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53-666: Prior to state ownership, the land that was to become Mattaponi WMA was used for timber production and rock quarrying. After being identified as an opportunity to conserve diverse wildlife habitat in an area undergoing suburbanization , the WMA was acquired by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) in 2010. The total purchase price of $ 7.6 million was shared between VDGIF and several partners, including The Nature Conservancy , The Trust for Public Land , and Ducks Unlimited . A significant portion of funding – $ 1.4 million –

106-471: A 25-year lease on the ferry in 1814. The first trip of the steamboat Nassau was made on May 10, 1814, and brought with it the first predictable passage between Brooklyn and Manhattan. Trips took no longer than twelve minutes, and there was no chance of the ship being swept upstream or downstream, or held to the whims of the wind. Brooklyn Heights became known as "America's First Suburb" as residents could commute to Manhattan with ease. On January 24, 1814,

159-473: A buffer between industrial areas and residential and retail spaces. This may avoid NIMBY sentiments and gentrification pressure from the local community due to residential and retail areas being adjacent to industrial spaces in an urban area. Suburban municipalities can offer tax breaks, specialized zoning , and regulatory incentives to attract industrial land users to their area, such as City of Industry, California . The overall effect of these developments

212-469: A commercial ferry was given by Dutch governor Willem Kieft to Cornelis Dircksen in 1642; however, local waterfront land-owners were free to make their own crossings of the river. A ferry connecting Broad Street in what was then New Amsterdam with Joralemon Street in what was then Breukelen was started in the 1630s by lone ferryman Cornelis Dircksen. It was later moved to Maiden Lane and Ferry Road, soon to be called Fulton Street . The ferry played

265-456: A dramatic housing backlog resulted in extensive peri-urban growth in Tirana ( Albania ), which during the 1990s doubled the size of the city whereas war refugees put pressure on cities of former Yugoslavia. Elsewhere processes of suburbanization seemed dominant, but their pace differed according to housing shortages, available finances, preferences, and the degree of 'permitted' informality. The process

318-528: A family. There have however, also been periods of urbanization . During the mid to late 20th century, most socialist countries in the Eastern Bloc were characterized by under-urbanization, which meant that industrial growth occurred well in advance of urban growth, which was sustained by rural-urban commuting. City growth, residential mobility, land, and housing development were under tight political control. Consequently, sub-urbanization in post-socialist Europe

371-432: A formation of (sub)urban sprawl . As a consequence of the movement of households and businesses away from city centers, low-density, peripheral urban areas grow. Proponents of curbing suburbanization argue that sprawl leads to urban decay and a concentration of lower-income residents in the inner city , in addition to environmental harm. Suburbanization can be a progressive process, as growing population pushes outward

424-590: A generous 7% dividend.) Fares started at four cents, which led to rival services at Red Hook and elsewhere. Union Ferry reduced its fare to one cent in stages between 1842 and 1850, bankrupting the competing lines and allowing Union Ferry to purchase their rights and raise rates once again. American poet Walt Whitman frequently used the Fulton Ferry and was inspired by the experiences to write "Sun-Down Poem"in 1856, later renamed " Crossing Brooklyn Ferry ". The original Fulton Ferry route continued to be successful until

477-651: A half miles (2.4 km) of the South River ; the confluence of the two streams is located at the southern end of the WMA. Its boundaries contain both upland forests, various types of wetlands, and open water habitats, including two rare oxbow lakes found within bottomlands where the Mattaponi once flowed. Management at Mattaponi WMA focuses on enhancing wildlife habitat, using techniques such as selective timber harvest, prescribed burns , and controlling water levels within wetlands and ponds. Approximately 500 acres (2.0 km)

530-628: A large role in cementing the Manhattan-Brooklyn rivalry. Two charters – the first in 1686, the second in 1708 – gave to Manhattan ownership of the lines and essentially all of the Brooklyn waterfront. In 1745, Hendrick Remsen brought a lawsuit against New York; after thirty years, the Supreme Court ruled in his favor, awarding him his original five shillings plus court costs of nearly 2,375 shillings (475 times his original request). The city appealed to

583-419: A more stable population. A study based on data from 1974, however, found this not to be the case, finding that people living in the suburbs had neither greater satisfaction with their neighborhood nor greater satisfaction with the quality of their lives as compared to people living in urban areas. Pre-existing disparities in the demographic composition of suburbs pose problems in drug consumption and abuse. This

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636-419: A quick courier distance of warehouses and ports. Urban areas often suffer from traffic congestion, which creates extra driver costs for the company that may have otherwise been reduced if they were located in a suburban area near a highway instead. Lower property taxes and low land prices encourage selling industrial land for profitable brownfield redevelopment. Suburban areas also offer more land to use as

689-408: A sudden boom in housing construction as developers raced to address housing shortages across the country. As veterans returned from war, their GI Bill benefits made it especially easy to buy homes in these new, cost-efficient neighborhoods, populating them quickly with young couples and new families. Racially discriminatory housing policies in many areas prevented people of color from buying homes in

742-556: Is colloquially known as "drive until you qualify." Suburban lots are typically larger than urban lots. Thus, bigger lots often mean fewer lots and suburbanization can lead to less dense real estate development. Public deficits can often grow as a result of suburbanization, mainly because property taxes tend to be lower in less densely populated areas. Also, because of decentralization, lack of variety of housing types, and greater distances between homes, real estate development and public service costs tend to increase, which in turn increases

795-514: Is due to the disconnection created between drug addiction and the biased outward perception of suburban health and safety. The difference in drug mortality rates of suburban and urban spaces is sometimes fueled by the relationship between the general public, medical practitioners, and the pharmaceutical industry. These affluent individuals who are living in the suburbs often have increased means of obtaining otherwise expensive and potent drugs, such as opioids and narcotics through valid prescriptions. In

848-684: Is not only a recent, but also a particular phenomenon. The creation of housing and land markets, together with state's withdrawal from housing provisions, have led to the development of privatized modes of housing production and consumption, with an increasing role for private actors, and particularly for households. Yet, the regulatory and institutional frameworks indispensable to a market-driven housing system – including housing finance – have remained underdeveloped, particularly in south-eastern Europe. This environment has undoubtedly stimulated housing self-provision. Clearly, different forces have shaped different outcomes. Long-suppressed urbanization and

901-427: Is open to the public for hunting, trapping, fishing, hiking, and primitive camping. Access for persons 17 years of age or older requires a valid hunting or fishing permit, or a WMA access permit. Suburbanization Suburbanization ( American English ), also spelled suburbanisation ( British English ), is a population shift from historic core cities or rural areas into suburbs . Most suburbs are built in

954-503: Is that both businesses and individuals now see an advantage to relocating to the suburbs, where the cost of buying land, renting space, and running their operations is cheaper than in the city. This continuing dispersal from a single-city center has led to the advent of edge cities and exurbs , which arise out of clusters of office buildings built in suburban commercial areas , shopping malls, and other high-density developments. With more jobs for suburbanites in these areas rather than in

1007-441: Is used by Fort A.P. Hill as a wetland mitigation bank . Wildlife found on the property include a number of game animals , such as deer, bear, turkey, and squirrels; waterfowl are also abundant within the area's wetlands. Other game bird species, such as bobwhite quail and woodcock , are also found at the property and benefit from management that periodically clears portions of the landscape of mature vegetation. Fish found within

1060-710: The Catherine Ferry (New Ferry) was introduced, became known as the Fulton Ferry, and the streets on either side were later renamed in turn. The Fulton Ferry Company and the South Ferry Company merged in 1839 to form the New York and Brooklyn Union Ferry Company . The shareholders of the Union Ferry Company were mostly based in Manhattan; they tended to favor increased profits over improved service. (The stock paid

1113-518: The City of Brooklyn grew to fill the county. Areas along the river became industrialized and apartment buildings filled the places where factories did not replace the scattered houses. As a result, much of Brooklyn transformed into a suburban economy and later into an urban economy entirely. Many other suburbs have followed this same cycle. Post–World War II economic expansion in the United States included

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1166-595: The East River . It revolutionized travel between the then City of New York on Manhattan Island and the Village of Brooklyn and the rest of Long Island . Robert Fulton 's steam Fulton Ferry Company in 1814 established his name on the ferry service. After the Brooklyn Bridge was built, ridership declined, and the ferry ceased operation on January 19, 1924. NYC Ferry now serves a very similar route. The first grant for

1219-630: The Fulton Ferry Company , founded by Robert Fulton and William Cutting , obtained a lease on the route from the City of New York . The company introduced steamboat service to the route with the Nassau on May 8, 1814 (the first steam ferry service on the East River), and moved the Manhattan landing to Fulton Street that year. The ferry, which had been known popularly as the Old Ferry since 1795, when

1272-559: The 1883 opening of the Brooklyn Bridge crossing at almost the same point. Even after the bridge opened it continued to be well-patronized for many years; the Fulton Street Elevated Line terminated at the Brooklyn ferry landing when it opened in 1888 (and only began running some trains across the Brooklyn Bridge instead after 1898), and ferries were also preferred by animal-hauled wagons and carts that had difficulty climbing

1325-438: The United States, the combination of demographic and economic features created as a result of suburbanization has increased the risk of drug abuse in suburban communities. Heroin in suburban communities has increased in incidence as new heroin users in the United States are predominantly white suburban men and women in their early twenties. Adolescents and young adults are at an increased risk of drug abuse in suburban spaces due to

1378-401: The ability to drive. Both the wealthy elderly and those who still live in suburbs are largely separated from all other groups of society. Notes Bibliography Fulton Ferry (ferry) The Fulton Ferry was the first steam ferry route connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn , New York City , United States , joining Fulton Street, Manhattan , and Fulton Street, Brooklyn , across

1431-535: The advantage of treating a demographic of drug abuse patients that are better educated and equipped with resources to recover from addiction and overdose. The disparity of treatment and initiatives between suburban and urban environments in regard to drug abuse and overdose is a public health concern. Although suburban healthcare providers may have more resources to address drug addiction, abuse, and overdose, preconceived ideas about suburban lifestyles may prevent them from providing proper treatment to patients. Considering

1484-554: The crown, but America's declaration of independence threw the case into legal limbo, allowing the City of New York to retain its claim to the Brooklyn waterfront. The site was known as "Brookland Ferry" when George Washington escaped with his troops after the Battle of Long Island . After the Revolutionary War, ferrymaster Adolph Waldron gained sole control of the ferry by virtue of being

1537-490: The deficit of upper levels of government. Suburbanization often resulted in lower tax revenues for cities, leading to a reduction in the quality of public services due to the exodus of wealthier populations. As the trend of suburbanization took hold in the United States, many of the people who left the city for the suburbs were white. As a result, there was a rise in Black home ownership in central cities. As white households left for

1590-518: The elderly. Children affected by suburbanization or urban sprawl are occasionally referred to as "cul-de-sac kids." Because children living in suburbs typically cannot go anywhere without a parent, they are less able to practice independence. Teenagers without independence can experience boredom, isolation, and frustration. These feelings have even led to an increase in rates of teenage suicide and school shootings in suburban areas. The elderly in suburbia may also experience more social isolation after losing

1643-591: The enclosed social and economic enclaves that surburbanization propagates. The New England Study of Suburban Youth found that the upper middle class suburban cohorts displayed an increased drug use when compared to the natural average. The shift in demographics and economic statuses related to suburbanization has increased the risk of drug abuse in affluent American communities and changed the approach to drug abuse public health initiatives. When addressing public health concerns of drug abuse with patients directly, suburban health care providers and medical practitioners have

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1696-450: The flight of industrial development from major cities to surrounding suburban areas. As suburban industrial development becomes increasingly more profitable , it becomes less financially attractive to build in high-density areas. Another impact of industry leaving the city is the reduction of buffer zones separating metropolitan areas, industrial parks and surrounding suburban residential areas. As this land becomes more economically relevant,

1749-408: The government's money that is dedicated to improving infrastructure goes to paying for the new necessities in areas further out from the urban core. As a result, the government will often forego maintenance on previously built infrastructure. In the United States, prospective home buyers will often drive farther into the suburbs until they can find an area in which they can afford a home. This concept

1802-537: The increase in technology and consumptions of residents there is an increase in energy consumption by the amount of electricity used by residents. With these longer commutes, it's having a potential effect on their academic performance. I've seen it in the classroom especially with early morning classes. —Mike Smith-Cairns, a geography instructor at Langara College , author of 2017 college transportation survey Suburbanization has negative social impacts on many groups of people, including children, adolescents, and

1855-572: The increased use of vehicles to commute to and from the work place this causes increased use of oil and gas as well as an increase in emissions. With the increase in emissions from vehicles, this then can cause air pollution and degrades the air quality of an area. Suburbanization is growing which causes an increase in housing development, that then results in an increase in land consumption and available land. Suburbanization has also been linked to increases in natural resource use like water to meet residents' demands and to maintain suburban lawns. Also, with

1908-457: The increasing incidence of drug abuse in suburban environments, the contextual factors that affect certain demographics must also be considered to better understand the prevalence of drug abuse in suburbs; for example, adolescents and their relationship with social groups in school and other socializing forces that occur as a result of suburbanization impact drug abuse incidence. The economic impacts of suburbanization have become very evident since

1961-427: The land often obtained at no cost through restitution policies or illegal occupation, allowed a mix of low-/middle-income households within these developments. Historically, it was believed that living in highly urban areas resulted in social isolation , disorganization, and psychological problems, while living in the suburbs was supposed to overall improve happiness , due to lower population density, lower crime, and

2014-480: The main city core from which the suburbs grew, traffic patterns have become more complex, with the volume of intra-suburban traffic increasing. Historically, by the year 2000, nearly half of the US population had relocated to suburban areas. In many Eastern European countries, cities have the reputation of being dangerous or very expensive areas to live, while the suburbs are often viewed as safer and more conducive to raising

2067-462: The new suburbs, making them largely white-dominated spaces. The nationwide mass migration of white homeowners into the suburbs became known as " white flight ". Throughout the years, the desire to separate work life and home life has grown , causing an increase in suburban populations. Suburbs are often built around certain industries such as restaurants, shopping, and entertainment, which allows suburban residents to travel less and interact more within

2120-470: The only Whig with a claim to it. He experimented with barges with little success, although his hold on the ferry was very profitable for him. The City refused to renew his lease in 1789, opting instead for a second major charter in 1795, establishing the Catherine Ferry (or, popularly, the “New” Ferry), a stock-based company. Robert Fulton , at the behest of Brooklyn magnate Hezekiah Pierrepont , secured

2173-557: The planning and revitalization of modern cities. The days of industry dominating the urban cores of cities are diminishing as population decentralization of urban centers increases. Companies increasingly look to build industrial parks in less populated areas, largely for more modern buildings and ample parking, as well as to appease the popular desire to work in less congested areas . Government economic policies that provide incentives for companies to build new structures and lack of incentives to build on Brownfield land , also contribute to

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2226-524: The relatively steep bridge approaches. With the opening of additional bridges and subway crossings of the river and the decline of animal traffic, patronage fell further. The ferry finally ceased operations in 1924; some other East River routes that had been part of the Union Ferry Company lasted until 1942. Ferry service from the Brooklyn Fulton Ferry Landing to Manhattan returned in 2002, with service by New York Water Taxi , though with

2279-410: The rise of modern delivery logistics in postal services , which take advantage of computerization and the availability of efficient transportation networks, also eliminates some of the advantages that were once to be had from having a business located in the city. Industrial, warehousing, and factory land uses have also moved to suburban areas. This removes the need for company headquarters to be within

2332-626: The river include bluegill , redbreast sunfish , and largemouth bass ; ponds on the property contain crappie , bluegill, largemouth bass, chain pickerel , and a limited number of bowfin . A survey conducted by the Virginia Herpetological Society indicated a healthy diversity of amphibians, turtles, lizards, and snakes, including the carpenter frog , a species more typically found in extreme southeastern Virginia, with only occasional occurrences in Caroline County. Mattaponi WMA

2385-428: The spread of people living outside the city can causes negative impacts on the environment. Suburbanization has been linked to the increase in vehicle mileage, increased land use, and an increase in residential energy consumption. From these factors of suburbanization, it has then caused a degradation of air quality, increase usage of natural resources like water and oil, as well as increased amounts of greenhouse gas. With

2438-470: The suburban area. In the early 21st century, the spread of communication services, such as broadband , e-mail , and practical home video conferencing , have enabled more people to work from home rather than commuting. Increased connectivity and digitization of office-based work, especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic , have improved the ability for suburban residents to work from home. Similarly,

2491-611: The suburbs, housing prices in transition neighborhoods fell, which often lowered the cost of home ownership for Black households. This trend was stronger in older and denser cities, especially in the Northeast and Midwest, because new construction was generally more difficult. As of the 2010 census, minorities such as African Americans, Asian Americans and Indo-Americans have become an increasing large factor in recent suburbanization. Many suburbs now have large minority communities in suburban and commuter cities. The growth of suburbanization and

2544-416: The trend began in the 1950s. Changes in infrastructure, industry, real estate development costs, fiscal policies, and diversity of cities have been easily apparent, as "making it to the suburbs", mainly in order to own a home and escape the chaos of urban centers, have become the goals of many American citizens. These impacts have many benefits as well as side effects and are becoming increasingly important in

2597-597: The unauthorized but later legalized developments in Romania . Suburban housing displayed a chaotic/unplanned character, especially in south-eastern Europe, where the state retains a degree of illegitimacy. Accepting scattered for-profit housing, much of the new detached suburban houses seem self-developed. Allegedly, owner-building has become a household strategy to adapt to recession, high and volatile inflation, to cut construction costs, and to bridge access to housing. The predominantly owner-built feature of most suburban housing, with

2650-491: The value of such properties very often increases, causing many undeveloped landowners to sell their land. As America continues to sprawl, the cost of the required water lines, sewer lines, and roads could cost more than $ 21,000 per residential and non-residential development unit, costing the American government $ 1.12 trillion between 2005 and 2030. Along with the costs of infrastructure, existing infrastructure suffers, as most of

2703-495: The zones of the concentric zone model that move outward to escape the increasing density of inward areas. For example, Kings County, New York served New York City as farmland in the 18th century, with boats carrying produce across the East River. The steam ferry later made Brooklyn Heights a commuter town for Wall Street . Streetcar suburbs spread through the county, and as elevated railways further extended its reach,

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2756-540: Was provided by the U.S. Department of Defense as part of a program to protect lands in the vicinity of Fort A.P. Hill . Mattaponi WMA was officially opened to the public on March 30, 2011. Mattaponi WMA covers 2,542 acres (10.29 km) in Virginia 's upper coastal plain , 1.3 miles (2.1 km) west of Bowling Green in Caroline County . It borders five miles (8.0 km) of the upper Mattaponi River and one and

2809-620: Was slow in Prague during the 1990s and more apparent after 2000, when housing affordability improved. Conversely, Slovenian and Romanian suburban developments visibly surrounded cities/towns during the 1990s. Nonetheless, socialist legacies of underdeveloped infrastructure and the affordability crisis of transition differentiate post-socialist suburbs from their Western counterparts. Various degrees of informality characterized suburban housing from illegal occupation of public land ( Tirana ), illegal construction on agricultural private land ( Belgrade ) to

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