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93-538: The abbey was founded in 1236 by Blanche of Castile , the queen consort of Louis VIII . It thrived financially under royal patronage until the Hundred Years' War . In the fifteenth century the nuns twice supported rival abbesses. After a century of decline the abbey was disbanded in 1787 by order of Louis XVI . As part of an effort to strengthen the ties between royalty and the abbeys, Blanche of Castile decided to finance and build her own abbey. In 1236 she annexed

186-400: A Provençal marriage would suit her son and help keep Toulouse in check. In 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence , who was the eldest of the four daughters of Ramon, Count of Provence, and Beatrice of Savoy . She did not have a good relationship with her daughter-in-law, perhaps due to the controlling relationship Blanche had with her son, and she wanted to maintain control of her son and

279-453: A bold and positive assertion and therefore requires warrant in excess of that which attends the Molinist assumption that there are true counterfactuals about creaturely free actions" and that "Anti–Molinists have not even begun the task of showing that counterfactuals of creaturely freedom are members of the set of propositions or statements which require truth–makers if they are to be true." Thus

372-413: A choice can be free, and yet the way in which an agent will make that choice can be known apart from observation of the actualized choice itself (and even apart from the actualization of the choice entirely). Critics maintain that this is no longer really a free choice: if it is known of someone that "If she were offered a dollar, she would take it," apart from actually offering that person a dollar, then she

465-452: A counterfactual of freedom to be true, it is not required that the events to which they refer actually exist; all that is required is that they would exist under the specified conditions." The idea here is that if we imagine God creating multiple universes in multiple dimensions and giving people libertarian free will in the various universes and letting events all play out, we would have no problem grounding counterfactuals of freedom based on

558-404: A creature, if that creature is free in the libertarian sense. (Molinists naturally accept this, but deny that this entails that counterfactuals of creaturely freedom lack truth values .) Many philosophers and theologians who embrace the grounding objection prefer to claim that instead of counterfactuals of freedom being true, probable counterfactuals are true instead. So instead of truths of

651-493: A federated network of contemporary art producers in Île-de-France , which facilitates dialogue between art practitioners. According to the writings of Noel Tallepied, dated 1584, the abbey church was an extremely tall building: il possédait deux ailes et un petit clocher pour remplacer un plus imposant détruit en 1540 par un incendie déclenché par la foudre It had two wings and a small bell-tower, which burnt down in 1540 when struck by lightning Grilles and woodwork separated

744-550: A group of nuns from Saint-Antoine near Paris. She named the abbey "Notre-Dame-la-Royale", in honour of the Virgin Mary , patron saint of the Kingdom of France , but the name "Maubuisson" has been used from the start. After the groundbreaking in 1241, it became attached to the Order of Cistercians in 1244. Because of its royal connections it was well protected, and played an important role in

837-555: A particular one. God's middle knowledge of counterfactuals would play an integral part in this "choosing" of a particular world. Molinists say the logical ordering of events for creation would be as follows: Hence, God's middle knowledge plays an important role in the actualization of the world. In fact, it seems as if God's middle knowledge of counterfactuals plays a more immediate role in perception than God's foreknowledge. William Lane Craig points out that "without middle knowledge, God would find himself, so to speak, with knowledge of

930-425: A person has the choice to freely accept it or reject it (but God knows that if the person were put in a particular situation he or she would not reject it). This differs from Calvinistic double predestination , which states that a person's salvation is already determined by God such that he or she cannot choose otherwise or resist God's grace. While both Arminianism and Molinism agree that God definitively knows how

1023-492: A person would react to the Gospel message. Molinism relies on the concept of middle knowledge while Arminianism does not. Molinists have internal disagreements about the extent to which they agree with Calvinism, some holding to unconditional election, others holding to conditional election and others still holding to an election that is partly both. Alfred Freddoso explains: “Some Molinists, including Bellarmine and Suárez, agree with

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1116-499: A stone quarry at the start of the 19th century. Such buildings as were still useful by the mid-19th century either became part of a textile mill or were closed. In 1947 the abbey was classed as a monument historique , and became the property of the Departmental Council of Val-d'Oise in 1979. For two years, until 1981, there were some exploratory archaeological digs, followed by important restorative works, in particular to

1209-573: A way that Sodom would still have been in existence in Jesus' day, given that hypothetical situation. Matthew 11:23 contains what is commonly called a counterfactual of creaturely freedom. But counterfactuals are to be distinguished from foreknowledge , and middle knowledge is to be distinguished from God's knowledge of counterfactuals (because, for example, Thomists affirm that God has counterfactual knowledge). The Bible contains many examples of foreknowledge such as Deut 31:16–17 , where God tells Moses that

1302-414: A world in which He infallibly foresees Peter's good use of the supernatural graces afforded him, and only then does he accept Peter among the elect in light of his free consent to those graces.” Other Molinists avoid the issue altogether by holding to the view of trans-world damnation, the idea that the unsaved in this world would have rejected Christ in any world. In 1581, a heated argument erupted between

1395-528: Is 140 cm (4 ft 7 in) tall, carved from walnut, painted and gilded. The Virgin Mary is sitting, holding the infant Jesus on her knee. This forms the middle of a triptych composed of three hollow parts, each subdivided into boxes with wooden columns and statuettes representing Paradise, Hell, Purgatory and scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In 1792, the nuns entrusted it to their groundkeeper, and in 1839, it

1488-457: Is a supporting character in the novel The Crown Rose by Fiona Avery , based on the life of her daughter Saint Isabelle of France . Blanche is also a central antagonist in the fictional middle grade novel, The Inquisitor's Tale , written by Adam Gidwitz . Blanche's betrothal is depicted in the Shakespearean history play King John . An image of Blanche of Castile has been used on

1581-820: Is noted in Elizabeth Chadwick 's The Autumn Throne and E. L. Konigsburg 's A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver . Blanche and Isabella of Angoulême are the main characters in Jean Plaidy 's novel The Battle of the Queens, and she is briefly mentioned in Marcel Proust 's Swann's Way , in a disaparaging way by Doctor Cottard and Brichot. Blanche is a key character in the novel Four Sisters, All Queens , by Sherry Jones, which focuses on her daughters-in-law Margaret of Provence and Beatrice of Provence and their sisters Sancha of Provence and Eleanor of Provence . She

1674-567: Is plausible that the Law of Conditional Excluded Middle (LCEM) holds for counterfactuals of a certain special form, usually called 'counterfactuals of creaturely freedom'. Third, the Scriptures are replete with counterfactual statements, so that the Christian theist, at least, should be committed to the truth of certain counterfactuals about free, creaturely actions." William Lane Craig calls Molinism "one of

1767-702: Is the thesis that God has middle knowledge (or scientia media ): the knowledge of counterfactuals , particularly counterfactuals regarding human action. It seeks to reconcile the apparent tension of divine providence and human free will . Prominent contemporary Molinists include William Lane Craig , Alfred Freddoso , Alvin Plantinga , Michael Bergmann , Thomas Flint, Kenneth Keathley, Dave Armstrong , John D. Laing, Timothy A. Stratton, Kirk R. MacGregor, and J.P. Moreland . According to Kenneth Keathley, author of Salvation and Sovereignty: A Molinist Approach, Molinists argue that God perfectly accomplishes His will in

1860-500: The Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas , founded by her parents, several times. In consequence of the Treaty of Le Goulet between Philip Augustus and John of England , Blanche's sister, Urraca , was betrothed to Philip's son, Louis. After meeting the two sisters, their grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine (who had been a queen consort of France herself) judged that Blanche's personality

1953-498: The Battle of Bouvines . She ceded land and castles to Philip I, Count of Boulogne , son of King Philip II of France and his controversial wife, Agnes of Merania . Several key barons, led by Peter Mauclerc , refused to recognize the coronation of the young king. Shortly after the coronation, Blanche and Louis were traveling south of Paris and nearly captured. Blanche appealed to the people of Paris to protect their king. The citizens lined

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2046-509: The Hundred Years' War . At the start of the 16th century, under the auspices of Abbess Antoinette de Dinteville (1482 – 1523), new wings were constructed and the abbey numbered 120 nuns. However, it was a trying time as the French Wars of Religion progressed: at least twice, in 1566 and 1588, the abbey and its associated land and buildings were ransacked by Protestant troops. In 1597, Angélique d'Estrées , sister of Gabrielle d'Estrées ,

2139-634: The Israelites will forsake God after they are delivered from Egypt. Some opponents of Molinism claim that God's foreknowledge and knowledge of counterfactuals are examples of what God is going to actively bring about. That is, when Christ describes the response of the Sodomites in the aforementioned example, God was going to actively bring it about that they would remain until today. Molinists have responded to this objection by noting that scripture contains examples of God's foreknowledge of evil acts. For example,

2232-578: The Jesuits , who advocated Molinism, and the Dominicans , who had a different understanding of God's foreknowledge and the nature of predestination. In 1597, Pope Clement VIII established the Congregatio de Auxiliis , a committee whose purpose was to settle this controversy. In 1607, Pope Paul V ended the quarrel by forbidding each side to accuse the other of heresy, allowing both views to exist side-by-side in

2325-499: The Parlement of Paris , the prévôt of Île-de-France removed them, and installed Arnauld as abbess. François de Sales made several visits to the new abbess. Later, Arnauld was replaced by Madame de Soissons, but, in Racine's words, she: ...n'avoit pas pris un fort grand soin d'y entretenir la régularité que la Mère Angélique y avoit établie ...did not take a great effort to keep

2418-519: The home kit of French Rugby union team Stade Français since the 2008 season. During the 1950s French restaurateur Noël Corbu claimed that Blanche of Castile had deposited a treasure in Rennes-le-Château that was later discovered by Bérenger Saunière during the late 19th century. This was later utilised by Pierre Plantard in his development of the Priory of Sion mythology. Aside from

2511-533: The scientia media , which they think implies passivity, which is repugnant to Pure Act. The Thomists disputed it before the Popes, as bordering on semi-Pelagianism , and afterwards there were ten years of debate in the Congregation de Auxiliis . The grounding objection is at present the most debated objection to Molinism, and often considered the strongest. The argument claims that there are no metaphysical grounds for

2604-514: The 18th century, the abbey shrank in numbers, from 70 nuns in 1720 to only 18 in 1780. In 1786, Louis XVI decided to disband it. Before the French Revolution , the Abbess earned around 5,000 livres in tithes. In 1786, Louis XVI decreed that the abbey had lost its religious function, and the French Revolution only entrenched that view. In 1793 it became a military hospital, and then served as

2697-626: The Bañezians that God antecedently elects certain people to eternal glory and only then consults His middle knowledge to discover which graces will guarantee their salvation. Thus, in Peter's case, God would have chosen different graces if those He actually chose had been foreknown to be merely sufficient and not efficacious for Peter's salvation. Other Molinists, including Molina himself, vigorously reject any such antecedent absolute election of Peter to salvation. They insist instead that God simply chooses to create

2790-535: The Catholic Church. Thomas Flint has developed what he considers other implications of Molinism, including papal infallibility , prophecy , and prayer . William Lane Craig uses Molinism to reconcile scriptural passages warning of apostasy with passages teaching the security of believers. Craig has also used middle knowledge to explain a wide range of theological issues, such as divine providence and predestination , biblical inspiration , perseverance of

2883-587: The Cistercian Order were affirmed. Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate (1622 – 1709), daughter of Frederick V of the Palatinate and aunt of Elizabeth Charlotte of Bavaria , second sister-in-law of Louis XIV , also served as Abbess of Maubuisson. On 27 April 1769, Archbishop Christophe de Beaumont , the Duke of Saint-Cloud, visited the abbey to restore friendly relations between the abbess and her nuns. In

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2976-528: The French royal army was trying to quash a rebellion in Champagne , nowhere near Aquitaine. Henry's military operation was still not a complete loss. He was able to get money, military engines, and bolts for crossbows along with the militia of La Réole . Henry marched north into Poitou but the gifts which Blanche had sent to Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche, and Raymond I, Viscount of Thouars, kept them loyal to

3069-578: The French. Although the local lords could not see Henry off, he was either unable or unwilling to commit to a large offensive investment and decided to return to Brittany, where he spent the remainder of his money on feasts. He proceeded to England having accomplished little. He lost money and prestige even if he had not taken significant casualties. Thus the rebellion died out, which helped establish Blanche and Louis as more stable rulers. Henry's failure to make any significant impact with his invasions ultimately discouraged Mauclerc's rebellion, and, by 1234, he

3162-474: The Israelites forsaking God, or Peter's denial of Christ, are both examples of what one would call overt acts of sin. Yet, according to opponents of Molinism, God is actively bringing about these overt acts of sin. This is fallacious according to the Molinist. In order for this account of prophecy to be valid all prophecies must be wholly good, and never contain evil acts; but this is not what opponents believe to be

3255-598: The Jews, that he and his goods were under her protection. In 1248, Blanche again became regent during Louis IX's absence on the Crusade , a project which she had strongly opposed. In the disasters which followed, she maintained peace while draining the land of men and money to aid her son in the East. She fell ill at Melun in November 1252 and was taken to Paris, but lived only a few days. She

3348-474: The Molinist can embrace both God's sovereignty and human free choice. Take the salvation of Agent A. God knows that if He were to place A in circumstances C, then A would freely choose to believe in Christ. So God actualizes the world where C occurs, and then A freely believes. God still retains a measure of His divine providence because He actualizes the world in which A freely chooses. But, A still retains freedom in

3441-635: The Pope to deny the marriage based on consanguinity, denying the dispensation Henry sought. In 1230, Henry III came to invade France. At the cost of some of the crown's influence in Poitou , Blanche managed to keep the English Queen mother Isabella, Countess of Angoulême , and her second husband, Hugh X of Lusignan , from supporting the English side. However, Mauclerc did support the English and Brittany rebelled against

3534-415: The abbey church, the chapel (built over the dormitory), the boilerhouse, the kitchen and the refectory, which were all enlarged. As with all mediaeval abbeys, Maubuisson was built with a complex system of plumbing. The presence of two nearby watercourses would have influenced Blanche of Castile's decision to site the abbey there. Drainage channels serviced the latrines and also let the water be reused to turn

3627-570: The abbey: This was reserved for the Royal Family and others of high class. In April 1599, the body of Gabrielle d'Estrées was interred in the choir by her sister Angelique, then abbess, together with her child. The remains of Charles IV, husband of Blanche of Burgundy, and his second daughterJeanne d'Évreux (1372), in recumbent works by Jean de Liège , are at the Louvre in Paris. These are dedicated to

3720-402: The attention of the court and the king away from Blanche, so she sought to keep them apart as much as she could. Jean de Joinville tells of the time when Queen Margaret was giving birth and Blanche entered the room telling her son to leave saying "Come ye hence, ye do naught here". Queen Margaret then allegedly fainted out of distress. Joinville also remarks that when Queen Blanche was present in

3813-878: The author of sin and to obliterate human freedom, since in that case it is God who decrees which counterfactuals about creaturely free acts are true, including counterfactuals concerning sinful human decisions. Thus, we have good reason for thinking that if such counterfactuals are now true or false, they must have been so logically prior to God's decree.” Thomas Flint claims the twin foundations of Molinism are God's providence and man's freedom. Molinism harmonizes texts teaching God's providence (such as Acts 4:28 or Ephesians 1:11 ) with texts emphasizing man's choice (such as Deuteronomy 30:19 or Luke 13:34 ). Molinism has been controversial and criticized since its inception in Molina's concordia. The Dominican Order which espoused strict Thomism criticized that novel doctrine and found fault with

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3906-430: The case. It may simply be the fact that Christ's human nature made a rational prediction of the said actions, as he once experienced beforehand from Peter, to which he replied, " Get thee behind me Satan ". Molinists believe that God has knowledge not only of necessary truths and contingent truths, but also of counterfactuals . [God's knowledge of counterfactuals is often referred to as his middle knowledge , although

3999-399: The choice being actualized. God may be able to observe these choices via prescience, but even He must still observe them to know them. Therefore, God cannot know what we will do, unless He sees the future. The Molinist position, exemplified by Craig in the preceding paragraph, is 1) to argue this requires potentially heretical arguments relating to a limitation of divine omniscience, and 2) that

4092-584: The cloisters from the nunnery. The high altar was adorned with a white marble altarpiece, donated by Jeanne d'Évreux in 1340. It was demolished during the French Revolution . The centrepiece, a relief of the Last Supper, is preserved at the Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes church in Paris. Other features include a reliquary of the Madonna and Child , situated near the side altar. Dating from the 16th century, it

4185-418: The concert. For God could not make observations like this without also finding out what creative decisions He is actually going to make, which would destroy the whole purpose of middle knowledge.” Thus, there are no "truth makers" that ground counterfactuals . Opponents to middle knowledge claim that the historical antecedent of any possible world does not determine the truthfulness of a counterfactual for

4278-589: The county could only pass to his heirs. He gave up all the lands conquered by Simon de Montfort to the crown of France. It also meant the end of the Albigensian Crusade . To prevent Henry III of England from gaining more French lands through marriage, Blanche denied him the first two brides he sought. In 1226, he sought to marry Yolande of Brittany , Mauclerc's daughter. Blanche instead forced her father to give Yolande to Blanche's son John. When Henry became engaged to Joan, Countess of Ponthieu , Blanche lobbied

4371-407: The court. To maintain better control over the new queen, Blanche dismissed the family and servants who had come to her wedding before the couple reached Paris. Prior to the arrival of the new queen, Blanche was considered the beauty of the court, and had poems written about her beauty by the count of Champagne. In 1230, it was even rumoured that she was pregnant by Romano Bonaventura. The new queen drew

4464-425: The creation decree God allows for freedom in the libertarian sense. The placing of middle knowledge logically after necessary truths , but before the creation decree also gives God the possibility to survey possible worlds and decide which world to actualize. Craig gives three reasons for holding that counterfactual statements are true: "First, we ourselves often appear to know such true counterfactuals. Second, it

4557-516: The crown in 1230. Originally, the English landed in Brittany with 275 knights, men at arms, and barons to meet his ally Peter I, Duke of Brittany . The campaign began well for Henry III, who probably recruited foot soldiers on the continent as he brought 7,800 marks with him. On the other hand, Blanche's troops were insubordinate to her and refused to serve beyond the 40 day feudal contract; most disbanded after 40 days. Philip I, Count of Boulogne , left

4650-684: The education of her children, all of whom studied Latin. She also insisted on lessons in Christian morals for all of them. Both Louis and Isabelle , her only surviving daughter, were canonized. The chanson Amours ou trop tard me suis pris , a prayer to the Virgin Mary, is often attributed to Blanche. Blanche of Castile is mentioned in François Villon 's 15th century poem Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis ( Ballad of Ladies of Times Past ), together with other famous women of history and mythology. Blanche's selection as bride for Louis and travel to France

4743-439: The events in the various universes. But why should God need to create such universes to know how events would unfold, and couldn't how they would turn out ground statements about how they would turn out? Further objections at this point lead to a second line of response. Alvin Plantinga responds to the grounding objection by saying "It seems to me much clearer that some counterfactuals of freedom are at least possibly true than that

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4836-496: The following passages: Matthew 17:27 , John 21:6 , John 15:22–24 , John 18:36 , Luke 4:24–44 and Matthew 26:24 . Craig accepts that the most these texts indicate is that God has counterfactual knowledge. In order for this knowledge to be middle knowledge, it must be logically prior to God's free knowledge, something the biblical texts mentioned do not seem to affirm or deny. However, Craig argues that if God's decree were logically prior to His middle knowledge, that would “make God

4929-446: The following sort: "God knows that in circumstance C creature X will freely do A" God knows truths of this sort: "God knows that in circumstances C creature X would probably do A." Yet, as Edward Wierenga has pointed out, probable counterfactuals are also contingent truths and fall victim to the same grounding objection. Molinists have responded to the aforementioned argument two ways. First, as William Lane Craig argues "[I]n order for

5022-462: The future but without any logical prior planning of the future." The placing of God's middle knowledge between God's knowledge of necessary truths and God's creative decree is crucial. For if God's middle knowledge was after his decree of creation, then God would be actively causing what various creatures would do in various circumstances and thereby destroying libertarian freedom. But by placing middle knowledge (and thereby counterfactuals ) before

5115-505: The future of what will happen. In between God's natural and free knowledge is His "middle knowledge" which contains the range of possible things that would happen given certain circumstances, by which God knows what His free creatures would do in any situation. These are "truths" that do not have to be true, but are true without God being the primary cause of them. In The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy , John D. Laing has provided an example of middle knowledge: "If John Laing were given

5208-402: The grounding objectors must prove a universal negative regarding the falsity of counterfactuals of freedom or they must explain their theory of the basis for truth and prove that theory true. The difference in perspectives here may be briefly described in the following way. According to critics, the way in which an agent will make a free choice inherently cannot be known apart from observation of

5301-571: The heir – afterwards the sainted Louis IX – was but twelve years old. She had him crowned within a month of his father's death in Reims and forced reluctant barons to swear allegiance to him. The situation was critical, since Louis VIII had died without having completely subdued his southern nobles. The king's minority made the Capetian domains even more vulnerable. To gain support, she released Ferdinand, Count of Flanders , who had been in captivity since

5394-487: The king. She accompanied the army herself and helped collect wood to keep the soldiers warm. Not everyone was happy with her administration. Her enemies called her "Dame Hersent" (the wolf in the Roman de Renart ) In 1229, she was responsible for the Treaty of Paris , in which Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse , submitted to Louis. By the terms of the agreement, his daughter and heir, Joan , married Blanche's son, Alphonse , and

5487-617: The lands of Pontoise and Saint-Ouen, which only became Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône much later. These lands had the advantage of being close to the castle at Pontoise, at the confluence of the River Oise and the Liesse stream. She built Maubuisson Abbey between the villages of Saint-Ouen and Épluches , on the left bank of the Oise. According to local legend, the name "Maubuisson" was translated from Latin as French : Maudit buisson ("Cursed bush"), because of

5580-487: The lives of genuinely free creatures through the use of His omniscience . Molinists, following Luis de Molina himself, present God's knowledge in a sequence of three logical moments. The first is God's knowledge of necessary truths or natural knowledge. These truths are independent of God's will and are non-contingent. This knowledge includes the full range of logical possibilities. Examples include such statements as "All bachelors are unmarried" or "X cannot be A and non-A at

5673-931: The local economy. Blanche of Castile gave the Abbey three well-defined roles: In 1307, King Philip IV of France annihilated the Knights Templar , to whom he was deeply indebted. On 14 September 1307 – the day of celebration of the True Cross  – he issued the order for the trials of the Knights Templar from the abbey. From 5 to 8 September 1463, while touring the villes de la Somme  [ fr ] , King Louis XI (born 1423; reigned 1461–1483) stayed at Pontoise , and awarded Royal protection to Maubuisson Abbey by means of Letters Patent, doing so again in December 1474. The abbey's robust budget let it survive

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5766-524: The mill. The latrines, built over a drainage channel, consisted of 38 back-to-back seats. The whole was enclosed by a 20-arched roof, 14 m (46 ft) high. This and the refectory no longer exist. The chauffoir was the only place where hot food could be cooked. This was the only place where nuns could talk directly with the Mother Superior. They could speak only of spiritual and material matters related to their religious community. The chapter

5859-544: The most fruitful theological ideas ever conceived. For it would serve to explain not only God's knowledge of the future, but divine providence and predestination as well". Under it, God retains a measure of divine providence without hindering humanity's freedom. Since God has middle knowledge, He knows what an agent would freely do in a particular situation. So, agent A, if placed in circumstance C, would freely choose option X over option Y. Thus, if God wanted to accomplish X, all God would do is, using his middle knowledge, actualize

5952-461: The nobility and bourgeoisie. The tomb of the first abbess is also located here. These are dedicated to the burial of active and retired nuns. This was dedicated to nuns. It was razed in the 17th century to make room for the cloister gallery. This small church is located to the south-west of the abbey church, and the graveyard is dedicated to the abbey's benefactors, be they laity, priests, religious or other servants. The cloisters were enclosed by

6045-541: The opportunity to write an article on middle knowledge for the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, he would freely do so." Molinists have supported their case scripturally with Christ's statement in Matthew 11:23 : The Molinist claims that in this example, God knows what His free creatures would choose under hypothetical circumstances, namely that the Sodomites would have responded to Jesus' miracles and ministry in

6138-457: The prevalence of bandits in the surrounding woodland. However, this story is not confirmed by local archaeologists researching Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône archives. The abbey's enclosure of land covered 32 hectares (79 acres). To breathe life into the abbey, from 1237 until 1242 Blanche of Castile devoted herself to a chapter of the Cistercians, and in 1242 she installed, in barely-finished buildings,

6231-519: The production of original works and reflect the richness and diversity of contemporary installation art, video, photography, sculpture, painting, digital arts, sound, and so on. The abbey is a project incubator lab: all year, it develops research, production and direction programmes along the three axes which make up its identity: architectural heritage, contemporary works, and natural history. The abbey takes part in Tram (Contemporary Art)  [ fr ] ,

6324-425: The propositions that are supposed to constitute middle knowledge? The truth of subjunctives of freedom cannot be discerned a priori, for they are contingent. It is not a necessary truth that if placed in circumstances C, I will decide to attend the concert tonight. Nor can we allow that God might learn the truth of C from my actual behavior — that is, by observing that I actually do, in circumstances C, decide to attend

6417-486: The roads and protected him as he returned. Helped by Theobald IV of Champagne and the papal legate to France, Romano Bonaventura , she organized an army. Its sudden appearance brought the nobles momentarily to a halt. Twice more did Blanche have to muster an army to protect Capetian interests against rebellious nobles and Henry III of England . Blanche organized a surprise attack in the winter. In January 1229, she led her forces to attack Mauclerc and force him to recognize

6510-471: The routine that Mother Angélique had put in place de Soissons died in 1627. Her successor Marie Suireau, known as Marie des Anges ("Mary of the Angels"), was chosen (on Arnauld's proposal) as Maubuisson's leader, a position she held until 1648. From 1628, she fought against the influence of Molinism on some of the sisters, but with two nuns suspected of this heresy having been ejected, the orthodoxy and canons of

6603-561: The royal forces and proceeded to raid Champagne. Blanche had to chase Philip to try to stop him from raiding the important county, leaving Henry III to proceed without serious resistance. Meanwhile, the Norman nobles were also in open rebellion against Blanche. However, instead of marching to help the Norman rebels, he followed the advice of his vassal, advisor, and former regent Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent , and marched into Poitou. In any case, it appears that Henry's excursion to Aquitaine

6696-569: The royal household, she did not like Margaret and Louis to be together "except when he went to lie with her". In 1239, Blanche insisted on a fair hearing for the Jews , who were under threat by increasing antisemitism in France. She presided over a formal disputation in the king's court. Louis insisted on the burning of the Talmud and other Jewish books, but Blanche promised Rabbi Yechiel of Paris , who spoke for

6789-629: The saints , and Christian particularism. Molinists have often argued that their position is the biblical one by indicating passages they understand to teach God's middle knowledge. Molina advanced the following three texts: 1 Samuel 23:8–14 , Proverbs 4:11 , and Matthew 11:23 . Other passages used to support Molinism are Ezekiel 3:6–7 , Jeremiah 38:17–18 , 1 Corinthians 2:8 , Deuteronomy 28:51–57 , Matthew 23:27–32 , Matthew 12:7 , Matthew 24:43 , Luke 16:30–31 , and Luke 22:67–68 . William Lane Craig has argued at length that many of Christ's statements seem to indicate middle knowledge. Craig cites

6882-399: The same time, in the same way, at the same place" or "It is possible that X obtain." The second is God's free knowledge. This type of knowledge consists of contingent truths that are dependent upon God's will, or truths that God brings about. Examples include statements such as "God created the earth" or something particular about this world which God has actualized. Free knowledge encompasses

6975-644: The sense of being able to choose either option. Molinism does not affirm two contradictory propositions when it affirms both God's providence and humanity's freedom. God's providence extends to the actualization of the world in which an agent may believe upon Christ. In contrast to the Calvinist acrostic TULIP and the Arminian Five Articles of Remonstrance , Timothy George has devised an acrostic summary for Molinism called ROSES: Molinism differs from Calvinism by affirming that God grants salvation, but

7068-590: The term technically encompasses more than just the knowledge of counterfactuals.] A counterfactual is a statement of the form "If it were the case that P, it would be the case that Q." An example would be, "If Bob were in Tahiti he would freely choose to go swimming instead of sunbathing." The Molinist claims that even if Bob is never in Tahiti, God can still know whether Bob would go swimming or sunbathing. The Molinist believes that God, using his middle knowledge and foreknowledge, surveyed all possible worlds and then actualized

7161-557: The throne of England as Louis I. However, with the death of John in October 1216, the barons changed their allegiance to John's son, the nine-year-old Henry . Louis continued to claim the English crown in her right, only to find a united nation against him. Philip Augustus refused to help his son, and Blanche was his sole support. Blanche raised money from her father-in-law by threatening to put up her children as hostages. She established herself at Calais and organized two fleets, one of which

7254-421: The tower of the tithe barn . As of 2018, the abbey houses a Centre of Contemporary Arts which stages exhibitions. Since 2001, it has specialised in plastic and visual art. Artists are invited based on their relevance and newsworthiness, but also for their capacity to explore a space of such unique heritage. Large specialist exhibitions take place each year, lasting from two to eight months. They are dedicated to

7347-439: The truth of propositions must, in general, be grounded in this way." William Lane Craig follows up on this by pointing out the burden of proof the grounding objector bears. The grounding objection "asserts that there are no true counterfactuals about how creatures would freely act under any given set of circumstances. This assertion is no mere ostensibly undercutting defeater of Molinism, but a putatively rebutting defeater. It makes

7440-453: The truthfulness of counterfactuals of creaturely freedom. As Hugh J. McCann puts it: "Perhaps the most serious objection against it is that there does not appear to be any way God could come by such knowledge. Knowledge, as we have seen, is not merely a matter of conceiving a proposition and correctly believing it to be true. It requires justification: one must have good reasons for believing. But what justification could God have for believing

7533-710: The works of Joinville and William of Nangis , see Élie Berger, "Histoire de Blanche de Castille, reine de France", in Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome , vol. lxx. (Paris, 1895); Le Nain de Tillemont , "Vie de Saint Louis", ed. by J. de Gaulle for the Société de l'histoire de France (6 vols., 1847–1851); and Paulin Paris, "Nouvelles recherches sur les mœurs de la reine Blanche et de Thibaud", in Cabinet historique (1858). Molinism Molinism , named after 16th-century Spanish Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina ,

7626-625: The world in which A was placed in C, and A would freely choose X. God retains an element of providence without nullifying A's choice and God's purpose (the actualization of X) is fulfilled. Molinists also believe it can aid one's understanding of salvation . Ever since Augustine and Pelagius there has been debate over the issue of salvation; more specifically, can God elect believers and believers still come to God freely? Protestants who lean more towards God's election to salvation and sovereignty are usually Calvinists while those who lean more towards humanity's free choice follow Arminianism . However,

7719-482: Was Queen of France by marriage to Louis VIII . She acted as regent twice during the reign of her son, Louis IX : during his minority from 1226 until 1234, and during his absence from 1248 until 1252. Blanche was born in Palencia , Spain, in 1188, the third daughter of Alfonso VIII , King of Castile , and Eleanor of England , sister of King Richard I of England and King John of England . In her youth, she visited

7812-552: Was given to the church of Saint-Ouen in Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône . It had lost its original statuettes, that of the Twelve Apostles at Calvary being replaced around 1840. It was classified as historical monument on 13 May 1897 and stolen on 13 April 1973. Until the end of the 15th century, the church served as a necropolis for royalty and nobility, as well as for the abbesses who are buried there. There are five burial grounds within

7905-465: Was a room in which, every day, the nuns would take confession from the abbess or her deputy, and listen to a sermon of Saint Benedict, to whom the room was dedicated. The Mother Superior would then discuss the sermon. The nuns could also discuss it, together with matters concerning the community: sales and purchases, contracts, and so on. Blanche of Castile Blanche of Castile ( Spanish : Blanca de Castilla ; 4 March 1188 – 27 November 1252)

7998-514: Was appointed Mother Superior of the Royal Abbey by Henri IV . The abbey's doctrine diverged from that of the Rule of Saint Benedict and the spirit of Saint Bernard . The French : vicaire général of the Cistercians gave Angélique Arnauld orders to leave the Abbey of Port-Royal des Champs and go to reform that at Maubuisson. She found d'Estrées and her entourage troublesome. With the intervention of

8091-512: Was buried at Maubuisson Abbey , which she had founded herself. Louis heard of her death in the following spring and reportedly did not speak to anyone for two days afterwards. Blanche was a patron of the arts and owned a variety of books, both in French and in Latin. Some of these were meant as teaching tools for her son. Le Miroir de l'Ame was dedicated to Blanche. It instructs queens to rigorously practice Christian virtues in daily life. She oversaw

8184-798: Was commanded by Eustace the Monk , and an army under Robert of Courtenay . With French forces defeated at Lincoln in May 1217 and then routed on their way back to their London stronghold, Louis desperately needed the reinforcements from France. On 24 August, the English fleet destroyed the French fleet carrying those reinforcements off Sandwich and Louis was forced to sue for peace. Philip died in July 1223, and Louis VIII and Blanche were crowned on 6 August. Upon Louis' death in November 1226 from dysentery, he left Blanche, by then 38, regent and guardian of his children. Of her twelve or thirteen children, six had died, and Louis,

8277-539: Was finally signed. King John ceded the fiefs of Issoudun and Graçay as a dowry. The marriage was celebrated 23 May 1200, at Port-Mort on the right bank of the Seine , in John's domains, as those of Philip lay under an interdict . Blanche bore her first child in 1205. During the English barons' rebellion of 1215–16 against King John, it was Blanche's English ancestry as granddaughter to Henry II that led to Louis being offered

8370-466: Was firm in his support of Louis. St. Louis owed his realm to his mother and remained under her influence for the duration of her life. Louis began to take part in political affairs by declaring his maturity, but Blanche was very influential and powerful in politics and court affairs, and her son did not withhold anything from her. No one dared to criticize the Queen Mother. In 1233, Raymond of Toulouse

8463-464: Was more fit to fulfil the role. In the spring of 1200, Eleanor crossed the Pyrenees with her and brought her to France instead. Eleanor of Aquitaine judged that Urraca, Blanche's sister, was more beautiful than Blanche, although Catherine Hanley states we have no knowledge about what Blanche looked like. Blanche was twelve years of age, and Louis was only a year older, by the time the marriage treaty

8556-470: Was not necessary despite the calls for help by Geoffrey Beauchamp, who probably panicked due to a slight rise in unrest in Aquitaine. Henry besieged Mirabeau and proceeded to Bordeaux , apparently "securing" the south while also losing massive amounts of money and being forced to take loans. What made it worse was that Aquitaine was not in any serious danger of being taken by the French because what remained of

8649-555: Was starting to chafe under the terms of the treaty of Paris, thus Blanche sent one of her knights, Giles of Flagy, to convince him to cooperate. Blanche heard through troubadours of the beauty, grace, and religious devotion of the daughters of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence , and assigned Giles a second mission to visit Provence. Giles found a much better reception in Provence than in Toulouse. Upon his return to Paris, Blanche decided that

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