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71-648: A Maximum Security Unit was constructed a short distance north of the Tucker Unit in 1983. In 1916 the State of Arkansas purchased about 4,400 acres (1,800 ha) of land to build the Tucker Unit. In 1933 Governor of Arkansas Junius Marion Futrell closed the Arkansas State Penitentiary ("The Walls"), and some prisoners moved to Tucker from the former penitentiary. In the process the designated execution chamber moved to Tucker. " Old Sparky ", in operation within

142-408: A "folded" posture. Daniel Ciccarone of UCSF said what he calls the “nod” is a common side effect of opioid use, and later notes that "nods have always happened to varying degrees with other opioids, particularly heroin. The nods with fentanyl, however, seem to be more extreme. And it's often a sign that a person has taken too strong a dose". He also said "the fentanyl fold falls into the umbrella of

213-912: A 2004 experiment including 189 patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain up to 24   hours after major surgery, 25% of patients withdrew due to inadequate analgesia. However, the PCTS method proved superior to the placebo, showing lower mean VAS pain scores and having no significant respiratory depression effects. Fentanyl's most common side effects, which affect more than 10% of people, include nausea, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, somnolence , confusion, and asthenia (weakness). Less frequently, in 3–10% of people, fentanyl can cause abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss, dizziness, nervousness, anxiety, depression, flu-like symptoms, dyspepsia (indigestion), shortness of breath , hypoventilation , apnoea , and urinary retention. Fentanyl use has also been associated with aphasia . Despite being

284-508: A barrack-style dormitory and have jobs in the prison. Arkansas' prisons, including Tucker, have experienced a rash of inmates dying of drug overdoses while serving their prison sentence behind bars in the year 2018. This phenomenon is not just isolated in Arkansas but rather nation-wide. The drugs have been thought to be either fentanyl or synthetic marijuana . Varner Unit , Tucker's sister unit, experienced five drug-related inmate deaths in

355-721: A campus of the Riverside Vocational Technical School. Education in the Tucker Unit began in 1968, when the England School District started a night program. ADC officials believe that the Island of Hope Chapel was the first freestanding prison chapel in the Southern United States . It was originally dedicated in November 1969 and, after a renovation, rededicated on May 13, 2011. Its original construction

426-472: A four-day span during August 2018. Dan Shelton, who was 54 years old serving a 40-year sentence for kidnapping , burglary , and others, was the second of two inmates at Tucker who died in the same week during October 2018. The other inmate, Harrison Flanery, was 46 years old and serving a 14-year sentence which began in 2014 for sexual assault . Non-death row Death row and non-death row Death row: Governor of Arkansas The governor of Arkansas

497-456: A low rate of side effects and a promising pain-reducing effect was demonstrated in a prospective observational study in about 900   out-of-hospital patients. In children, intranasal fentanyl is useful for the treatment of moderate and severe pain and is well tolerated. Furthermore, a 2017 study suggested the efficacy of fentanyl lozenges in children as young as five, weighing as little as 13   kg. Lozenges are more inclined to be used as

568-566: A mean of 0.025   μg/mL, with a range 0.005–0.027   μg/mL. In contexts of poly-substance use, blood fentanyl concentrations of approximately 7   ng/mL or greater have been associated with fatalities. Over 85% of overdoses involved at least one other drug, and there was no clear correlation showing at which level the mixtures were fatal. The dosages of fatal mixtures varied by over three magnitudes in some cases. This extremely unpredictable volatility with other drugs makes it especially difficult to avoid fatalities. Naloxone (sold under

639-617: A medical context. In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began investigating several respiratory deaths, but doctors in the United Kingdom were not warned of the risks with fentanyl until September 2008. The FDA reported in April 2012 that twelve young children had died and twelve more had become seriously ill from separate accidental exposures to fentanyl skin patches. The most dangerous adverse effect of fentanyl

710-436: A more potent analgesic, fentanyl tends to induce less nausea, as well as less histamine -mediated itching, than morphine. In rare cases, serotonin syndrome is associated with fentanyl use. Existing studies advise medical practitioners to exercise caution when combining selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs with fentanyl. The duration of action of fentanyl has sometimes been underestimated, leading to harm in

781-473: A pharmaceutical makes it difficult to determine the correct treatment in the case of an overdose, resulting in more deaths. In an attempt to reduce the number of overdoses from taking other drugs mixed with fentanyl, drug testing kits, strips, and labs are available. Fentanyl's ease of manufacture and high potency makes it easier to produce and smuggle , resulting in fentanyl replacing other abused narcotics and becoming more widely used. Intravenous fentanyl

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852-606: A price of $ 175,000. The ADC may finance repairs and maintenance, but as per the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution it cannot build a new religious facility. In historical eras, white prisoners worked in the fields, and the prison housed clothing, license plate, and shoe factories. As of 2009, 532 prisoners live in the Maximum Security Unit. That year, of the prisoners, 100 live in

923-404: A prisoner in his own feces for a weekend. The prisoner had to be hospitalized. The Associated Press discovered that prison guards had received lap dances while working. The prison system fired several correctional employees. The same year, a Heber Springs, Arkansas man who was wanted for not reporting to his parole officer appeared at the Tucker Unit. A prison guard shot him dead. Dina Tyler,

994-561: A quick onset of action (5–10 min) and intermediate duration of action (60–120 min). Spinal administration of hyperbaric bupivacaine with fentanyl may be the optimal combination. The almost immediate onset of fentanyl reduces visceral discomfort and even nausea during the procedure. Fentanyl is sometimes given intrathecally as part of spinal anesthesia or epidurally for epidural anaesthesia and analgesia . Because of fentanyl's high lipid solubility, its effects are more localized than morphine, and some clinicians prefer to use morphine to get

1065-518: A relatively small quantity can cause overdose . Fentanyl works by activating μ-opioid receptors . Fentanyl is sold under the brand names Actiq , Duragesic , and Sublimaze , among others. Pharmaceutical fentanyl's adverse effects are identical to those of other opioids and narcotics , including addiction , confusion , respiratory depression (which, if extensive and untreated, may lead to respiratory arrest ), drowsiness , nausea , visual disturbances, dyskinesia , hallucinations , delirium ,

1136-701: A report by the JAMA Network, 37.5% of all fatal pediatric cases between 1999 and 2021 were related to fentanyl; most of the deaths were among adolescents (89.6%) and children aged 0 to 4 years (6.6%). According to the UNODC, "the opioid crisis in North America is unabated, fueled by an unprecedented number of overdose deaths." In the late 2010s, some media outlets began to report stories of police officers being hospitalized after touching powdered fentanyl, or after brushing it from their clothing. Topical (or transdermal; via

1207-466: A severe spinal deformity that can cause functional disability and can drive mental anguish" which is a factor given the socioeconomic status and more fragile mental health of drug users typically when compared to non-users. Fentanyl poses an exceptionally high overdose risk in humans since the amount required to cause toxicity is unpredictable. In its pharmaceutical form, most overdose deaths attributed solely to fentanyl occur at serum concentrations at

1278-514: A spokesperson for the prison system, said that the man crashed his car into the car owned by the assistant warden and was "very close to the officers" prior to his death. On August 7, 2017 a group of prisoners held guards hostage, but later released them. The Tucker Unit and the Maximum Security Unit are in Dudley Lake Township. Of the land at the Tucker Unit, 4,500 acres (1,800 ha) are used to farm rice and soybeans. The unit houses

1349-441: A subset of the latter known as "narcotic delirium", narcotic ileus , muscle rigidity , constipation , loss of consciousness , hypotension , coma , and death. Alcohol and other drugs (e.g., cocaine and heroin ) can synergistically exacerbate fentanyl's side effects. Naloxone (also known as Narcan) can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose, but because fentanyl is so potent, multiple doses might be necessary. Fentanyl

1420-539: A wider spread of analgesia. It is widely used in obstetrical anesthesia because of its short time to action peak (about 5 minutes), the rapid termination of its effect after a single dose, and the occurrence of relative cardiovascular stability. In obstetrics, the dose must be closely regulated to prevent large amounts of transfer from mother to fetus. At high doses, the drug may act on the fetus to cause postnatal Stimulant . For this reason, shorter-acting agents such as alfentanyl or remifentanil may be more suitable in

1491-532: Is a fully synthetic opioid, and other members of the phenylpiperidine family like alfentanil and sufentanil are complex versions of this structure. Like other opioids, fentanyl is a weak base that is highly lipid-soluble, protein-bound, and protonated at physiological pH. All of these factors allow it to rapidly cross cellular membranes, contributing to its quick effect in the body and the central nervous system. Fentanyl analogs are types of fentanyl with various chemical modifications on any number of positions of

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1562-507: Is a highly lipophilic compound, which is well absorbed sublingually and generally well tolerated. Such forms are particularly useful for breakthrough cancer pain episodes, which are often rapid in onset, short in duration, and severe in intensity. In palliative care , transdermal fentanyl patches have a definitive, but limited role for: When using the transdermal patch, patients must be careful to minimize or avoid external heat sources (direct sunlight, heating pads, etc.), which can trigger

1633-421: Is a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid primarily used as an analgesic . It is 30 to 50 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more potent than morphine ; its primary clinical utility is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. Fentanyl is also used as a sedative . Depending on the method of delivery, fentanyl can be very fast acting and ingesting

1704-514: Is common. A kilogram of heroin laced with fentanyl may sell for more than US$ 100,000, but the fentanyl itself may be produced far more cheaply, for about US$ 6,000 per kilogram. While Mexico and China are the primary source countries for fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances trafficked directly into the United States, India is emerging as a source for finished fentanyl powder and fentanyl precursor chemicals. The United Kingdom illicit drug market

1775-415: Is constant at a constant skin temperature. Each patch should be changed every 72   hours. Rate of absorption is dependent on a number of factors. Body temperature, skin type, amount of body fat, and placement of the patch can have major effects. The different delivery systems used by different makers will also affect individual rates of absorption, and route of administration. Under normal circumstances,

1846-481: Is important in differentiating different types of binding substrates. When fentanyl binds, downstream signaling leads to inhibitory effects, such as decreased cAMP production, decreased calcium ion influx, and increased potassium efflux. This inhibits the ascending pathways in the central nervous system to increase pain threshold by changing the perception of pain; this is mediated by decreasing propagation of nociceptive signals, resulting in analgesic effects. As

1917-481: Is no longer reliant on China, as domestic fentanyl production is replacing imports. The intravenous dose causing 50% of opioid-naive experimental subjects to die ( LD 50 ) is "3   mg/kg in rats, 1   mg/kg in cats, 14   mg/kg in dogs, and 0.03   mg/kg in monkeys." The LD 50 in mice has been given as 6.9   mg/kg by intravenous administration, 17.5   mg/kg intraperitoneally, 27.8   mg/kg by oral administration. The LD 50 in humans

1988-441: Is often used for anesthesia and as an analgesic . To induce anesthesia, it is given with a sedative-hypnotic , like propofol or thiopental , and a euphoriant . To maintain anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics and additional fentanyl may be used. These are often given in 15–30   minute intervals throughout procedures such as endoscopy and surgeries and in emergency rooms. For pain relief after surgery, use can decrease

2059-596: Is respiratory depression, that is, decreased sensitivity to carbon dioxide leading to reduced rate of breathing, which can cause anoxic brain injury or death. This risk is decreased when the airway is secured with an endotracheal tube (as during anesthesia). This risk is higher in specific groups, like those with obstructive sleep apnea . Other factors that increase the risk of respiratory depression are: Sustained release fentanyl preparations, such as patches, may also produce unexpected delayed respiratory depression . The precise reason for sudden respiratory depression

2130-471: Is reversed by naloxone and is believed to be caused by a release of noradrenaline , which activates α-adrenergic receptors and also possibly via activation of cholinergic receptors . Wooden chest syndrome is unique to the most powerful opioids—which today comprise fentanyl and its analogs—while other less-powerful opioids like heroin produce mild rigidity of the respiratory muscles to a much lesser degree. There are many reports of fentanyl users adopting

2201-606: Is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas . The governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arkansas government and is charged with enforcing state laws. They have the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arkansas General Assembly , to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment. The state has had 46 elected governors, as well as 11 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following

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2272-519: Is unclear, but there are several hypotheses: Another related complication of fentanyl overdoses includes the so-called wooden chest syndrome , which quickly induces complete respiratory failure by paralyzing the thoracic muscles, explained in more detail in the Muscle rigidity section below. If high boluses of fentanyl are administered quickly, muscle rigidity of the vocal cords can make bag-mask ventilation very difficult. The exact mechanism of this effect

2343-439: Is unknown, but it can be prevented and treated using neuromuscular blockers. A prominent idiosyncratic adverse effect of fentanyl also includes a sudden onset of rigidity of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, which induces respiratory failure; this is seen with high doses and is known as wooden chest syndrome . The syndrome is believed to be the main cause of death as a result of fentanyl overdoses. Wooden chest syndrome

2414-644: Is unknown. In June 2023, overdose deaths in the U.S. and Canada again reached record numbers. According to a 2023 report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) based in Vienna , the increased numbers of deaths are not related to an increased number of users but to the lethal effects of fentanyl itself. Fentanyl would require a special status as it is considerably more toxic than other widely abused opioids and opiates. Concerning overdose deaths in pediatric cases, numbers are also concerning. Based on

2485-528: Is used to relieve end-of-life dyspnea in hospice settings. Some routes of administration such as nasal sprays and inhalers generally result in a faster onset of high blood levels, which can provide more immediate analgesia but also more severe side effects, especially in overdose. The much higher cost of some of these appliances may not be justified by marginal benefit compared with buccal or oral options. Intranasal fentanyl appears to be equally effective as IV morphine and superior to intramuscular morphine for

2556-588: Is very low, and it would take 200  minutes of breathing fentanyl at the highest airborne concentrations to yield a therapeutic dose, but not a potentially fatal one. The effects being reported in these cases, including rapid heartbeat, hyperventilation and chills, were not symptoms of a fentanyl overdose, and were more commonly associated with a panic attack . A 2021 paper expressed concern that these physical fears over fentanyl may inhibit effective emergency response to overdoses by causing responding officers to spend additional time on unnecessary precautions and that

2627-693: The Cummins Unit . In 1978 a new death chamber opened in Cummins, so Tucker was no longer the place of execution in Arkansas. In 1986 male death row inmates were moved to the Maximum Security Unit. On August 22, 2003, all 39 of the state's death row inmates, all of them male, were moved to the Supermax at the Varner Unit . In 2000 the ADC's final 100 person barracks was split into two smaller barracks. In 2009 prison guards left

2698-486: The World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . Fentanyl continues to fuel an epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the United States . From 2011 to 2021, prescription opioid deaths per year remained stable, while synthetic opioid deaths per year increased from 2,600 overdoses to 70,601. Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in

2769-417: The 1874 constitution removed any term limit . A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms. Until 1864, the constitutions provided that, should the office of governor be rendered vacant, the president of the senate would serve as acting governor until such time as a new governor was elected or the disability removed, or the acting governor's senate term expired. This led to some situations where

2840-413: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). An initial HAN Advisory, also known as a Health Alert Network Advisory ("provides vital, time-sensitive information for a specific incident or situation; warrants immediate action or attention by health officials, laboratorians, clinicians, and members of the public; and conveys the highest level of importance") was issued during October 2015. A subsequent HAN Alert

2911-548: The US, fentanyl and fentanyl analogs caused over 29,000   deaths in 2017, a large increase over the previous four years. Some increases in fentanyl deaths do not involve prescription fentanyl but are related to illicitly made fentanyl that is being mixed with or sold as heroin. Death from fentanyl overdose continues to be a public health issue of national concern in Canada since September 2015. In 2016, deaths from fentanyl overdoses in

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2982-527: The Union on June 15, 1836. The state seceded on May 6, 1861, and was admitted to the Confederacy on May 18, 1861. When Little Rock , the state capital, was captured on September 10, 1863, the state government relocated to Washington, Arkansas , and a Union government was installed in its place, causing an overlap in the terms of Confederate governor Harris Flanagin and Union governor Isaac Murphy . During

3053-621: The United States, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021. Fentanyl constitutes the majority of all drug overdose deaths in the United States since it overtook heroin in 2018. The United States National Forensic Laboratory estimates fentanyl reports by federal, state, and local forensic laboratories increased from 4,697 reports in 2014 to 117,045 reports in 2020. Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin. Fentanyl has been reported in pill form, including pills mimicking pharmaceutical drugs such as oxycodone . Mixing with other drugs or disguising as

3124-407: The amount of inhalational anesthetic needed for emergence from anesthesia. Balancing this medication and titrating the drug based on expected stimuli and the person's responses can result in stable blood pressure and heart rate throughout a procedure and a faster emergence from anesthesia with minimal pain. Fentanyl is the most commonly used intrathecal opioid because its lipophilic profile allows

3195-606: The brand name Narcan) can completely or partially reverse an opioid overdose. In July   2014, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) of the UK issued a warning about the potential for life-threatening harm from accidental exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches, particularly in children, and advised that they should be folded, with the adhesive side in, before being discarded. The patches should be kept away from children, who are most at risk from fentanyl overdose. In

3266-424: The child is in control of sufficient dosage, in contrast to buccal tablets. It is also used in the management of chronic pain . Often, transdermal patches are used. The patches work by slowly releasing fentanyl through the skin into the bloodstream over 48 to 72   hours, allowing for long-lasting pain management. Dosage is based on the size of the patch, since, in general, the transdermal absorption rate

3337-400: The context of inducing general anaesthesia. The bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl is about 70–90% but with some imprecision due to clotted nostrils, pharyngeal swallow, and incorrect administration. For both emergency and palliative use, intranasal fentanyl is available in doses of 50, 100, 200, 400(PecFent)   μg. In emergency medicine, safe administration of intranasal fentanyl with

3408-571: The difference between counterfeit pills and real pills. Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid in the phenylpiperidine family, which includes sufentanil , alfentanil , remifentanil , and carfentanil . Some fentanyl analogues , such as carfentanil, are up to 10,000 times stronger than morphine . The structures of opioids share many similarities. Whereas opioids like codeine, hydrocodone , oxycodone, and hydromorphone are synthesized by simple modifications of morphine, fentanyl, and its relatives are synthesized by modifications of meperidine . Meperidine

3479-540: The following four actions to counter this rise: Another initiative is a social media campaign from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) called "One Pill Can Kill". This social media campaign's goal is to spread awareness of the prevalence of counterfeit pills that are being sold in America that is leading to the large overdose epidemic in America. This campaign also shows

3550-611: The governor's office. The governor and the lieutenant governor are not officially elected on the same ticket . Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War , electing only candidates from the Democratic party. It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 92 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fentanyl Fentanyl

3621-452: The governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, 3 senate presidents acted as governors before the next elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the state house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created

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3692-468: The largest increase recorded from March 2020 to May 2020, coinciding with the implementation of widespread mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic; significant increases in overdose deaths involving methamphetamine. 81,230 drug overdose deaths occurred during the 12 months from May 2019 to May 2020, the largest number of drug overdoses for a 12-month interval ever recorded for the U.S. The CDC recommended

3763-482: The lollipop fall from the mouth, indicating sufficient analgesia and somewhat reducing the likelihood of overdose and associated risks. Fentanyl is used to help relieve shortness of breath ( dyspnea ) when patients cannot tolerate morphine, or whose breathlessness is refractory to morphine. Fentanyl is useful for such treatment in palliative care settings where pain and shortness of breath are severe and need to be treated with strong opioids. Nebulized fentanyl citrate

3834-452: The management of acute hospital pain. A fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS) is under development, which aims to allow patients to control the administration of fentanyl through the skin to treat postoperative pain. The technology consists of a "preprogrammed, self-contained drug-delivery system" that uses electrotransport technology to administer on-demand doses of 40   μg of fentanyl hydrochloride over ten minutes. In

3905-697: The media coverage could also perpetuate a wider social stigma that people who use drugs are dangerous to be around. A 2020 survey of first responders in New York found that 80% believed “briefly touching fentanyl could be deadly.” Many experts in toxicology are skeptical of police truly overdosing through mere touch. "This has never happened," said Dr. Ryan Marino, an emergency and addiction medicine physician at Case Western Reserve University . "There has never been an overdose through skin contact or accidentally inhaling fentanyl." Public health advisories to prevent fentanyl misuse and fatal overdose have been issued by

3976-734: The molecule, but still maintain, or even exceed, its pharmacological effects. Many fentanyl analogs are termed "designer drugs" because they are synthesized solely to be used illicitly. Carfentanil, a fentanyl analog, has an additional carboxylic acid group attached to the 4 position. Carfentanil is 20–30 times as potent as fentanyl and is common in the illicit drug chain. The drug is commonly used to tranquilize elephants and other large animals. Fentanyl, like other opioids, acts on opioid receptors. These receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors , which contain seven transmembrane portions, intracellular loops, extracellular loops, intracellular C-terminus, and extracellular N-terminus. The extracellular N-terminus

4047-446: The office of lieutenant governor who would also act as president of the senate, and who would serve as acting governor in case of vacancy. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it and returned to the original line of succession. An amendment to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of

4118-414: The patch will reach its full effect within 12 to 24   hours; thus, fentanyl patches are often prescribed with a fast-acting opioid (such as morphine or oxycodone) to handle breakthrough pain. It is unclear if fentanyl gives long-term pain relief to people with neuropathic pain . Sublingual fentanyl dissolves quickly and is absorbed through the sublingual mucosa to provide rapid analgesia. Fentanyl

4189-561: The post-war Reconstruction period , it was part of the Fourth Military District . Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22, 1868. The Arkansas Constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. An amendment in 1984 increased the terms of both governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of every twelve years, but

4260-461: The province of British Columbia averaged two persons per day. In 2017 the death rate increased by more than 100% with 368 overdose-related deaths in British Columbia between January and April 2017. Fentanyl has started to make its way into heroin as well as illicitly manufactured opioids and benzodiazepines. Fentanyl contamination in cocaine, methamphetamine, ketamine , MDMA, and other drugs

4331-464: The release and absorption of too much medication and cause potentially deadly complications. USAF Pararescue combat medics in Afghanistan used fentanyl lozenges in the form of lollipops on combat casualties from IED blasts and other trauma. The stick is taped to a finger and the lozenge put in the cheek of the person. When enough fentanyl has been absorbed, the (sedated) person generally lets

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4402-512: The resignation or death of the governor. Before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the president of the United States . Orval Faubus (1955–1967) served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve 12 years. Bill Clinton (1979–1981; 1983–1992), elected five times over two distinct terms, fell only one month short of 12 years, and Mike Huckabee (1996–2007) served 10 years for two full four-year terms. The shortest term for an elected governor

4473-463: The scientific community remains that illness from unintentional exposures is extremely unlikely, because opioids are not efficiently absorbed through the skin and are unlikely to be carried in the air." The American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology issued a joint report in 2017 asserting the risk of fentanyl overdose via incidental transdermal exposure

4544-467: The skin) and inhalative exposure to fentanyl is extremely unlikely to cause intoxication or overdose (except in cases of prolonged exposure with very large quantities of fentanyl), and first responders such as paramedics and police officers are at minimal risk of fentanyl poisoning through accidental contact with intact skin. A 2020 article from the Journal of Medical Toxicology stated that "the consensus of

4615-417: The state system from 1926 to 1948, was the equipment used to execute condemned prisoners at Tucker. In 1964, Charles Fields was executed at Tucker; he was the last prisoner to be executed at Tucker before capital punishment was declared against the U.S. constitution. In history, the prison housed the state's white convicts. In addition the prison housed some black female prisoners. In 1967 four men escaped from

4686-470: The unit and abandoned a vehicle used in the escape in Fort Scott, Kansas . The Arkansas prison scandal occurred in the unit and involved the " Tucker Telephone ." Due to the notoriety of the device, as of 2000, visitors to the Tucker Unit on a regular basis ask the warden if the telephone on their desk is the "Tucker Telephone." In 1974, death row inmates, previously housed at the Tucker Unit, were moved to

4757-432: Was financed by a total of $ 80,000 donated by Johnny Cash and various other persons. The chapel has a sloping ceiling and a plexiglas fauxleaded window behind the altar, and it is made of cinder blocks. Prior to the renovation the prison had issues with rainwater leaking into the structure. The renovation, which included constructing a new roof; adding finishes to floors, pews, and walls; and installing new panes of glass, had

4828-402: Was first synthesized by Paul Janssen in 1959 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1968. In 2015, 1,600 kilograms (3,500 pounds) were used in healthcare globally. As of 2017 , fentanyl was the most widely used synthetic opioid in medicine; in 2019, it was the 278th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than a million prescriptions. It is on

4899-447: Was issued in July 2018, warning of rising numbers of deaths due to fentanyl abuse and mixing with non-opioids. A December 2020 HAN Advisory warned of: substantial increases in drug overdose deaths across the United States, primarily driven by rapid increases in overdose deaths involving ... illicitly manufactured fentanyl; a concerning acceleration of the increase in drug overdose deaths, with

4970-469: Was split from the Missouri Territory on July 4, 1819. As territorial secretary from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the appointed governor was not in the state. This meant that Crittenden was the first person to perform the duties of governor, since James Miller did not arrive in the territory until nine months after his appointment. Arkansas was admitted to

5041-404: Was the 38 days served by John Sebastian Little before his nervous breakdown ; one of the acting successors to his term, Jesse M. Martin , took office only three days before the end of the term, the shortest term overall. The current governor of Arkansas is Republican Sarah Huckabee Sanders , who was sworn in on January 10, 2023. Arkansaw Territory (renamed Arkansas Territory, circa 1822)

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