26-499: The Maui ʻalauahio ( Paroreomyza montana ), also known as the Maui Nui ʻalauahio or Maui creeper , is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper . It is endemic to Maui Nui , Hawaii. The name Maui ʻalauahio is somewhat misleading because the species seems to have occurred on most, if not all, parts of the ancient Maui Nui , which includes the present day islands of Maui , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , and Kahoʻolawe . There are two subspecies:
52-414: A subfamily , Drepanidinae , of Fringillidae, the finch family. The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and American sparrows ( Passerellidae ) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today. Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae . The Hawaiian honeycreepers are
78-497: A group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi . They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches ( Carpodacus ), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii , with extinctions increasing over
104-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
130-416: A number of nectarivorous honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation , where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches . Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following
156-437: A squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that Paroreomyza does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum. Viridonia (containing
182-670: Is March - August. They are monogamous and often are assisted by the non-breeding second year offspring at the nest. The nest helpers assist the male with feeding the female during incubation, as well as feeding the chicks, usually by regurgitation. Maui ʻalauahio young may stay with parents for up to 20 months, and then breed in their third year. Interestingly, there are fewer Maui ʻalauahio pairs documented with nest helpers in disturbed habitats (20-30%) than native plant habitat (96%). Currently, Maui ʻalauahio are restricted to three populations above 900 m (2,952 feet) elevation on east Maui. These populations occur in three diverse habitats that are in
208-451: Is a loud "cheep", and their song consists of a repeated whistled phrase "whichy-wheesee-whurdy-whew". Maui ʻalauahio are insectivorous and forage along trunks and branches flipping over lichen and bark in search of insects. They eat moths, beetles, spiders, leafhoppers, lacewings, and ichneumonid wasps. They forage on native plants including ʻōhiʻa, koa, pilo, alani, ʻōhelo, kōlea, pūkiawe, and ʻōlapa. The breeding season for Maui ʻalauahio
234-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
260-480: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
286-528: The Lānaʻi ʻalauahio , P. montana montana , which occurred on Lānaʻi (extinct); and P. montana newtoni which occurs on Maui. The common name refers to both groups. The Maui ʻalauahio is similar to the Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi in appearance and behavior. However, Maui ʻalauahio are a brighter yellow color, have a less curved bill and do not have prominent black lores (area between the bill and the eye). The Maui ʻalauahio call
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#1732854948973312-550: The greater ʻamakihi ) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater Hemignathus " radiation (a now- paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus , including Hemignathus , Akialoa , and Chlorodrepanis ) and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis (containing
338-418: The lesser ʻamakihis ), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops (containing the 'akepas , ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawī ). Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents". Today, the flowers of the native ʻōhiʻa ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) are favored by
364-537: The sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5.7-7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni'ihau and Kauai formed. The lineage of the recently extinct po'ouli ( Melamprosops )
390-591: The arrival of humans who introduced non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture. The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaiʻi (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778. Subfamily Carduelinae Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes – Hemignathini, Psittirostrini, and Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
416-545: The extinct kākāwahie ) Oreomystis ( ʻakikiki ) Loxioides ( palila and the prehistoric Kauai palila ) † Rhodacanthis (the extinct koa-finches ) † Chloridops (the extinct Hawaiian grosbeaks ) Telespiza ( Laysan & Nihoa finches , and several prehistoric species from the larger islands) Psittirostra (the possibly extinct ʻōʻū ) † Dysmorodrepanis (the extinct Lanai hookbill ) † Ciridops (the extinct ʻula-ʻai-hāwane and stout-legged finch ) Drepanis ( ʻiʻiwi and
442-520: The extinct mamos ) Palmeria ( ʻākohekohe ) Himatione ( ʻapapane ) Hemignathus ( ʻakiapōlāʻau and the possibly extinct nukupuʻus ) † Akialoa (the extinct ʻakialoas ) Pseudonestor ( kiwikiu ) † Viridonia ( greater ʻamakihi ) (could fall anywhere within this clade) Magumma ( ʻanianiau ) Loxops ( 'akepas , ʻakekeʻe , and ʻalawī ) Chlorodrepanis ( lesser ʻamakihis ) The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and forming
468-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
494-508: The formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui . Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu. A phylogenetic tree of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here. Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement. † Melamprosops (the extinct poʻouli ) Paroreomyza ( ʻalauahios and
520-522: The introduction of invasive plants, like strawberry guava , that impact habitat diversity and quality. The species is also limited to higher elevations due to its high susceptibility to avian malaria , with a 75% mortality rate after exposure to an infected mosquito bite. This Fringillidae -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hawaiian honeycreeper See text Drepanididae Drepanidini (see text) Drepaniidae Drepanidinae Hawaiian honeycreepers are
546-466: The last two centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes. Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae , other authorities considered them
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#1732854948973572-442: The range of conservation managed areas, including the rainforest belt of Halealakā National Park, a forestry plantation, and a relic dry forest. Maui ʻalauahio can be seen at Hosmer's Grove at Haleakalā National Park and Polipoli Springs State Recreation Area. The Maui ʻalauahioʻs range is restricted and threatened by habitat loss . Many factors contribute towards its habitat loss, including degradation from feral ungulates, and
598-413: The second most basal group is based on genetic and molecular evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when morphological evidence only is used, Paroreomyza is instead the second most basal genus, with Oreomystis being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers, as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as
624-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
650-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
676-404: Was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late Pliocene , after
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