanish colonists. Guaycuru came to be the collective name applied to all the ethnic groups speaking similar languages, called Guaycuruan, while

2160-516: The missions beyond the Uruguay River were abandoned and their people consolidated with the community of the Missions Territory. In the last raid Father Alfaro was killed. In the same year Father Montoya, after having successfully opposed the attempts of the governor and the bishop of Asunción to reduce the natives' liberties and the mission administration, sailed for Europe. On this trip he

2214-415: The missions until threatened by another Indigenous group. Artiguaye then returned to the mission and begged for protection. As the mission provided the only real possible protection against enslavement, the Guarani flocked there in such numbers that twelve more missions were created in rapid succession, containing all 40,000 Guaranis. The Jesuits were seen as intermediaries between the Spanish authorities and

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2268-464: The name Guarani was given by the Spanish since it means "warrior" in the Tupi-Guaraní dialect spoken there. Guarinĩ is attested in 16th-century Old Tupi , by Jesuit sources, as "war, warrior, to wage war, warlord". Early Guarani villages often consisted of communal houses for 10 to 15 families. Communities were united by common interest and language, and tended to form tribal groups by dialect. It

2322-600: The name Mbayá referred more narrowly to several loosely-organized bands of the northern Gran Chaco. In the 18th century, the Spanish believed that the Mbayá numbered seven to eight thousand people. When first in contact with Spanish explorers in the early decades of the 16th century, the Mbayá lived north of the Pilcomayo River on the western side of the Paraguay River . In 1542, the Spanish Governor of Paraguay Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca with Guarani allies launched

2376-462: The outcome of this decision, viceroy Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa entrusted the execution of the mandate in 1768 to two officers with a force of 500 troops. Despite their mission army of 14,000, the Jesuits submitted without resistance. Guarani caciques from Mission San Luis wrote a letter to the Governor of Buenos Aires on February 28, 1768, to ask for the Jesuits to stay. They wrote, "The fathers of

2430-513: The population and the Guarani language is spoken in most departments to this day. The Eastern Bolivian Guarani , being one of many indigenous peoples in Bolivia , live in the Gran Chaco , near the Pilcomayo River , in southeastern Bolivia close to the Paraguayan and Argentine borders, including portions of Santa Cruz , Chuquisaca , Tarija Departments . This region reaches nearly as far north as Santa Cruz de la Sierra and includes portions of

2484-466: The positive effect of the Guarani Jesuit missions emerges after comparing them with abandoned Jesuit missions and neighboring Franciscan Guarani missions. The enduring effects observed are consistent with transmission mechanisms of structural transformation, occupational specialization, and technology adoption in agriculture." The Guarani people in Bolivia, called Chiriguanos, lived in the foothills of

2538-479: The priests and the neophytes and burned the missions. Slave raiders saw the Guarani missions as "merely an opportunity of capturing more Indians than usual at a haul". In 1629, an army of Paulistas surrounded the San Antonio mission, set fire to the church and other buildings, killed those who resisted or were too young or too old to travel, and carried the rest into slavery. San Miguel and Jesus Maria quickly met

2592-546: The region has been reduced by European colonisation and the commensurate rise of mestizos , there are contemporary Guarani populations in Paraguay and parts of Argentina and Bolivia. Most notably, the Guarani language, still widely spoken across traditional Guarani homelands, is one of the two official languages in Paraguay, the other one being Spanish. The Paraguayan population learns Guarani both informally from social interaction and formally in public schools. In modern Spanish, Guarani also refers to any Paraguayan national in

2646-565: The related Payaguá . Possibly the two peoples were nearly the same in the 16th century.) The Mbayá spoke a Guaycuruan language. They were "formidable" fighters and "kept the Europeans – settlers and priests alike – at bay" for more than 300 years. The Mbayá were nomads. With horses captured from the Spanish, the Mbayá developed an equestrian culture by about 1600 and were a serious threat to Spanish and Portuguese settlers, missionaries, and governments in Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil until near

2700-420: The same fate. Eventually, reinforcements gathered by Father Cataldino drove off the slavers. Within two years, all but two of the establishments were destroyed, and 60,000 Christian converts were carried off for sale to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . The attacks usually took place on Sunday, when the whole mission population was gathered for Mass . The priests were usually spared, but several were killed. Only

2754-528: The same way that the French are sometimes called Gauls . The history and meaning of the name Guarani are subject to dispute. Before they encountered Europeans, the Guarani referred to themselves simply as Abá , meaning "men" or "people". The term Guarani was originally applied by early Jesuit missionaries to refer to natives who had accepted conversion to the Christian religion; Cayua or Caingua ( ka'aguygua )

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2808-440: Was successful in obtaining letters from Pope Urban VIII forbidding the enslavement of the missionaries under the severest church penalties, and from King Philip IV of Spain , permitting Guaranis to carry firearms for defense and to be trained in their use by veteran soldiers who had become Jesuits. When the next Paulista army, 800 strong, attacked the missions in 1641 they were met by a body of Christian Guarani armed with guns on

2862-516: Was the most easterly of the Bolivian missions and initially had a population of 2,287 Chiquitos people. The mission had the political objective of finding and securing a land route from Spanish settlements in Bolivia to those in Paraguay. After a military expedition organized by the Jesuits against the Mbayás initiated hostilities, the Mbayá killed a Jesuit priest and many Chiquitos in 1763. The response of

2916-410: Was used to refer to those who had refused it. Cayua is roughly translated as "the ones from the jungle". While the term Cayua is sometimes still used to refer to settlements of indigenous peoples who have not well integrated into the dominant society, the modern usage of the name Guarani is generally extended to include all people of native origin regardless of societal status. Barbara Ganson writes that

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