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50-683: Maximin Isnard ( French pronunciation: [maksimɛ̃ isnaʁ] ; 16 November 1755 Grasse , Alpes-Maritimes – 12 March 1825 Grasse), French revolutionary , was a dealer in perfumery at Draguignan when he was elected deputy for the département of the Var to the Legislative Assembly , where he joined the Girondists . As the president of the National Convention Isnard, who had enough of

100-429: A perfume. Also, food flavourings, which have developed since the 1970s, account for over half of production output today. This represents almost half of the production of French perfumes and aromas and around 7-8% of total global activity. However, during the 1960s and 1970s large international groups gradually bought up local family factories (Chiris, Givaudan-Roure and Lautier, for example). Soon after their production

150-505: A reputation for high quality. But the leather smelled bad, something that did not please the glove wearing nobility . This is when Jean de Galimard , a tanner in Grasse, came up with the idea of scented leather gloves. He offered a pair of scented gloves to Catherine de' Medici , who was seduced by the gift. Thereafter, the product spread through the Royal Court and high society, and this made

200-600: A revolutionary in accepting "new ideas" at the beginning of the Revolution, in 1789–1790. On 9 September 1791, he was elected member of Legislative Assembly by the department of Var , in southeastern of France (district of Draguignan . Isnard was linked to Brissot and sat at the left of the Assembly. He was very violent in his talks. For example, in his opinion, the French State had to deport all priests who have not accepted

250-464: A royalist, he was elected deputy for the Var to the Council of Five Hundred , where he played a very insignificant role. In 1797 he retired to Draguignan . In 1802, he published a pamphlet titled De l'immortalité de l'âme ("Immortality of Soul"), in which he praised Catholicism , and in 1804 another pamphlet, Réflexions relatives au sénatus-consulte du 28 floréal an XII , an enthusiastic apology for

300-455: A son, Jean-Jacques (1784-1845), Baron Isnard, private receiver of finances, who married Eugénie-Gabrielle Luce in 1813, daughter of the banker Honoré-François Luce. Their grandson Joseph-Honoré (1817-1898) was confirmed in the title of Baron Isnard by letters patent of September 7, 1864. He became perfumer in Draguignan before opening a factory specializing in silk and soap. Isnard was quickly

350-456: A strong unpleasant odour. At the time of the Renaissance perfume manufacturers began production of gloves, handbags and belt (clothing), to meet the new fashion from Italy with the entourage of Queen Catherine de Medici . The countryside around the city began to grow fields of flowers, offering new scents from the city. In 1614, the king recognized the new corporation of "glovers perfumers". In

400-663: A trial. The Commune forces at the Hôtel de Ville deserted. The Convention troops under Barras approached the Hôtel around 2 a.m. on 28 July. Robespierre, his jaw broken by a possibly self-inflicted shot, was taken with most of his supporters. On that very day, Robespierre was executed with twenty-one of his closest associates, including François Hanriot , ex-commander of the Parisian National Guard; Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot , mayor of Paris; Georges Couthon , Louis Antoine de Saint-Just and René-François Dumas , ex-president of

450-403: A worldwide reputation for Grasse. The seventeenth century became the heyday of "Glovers Perfumers"; however, high taxes on leather and competition from Nice brought a decline for the leather industry in Grasse, and production of leather fragrance ceased. The rare scents from the Grasse ( lavender , myrtle , jasmine, rose , orange blossom and wild mimosa ) did win the title for the Grasse as

500-567: Is also an annual international exhibition of roses ("Expo Rose") held in May each year. Grasse station offers railway connections with Cannes , Nice and Ventimiglia . From 1909 to 1938, the town centre was connected to the railway station by the Grasse Funicular . Grasse has had a prospering perfume industry since the end of the 18th century. Grasse is the centre of the French perfume industry and

550-589: Is home to Grasse Cathedral , the seat of the Roman Catholic former Diocese of Grasse which was headed by the Bishops of Grasse . The town is home to the Lycée Amiral-de-Grasse and since 2019 one of two seats of the higher education engineering college ECAM-EPMI . RC Grasse is the local football club, whereas RO Grasse the local rugby union club. The town is the setting in the final chapters of

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600-438: Is known as the world's perfume capital ( la capitale mondiale des parfums ). Many "noses" (or, in French, "les nez" (plural)/"le nez" (singular)) are trained or have spent time in Grasse to distinguish over 2,000 kinds of scents. Grasse produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas (for perfume and for food flavourings). This industry turns over more than 600 million euros a year. Grasse's particular microclimate encouraged

650-402: Is replaced by a more conservative regime, sometimes to the point where the political pendulum may swing back towards something resembling a pre-revolutionary state. Leon Trotsky in his book The Revolution Betrayed , alleged that the rise of Joseph Stalin to power was a Soviet Thermidor for 'not restoring capitalism', yet still being a 'counterrevolutionary regression' within the regime of

700-669: Is the only subprefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region on the French Riviera . In 2017, the commune had a population of 50,396. Considered the world's capital of perfume , Grasse obtained two flowers in the Concours des villes et villages fleuris and was made Ville d'Art et d'Histoire (City of Art and History). There is an annual Fête du Jasmin or La Jasminade , at

750-525: The Committee of Public Safety , came together on 9 Thermidor (27 July) 1794. Jean-Lambert Tallien, a member of and previously President of the National Convention, impugned Saint-Just and then went on to denounce the tyranny of Robespierre. The attack was taken up by Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne . Cries went up of "Down with the tyrant! Arrest him!" Robespierre then made his appeal to the deputies of

800-504: The Constitution of the Year III was drawn up on 22 August 1795, which eased back some of the democratic elements of the constitution of 1793 , establishing an electoral college for the election of officials, a bicameral legislature and other provisions designed to protect the current holders of power. On 5 October ( 13 Vendémiaire ), a revolt led by Royalists challenged the convention. It

850-747: The French Republican Calendar when Maximilien Robespierre and other radical revolutionaries came under concerted attack in the National Convention . Thermidorian Reaction refers to the remaining period until the National Convention was superseded by the Directory ; this is also sometimes called the era of the Thermidorian Convention. Prominent figures of Thermidor include Paul Barras , Jean-Lambert Tallien , and Joseph Fouché . Conspiracies against Robespierre , who had dominated

900-709: The September Massacres were repeated; however this time the victims were imprisoned officials of the Terror. In Paris, Royalist sentiments were openly tolerated. Meanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands and established the Batavian Republic , occupied the left bank of the Rhine and forced Spain , Prussia and several German States to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the convention. A new constitution called

950-508: The 1940s, five thousand tons were produced annually. However, in early 2000, production was less than 30 tons for all flowers combined. In the Middle Ages , Grasse specialised in leather tanning. Once tanned, the hides were often exported to Genoa or Pisa , cities that shared a commercial alliance with Grasse. Several centuries of this intense activity witnessed many technological advances within tanning industries. The hides of Grasse acquired

1000-800: The Empire. He was a supporter of Napoléon Bonaparte , who named him Baron in 1813. Upon the restoration he professed such royalist sentiments that he was not disturbed, in spite of the 1816 law proscribing members of the Convention who had voted to execute the king. In 1825, he died in Grasse, in a deep anonymity. See FA Aulard , Les Orateurs de la Legislative et de la Convention (Paris, 2nd ed., 1906). Grasse Grasse ( French pronunciation: [ɡʁas] ; Provençal Occitan : Grassa in classical norm or Grasso in Mistralian norm [ˈɡɾasɔ] ; traditional Italian : Grassa )

1050-481: The French Revolutionary calendar. The Thermidorian regime excluded the remaining Montagnards from power, even those who had joined in conspiring against Robespierre and Saint-Just. The White Terror of 1795 resulted in numerous imprisonments and several hundred executions, almost exclusively of people on the political left. These numbers, while significant, were considerably smaller than those associated with

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1100-404: The French painter native of the town. Other sights include: Grasse was the birthplace of: Grasse was the death place of: Other notables associated with Grasse: Grasse is twinned with: Thermidorian Reaction The "Thermidorian Reaction" was named after the month in which the coup took place and was the latter part of the National Convention 's rule of France. It was marked by

1150-515: The Girondist majority, the report recommending a smaller committee of nine, which two days later was established as the Committee of Public Safety . He was elected President of the Convention on 16 May 1793. Isnard was presiding at the Convention when a deputation of the commune of Paris came to demand that Jacques René Hébert should be set at liberty, and he made the famous reply: "If by these insurrections, continually renewed, it should happen that

1200-532: The Revolution. He supported the "brissotins" who wanted a war against foreign countries, in order to strengthen Revolution. Attacking the court, and the Austrian committee in the Tuileries, he demanded the disbandment of the king's bodyguard, and reproached Louis XVI for infidelity to the constitution. But on 20 June 1792, when the crowd invaded the palace, he was one of the deputies who went to place themselves beside

1250-710: The Revolutionary Tribunal. The events of 9 Thermidor proved a watershed in the revolutionary process. The Thermidorian regime that followed proved to be an unpopular one, facing many rebellions after its execution of Robespierre and his allies, along with seventy members of the Paris Commune, the largest mass execution to have ever taken place in Paris. This led to a very fragile situation in France. The hostility toward Robespierre did not just vanish with his execution. Instead,

1300-597: The Right, yet failed. An order was made to arrest Robespierre and his followers. Troops from the Paris Commune , who were loyal to Robespierre, arrived to liberate him and the other prisoners. The Convention responded by ordering troops of its own under Paul Barras to counteract. The Robespierrists barricaded at the Hôtel de Ville . The Convention declared them to be outlaws, meaning that they could be executed within 24 hours without

1350-566: The Terror, preferred a more stable political order that would have the approval of the plurality. The Reaction saw the Left suppressed by brutal force , including massacres, as well as the disbanding of the Jacobin Club , the dispersal of the sans-culottes , and the renunciation of the Montagnard ideology. The name Thermidorian originated with 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the date according to

1400-603: The USSR, as Thermidor did not itself restore a monarchy, etc. Uttaldo Buttafava, a self-proclaimed Marxist-Leninist stated that the end of Stalin's rule Nikita Khruschev 's rise to power in Russia, and the economic policies of the time were a kind of Thermidor within the Soviet Union. A CIA document considered Khruschev's " On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences " may have 'marked

1450-537: The advantage of its knowledge of raw materials, facilities, contractors, etc. In addition, major brands such as Dior and Chanel have their own plantations of roses and jasmine in the vicinity of Grasse. Three perfumeries, Fragonard, Molinard and Galimard opened their doors to the public and offer free tours that explain the processes of producing a perfume. It is possible to create one's own perfume, eau de perfume or eau de toilette and participate in all stages of manufacture from picking flowers to bottling. The town

1500-416: The beginning of August. The first festival was on August 3–4, 1946. Decorated floats drive through the town, with young women in skimpy costumes on board, throwing flowers into the crowd. Garlands of jasmine decorate the town centre, and the fire department fills a fire truck with jasmine-infused water to spray on the crowds. There are fireworks, free parties, folk music groups and street performers. There

1550-527: The end of the Reign of Terror , decentralization of executive powers from the Committee of Public Safety and a turn from the radical Jacobin policies of the Montagnard Convention to more moderate positions. Economic and general populism, dechristianization , and harsh wartime measures were largely abandoned, as the members of the convention, disillusioned and frightened of the centralized government of

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1600-454: The flower farming industry. It is warm and sufficiently inland to be sheltered from the sea air. There is an abundance of water, thanks to its location in the hills and the 1860 construction of the Siagne canal for irrigation purposes. The town is 350 m (1,148.29 ft) above sea level and 20 km (12 mi) from the coast ( Côte d'Azur ). Jasmine , a key ingredient of many perfumes,

1650-605: The king to protect him. Elected to the National Convention in September 1792, he was sent to the army of the North, near Nice, to justify the insurrection ; he announced the take of Sospel and went back to Paris in autumn. He voted for the death of Louis XVI in January 1793 and became a member of the Committee of General Security . The committee, consisting of 25 members, proved unwieldy, and on 4 April, Isnard presented, on behalf of

1700-663: The leadership. Others such as Billaud-Varenne , Collot d’Herbois , Barère and Vadier were sentenced to exile in South America, though the latter two managed to evade arrest. Many Jacobin clubs were closed. Freedom of worship was extended first to the Vendée and later to all France. On 24 December 1794, the Maximum (controls on prices and wages) was abolished. The government exacerbated this inflationary move by issuing more assignats . In April and May 1795, protests and riots in support of

1750-451: The middle of the eighteenth century, the perfumery was experiencing a very important development. Leading companies dating from this period includes the oldest French perfumerie, and third oldest parfumerie in Europe, Galimard established in 1747. Introduction of new production methods turned perfume making into a real industry that could adapt to new market demands. In the nineteenth century,

1800-522: The novel Perfume by Patrick Süskind . It was featured in the film based on the novel Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006). Three perfume factories offer daily tours and demonstrations, which draw in many of the region's visitors. In addition to the perfumeries, Grasse's other main attraction is the Cathedral, dedicated to Notre Dame du Puy and founded in the 11th century. In the interior, are three works by Rubens and one by Jean-Honoré Fragonard ,

1850-463: The paternal line) of Jacques Isnard, merchant curator, was lord of Deux-Frères and Esclapon, and of Claire Courmes, both from old families of the bourgeoisie of Grasse. His sister Françoise (1722-1805), wife of Antoine Court (they had several children: Honoré, Michel and Joseph Court d'Esclapon and de Fontmichel). His niece, Marie Marguerite Justine Isnard, married Claude-Marie Courmes (1770-1865) in 1801. He married Madeleine Clérion in 1778. They had

1900-590: The people decided to blame those who were involved with Robespierre in any way, namely the many members of the Jacobin Club, their supporters, and individuals suspected of being past revolutionaries. The massacre of these groups became known as the White Terror , and was partially carried out by the Muscadin , a group of dandyish street fighters organized by the new government. Often, members of these targeted groups were

1950-399: The perfume capital of the world. Harvesting jasmine was a labour-intensive business only a few decades ago. Flowers had to be hand picked at dawn, when their scent is the most developed and immediately to be treated by cold enfleurage . A network of sixty companies employs 3,500 people in the city and surrounding area. Additionally, about 10,000 residents of Grasse are indirectly employed by

2000-458: The perfume industry. Almost half of the business tax for the city comes from the perfume sector and that is ahead of tourism and services. The main activity of perfumery in Grasse is in the production of natural raw materials ( essential oils , concretes , absolutes , resinoids and molecular distillation ) and the production of concentrate, also called the juice. A concentrate is the main product that when diluted in at least 80% alcohol provides

2050-493: The previous Reign of Terror, which killed over 40,000. Many executions took place without a trial. On July 29 the victors of the 9th Thermidor condemned seventy members of the Paris Commune to death; thereafter the Commune was subject to the convention. As part of the reorganization of French politics, practitioners of the terror were called to defend their records; some such as Tallien , Barras , Fouché and Fréron rejoined

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2100-453: The principle of national representation should suffer, I declare to you in the name of France that soon people will search the banks of the Seine to see if Paris has ever existed" On 2 June 1793 he offered his resignation as representative of the people, but was not comprised in the decree by which the Convention determined upon the arrest of twenty-nine Girondists. On 3 October, however, his arrest

2150-471: The radicals broke out culminating in an invasion of the convention by an insurrectionist mob on 20 May. On 22 May the Convention struck back, having troops under Pichegru surround the Faubourg St-Antoine and force the capitulation of the armed rebels. In May and June 1795, a " White Terror " raged in which Jacobins were victims and the judges were bourgeois "Moderates". Throughout France the events of

2200-459: The raw materials began to be imported from abroad. During the twentieth century the creation of synthetic products brought the democratization and affordability of perfumes and their spin-offs; ( shampoos and deodorants , cream (pharmaceutical) and detergents , food flavouring for cookies, ice cream and dairy products, beverages, convenience foods , confectionery , preserves and syrups). In 1905, six hundred tons of flowers were harvested while in

2250-462: The tyranny of the Paris Commune , threatened the destruction of Paris. He declared that the Convention would not be influenced by any violence and that Paris had to respect the representatives from elsewhere in France. Isnard was asked to give up his seat. Born in 1755, he is the youngest son of Maximin Isnard (1731-1799) and Anne Thérèse Fanton, cousin of the Fantons of Andon. He is the grandson (on

2300-555: The victims of prison massacres or put on trial without due process, which were overall similar conditions to those provided to the counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. At the same time, its economic policies paved the way for rampant inflation. Ultimately, power devolved to the hands of the Directory, an executive of five men who assumed power in France in November 1795, in year III of

2350-463: Was brought to southern France by the Moors in the 16th century. Twenty-seven tonnes of jasmine are now harvested in Grasse annually. There are numerous old 'parfumeries' in Grasse, such as Galimard , Molinard and Fragonard , each with tours and a museum. The trade in leather and tanning work developed during the twelfth century around the small canal that runs through the city. This activity produced

2400-617: Was decreed along with that of several other Girondist deputies who had left the Convention and were fomenting civil war in the departments. Initially proscribed during the Thermidorian Reaction , he was allowed to return to the Convention on 4 December 1794. Seating to the Right, he became an adversary of more extremist revolutionaries. In May 1795, he was sent to the département of Bouches-du-Rhône to uncover and prosecute fleeing Jacobins , which led him to being suspected of royalist sympathies. On 13 October 1795, now regarded as

2450-488: Was often relocated overseas. Just 30 years ago most companies were focused on the production of raw materials. However, an overwhelming majority of the modern fragrances contain synthetic chemicals in part or in whole. Grasse perfume companies have therefore adapted by turning to aromatic synthesis and especially to food flavourings and successfully ended a long stagnation. The Grasse perfume industry cannot compete against large chemical multinationals, but it benefits greatly from

2500-404: Was put down by troops led by general Napoleon Bonaparte with "a whiff of grapeshot". On 25 October the Convention declared itself dissolved and was replaced by the Directory on 2 November 1795. For historians of revolutionary movements, the term Thermidor has come to mean the phase in some revolutions when power slips from the hands of the original revolutionary leadership and a radical regime

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