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104-717: Its governance structure is a custom electoral system . The current chief is Alice McKay. Location of Inhabitance The Matsqui Nation and its inhabitants are currently located within the central Fraser River area located within the province of British Columbia in Canada and extends along the Fraser River valley from the Crescent Islands to the Sumas Mountains and goes south beyond the Canadian-US border. The Fraser river area

208-476: A 15th-century Latin manuscript by John Fortescue , also known as The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy ). This usage of "governance" to refer to the arrangements of governing became orthodox including in Sidney Low 's seminal text of the same title in 1904 and among some later British constitutional historians. However, the use of the term governance in its current broader sense, encompassing

312-455: A 2 million ounce gold deposit was defined by exploratory drilling by major mining companies, Cominco, Kennco Explorations (a subsidiary of Kennecott) and Quintana Minerals. A junior exploration company continued drilling the project and a gold rush ensued from 1979-1981. The Specogna gold deposit remains an unmined deposit with over 3 million ounces of gold and is categorized as an epithermal type gold deposit. Gold discoveries are not reported in

416-494: A binding effect on the "quality of life and opportunities of the larger public." Simply put, private—not public—entities are making public policy . For example, insurance companies exert a great societal impact, largely invisible and freely accepted, that is a private form of governance in society; in turn, reinsurers, as private companies, may exert similar private governance over their underlying carriers. The term "public policy" should not be exclusively associated with policy that

520-542: A context of financial uncertainty) have influenced health system priorities and subsequently the setting of the health governance function. These trends have resulted in the emergence of joint actions of all stakeholders to achieve seminal changes in 21st-century societies. It is also important to consider that people have witnessed a global shift from traditional and reactive healthcare to proactive care, mainly enabled by investment in advanced technologies. Recent artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine learning have made possible

624-402: A dual focus: achieving the organization's social mission and ensuring the organization is viable. Both responsibilities relate to fiduciary responsibility that a board of trustees (sometimes called directors, or Board, or Management Committee—the terms are interchangeable) has with respect to the exercise of authority over the explicit actions the organization takes. Public trust and accountability

728-577: A fjord that drains the west coast of Vancouver Island, tell a story of Spanish arriving then burning the valley searching for gold. Prospectors searching the valley have found old crude dug adits on the pass of the White River Valley and the Gold River Valley. Gold was first formally discovered by non-indigenous people at Gold Harbour on the west coast of Moresby Island in Haida Gwaii , near

832-713: A former residential school in Kamloops to investigate them and potentially missing children further and to find if similar situations have occurred in other residential schools found within the Fraser river area. Besides this, the Matsqui First Nation specifically also had to deal with a very significant project which was the Trans Mountain Project which was made in order to bring in more oil from Alberta to British Columbia. This happens to run through Matsqui territory which

936-402: A greater likelihood of program adoption beneficial to the needs reflected by the citizens. The mechanism of participatory governance links the social sphere to the political to produce policies directly molded by or influenced by citizens. Therefore, participatory governance potentially improves public service delivery and the allocation of resources. Emerging thinking about contract governance

1040-859: A group of people (perhaps with divergent opinions or interests) reach collective decisions generally regarded as binding on the group, and enforced as common policy . Governance, on the other hand, conveys the administrative and process-oriented elements of governing rather than its antagonistic ones. This distinction assumes the possibility of the traditional separation between "politics" and "administration" . Contemporary governance practice and theory sometimes questions this distinction, premising that both "governance" and "politics" involve aspects of power and accountability . In general terms, public governance occurs in various ways: Private governance occurs when non-governmental entities, including private organizations, dispute resolution organizations, or other third party groups, make rules and/or standards which have

1144-408: A health policy framework called Health 2020 was developed as a result of the collaboration between State members in the region. It gives policy-makers a vision, a strategic path and a set of priorities to improve health, guaranteeing that it is more equitable and sustainable. In the 21st century, global trends (e.g., changing population demographics and epidemiology, widening social inequalities, and

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1248-433: A larger group typically relies on a well-functioning governing body , which is a specific group of people entrusted with the authority and responsibilities to make decisions about the rules, enforcing them and overseeing the smooth operation of the group within the broader framework of governance. The most formal type of a governing body is a government, which has the responsibility and authority to make binding decisions for

1352-404: A normative idea based on the principles of place-based multi-stakeholder dialogue, negotiation and spatial decision-making, and aims to achieve environmental, economic and social objectives simultaneously. The current discourse about landscape governance calls for participatory and inclusive processes, that take into account the local realities (i.e. biophysical, cultural, social parameters), and

1456-652: A particular 'field' of governance associated with a type of activity or outcome (including environmental governance, internet governance, and information technology governance), or a particular 'model' of governance, often derived as an empirical or normative theory (including regulatory governance, participatory governance, multilevel governance, metagovernance, and collaborative governance). Governance can also define normative or practical agendas. Normative concepts of fair governance or good governance are common among political , public sector , voluntary , and private sector organizations. In its most abstract sense, governance

1560-505: A reference to the legendary king of a lost golden city, are known to have ever reached British Columbia, although archaeological remains point to a brief Spanish presence in the Okanagan and Similkameen regions of the province's Southern Interior . The Muchalaht, the Nuu-chah-nulth group in the area of the community of Gold River , on Vancouver Island, which is a community at the end of

1664-510: A sister that collectively shaped the world we know today and that it was the case before this shaping occurred that the different beings as we know them today like humans and animals were indistinguishable from each other. It was through the work of Xe:Xá:ls that the human, the plants and the animals took on their now recognizable forms. However, they also transformed the tribes of the Stó:lō peoples’ first founders into animals or plants. Specifically, for

1768-591: A specific geopolitical system (like a country) through established rules and guidelines. A government may operate as a democracy where citizens vote on who should govern towards the goal of public good . Beyond governments, other entities can also have governing bodies. These can be legal entities or organizations, such as corporations , companies or non-profit organizations governed by small boards of directors pursuing more specific aims. They can also be socio-political groups including hierarchical political structures, tribes, religious subgroups, or even families. In

1872-664: A tribe or a family), a formal or informal organization, a corporation, a non-governmental organization, a non-profit organization, a project team, a market, a network or even the global stage. "Governance" can also pertain to a specific sector of activities such as land, environment, health, internet, security, etc. The degree of formality in governance depends on the internal rules of a given entity and its external interactions with similar entities. As such, governance may take many forms, driven by many different motivations and with many different results. Whereas smaller groups may rely on informal leadership structures, effective governance of

1976-568: A variant of governing can be dated back to the early 1990s when academics began to stress the need for citizen participation in the government process. This decentralization of state power "strength[ens] vertical accountability" improving the relationship between citizens and municipal governments. The idea is that citizens should play a more direct roles in public decision-making or at least engage more deeply with political issues. Government officials should also be responsive to this kind of engagement. In practice, participatory governance can supplement

2080-410: A variety of types of actors – not just states – exercise power. In contrast to the traditional meaning of governance, the term global governance is used to denote the regulation of interdependent relations in the absence of an overarching political authority. The best example of this is the international system or relationships between independent states. The concept of global governance began in

2184-578: A way that allows the executives (the "agents") to respect the rights and interests of the stakeholders (the "principals"), in a spirit of democracy . British Columbia gold rushes British Columbia gold rushes were important episodes in the history and settlement of European, Canadian and Chinese peoples in western Canada . The presence of gold in what is now British Columbia is spoken of in many old legends that, in part, led to its discovery. The Strait of Anian , claimed to have been sailed by Juan de Fuca for whom today's Strait of Juan de Fuca

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2288-451: A way that they become accepted 'norms'. The fact that 'norms' can be established at any level and can then be used to shape the governance process as whole, means metagovernance is part of both the input and the output of the governing system. A collaborative governance framework uses a relationship management structure, joint performance and transformation management processes and an exit management plan as controlling mechanisms to encourage

2392-429: A wide range of steering and rule-making related functions carried out by governments/decisions makers as they seek to achieve national health policy objectives that are conducive to universal health coverage." A national health policy is a complex and dynamic process, which changes from State to State according to the political, historical and socio-economic situation prevailing in the country. Mainly it seeks to strengthen

2496-557: Is a part of. This tribe also developed a hierarchal society whereby by about 1450ce, a small minority held the majority of the political power, possibly caused by the fact that the Matsqui were known for having a sedentary lifestyle and being very migratory according to latest research. Contact History As soon as European contact arrived within the Pacific Northwest , fur trade followed and with that came very significant changes from

2600-744: Is a theoretical concept referring to the actions and processes by which stable practices and organizations arise and persist. These actions and processes may operate in formal and informal organizations of any size; and they may function for any purpose, good or evil, for profit or not. Conceiving of governance in this way, one can apply the concept to states , to corporations , to non-profits , to NGOs , to partnerships and other associations, to business relationships (especially complex outsourcing relationships), to project teams , and to any number of humans engaged in some purposeful activity. Most theories of governance as process arose out of neoclassical economics . These theories build deductive models, based on

2704-630: Is also inhabited by 11 other nations to form the Stó:lõ people or the "People of the River" which the Matsqui Tribe is a part of. All the first nations inhabiting this area have their areas of residence marked by watersheds. Specifically, the Matsqui First Nation currently reside within the part of the Fraser River downriver of the Sawmill Creek. Typically, the Matsqui Tribe emphasized a strong sense of connection to

2808-636: Is also shaped by external factors such as globalization , social movements or technological progress. From a normative perspective, good, effective and fair governance involves a well-organized system that fairly represents stakeholders ' interests and needs. Such governance guides the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the group's objectives, policies, and programs, ensuring smooth operation in various contexts. It fosters trust by promoting transparency, responsibility, and accountability, and employs mechanisms to resolve disputes and conflicts for greater harmony. It adapts to changing circumstances, keeping

2912-472: Is an essential aspect of organizational viability so it achieves the social mission in a way that is respected by those whom the organization serves and the society in which it is located. Corporate organizations often use the word governance to describe both: Corporate governance consists of the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way people direct, administer or control an organization. Corporate governance also includes

3016-403: Is by Richard Eells (1960, p. 108) to denote "the structure and functioning of the corporate polity". The "corporate government" concept itself is older and was already used in finance textbooks at the beginning of the 20th century (Becht, Bolton, Röell 2004). Project governance is the management framework within which project decisions are made and outcomes of a project are realized. Its role

3120-441: Is considered to contribute to poverty reduction and food security, since it can enable farmers to fully participate in the economy. Without recognized property rights, it is hard for small entrepreneurs, farmers included, to obtain credit or sell their business – hence the relevance of comprehensive land governance. There is constant feedback between land tenure problems and land governance. For instance, it has been argued that what

3224-483: Is focusing on creating a governance structure in which the parties have a vested interest in managing what are often highly complex contractual arrangements in a more collaborative, aligned, flexible, and credible way. In 1979, Nobel laureate Oliver Williamson wrote that the governance structure for a contract is the "framework within which the integrity of a transaction is decided", adding further that "because contracts are varied and complex, governance structures vary with

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3328-464: Is frequently called ' land grabbing ', was partly made possible by the Washington Consensus -inspired liberalization of land markets in developing countries. Many land acquisition deals were perceived to have negative consequences, and this in turn led to initiatives to improve land governance in developing countries. The quality of land governance depends on its practical implementation, which

3432-554: Is known as land administration : ‘the way in which rules of land tenure are made operational’. And another factor is accountability: the degree to which citizens and stakeholder groups are consulted and can hold to account their authorities. The main international policy initiative to improve land governance is known as the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in

3536-587: Is made by government . Public policy may be created by either the private sector or the public sector. If one wishes to refer only to public policy that is made by government, the best term to use is "governmental policy", which eliminates the ambiguity regarding the agent of the policy making. Global governance refers to institutions that coordinate the behavior of transnational actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems. Global governance broadly entails making, monitoring, and enforcing rules. Within global governance,

3640-454: Is named, was described as passing through a land (Anian) "rich in gold, silver, pearls and fur". Bergi (meaning "mountains"), another legendary land near Anian, was also said to be rich in gold as well. Speculative maps of northwestern North America published before the area was mapped placed the legendary golden cities of Quivira and Cibola in the far inland northwest. No Spanish exploration parties in search of El Dorado , "the golden one"

3744-469: Is only recorded orally means that the Matsqui people uphold a standard of complete honesty when telling such stories that, should a person get it wrong, they could be disgraced and barred from telling a story again as they would've disrespected their own history and that of their community. Governance#Public governance Governance is the overall complex system or framework of processes , functions, structures, rules , laws and norms born out of

3848-459: Is something of concern for the Matsqui First Nation. Other issues the Matsqui are also working on are salmon fishing rights and cranberry picking rights. Traditional Origin Stories The entire Stó:lō peoples as a group share a collective origin story (sxwoxwiyá:m) concerning how the world came about. Specifically, they all share the same belief for the same Xe:Xá:ls, a group of three brothers and

3952-574: Is to assure that investment in IT generates business value and mitigates the risks that are associated with IT projects. Blockchains offer a novel way to enforce agreements and achieve cooperation and coordination. The main technical features of blockchains support transparency and traceability of records, information immutability and reliability, and autonomous enforcement of agreements. As such, blockchains will affect traditional forms of governance—most notably, contractual and relational governance—and may change

4056-474: Is to provide a repeatable and robust system through which an organization can manage its capital investments—project governance handles tasks such as outlining the relationships between all groups involved and describing the flow of information to all stakeholders . Environmental governance (EG) consists of a system of laws, norms, rules, policies and practices that dictate how the board members of an environment related regulatory body should manage and oversee

4160-769: The Haida village of Tasu on Mitchell Inlet , an arm of Gold Harbour (which is part of Tasu Sound ). A brief gold rush - the Queen Charlottes Gold Rush - ensued in the following year, leading to the declaration of the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands to prevent the archipelago from being overrun by Americans and so claimed by the United States. The extent of the ore body proved superficial, and there are various stories of American prospecting parties harassed by

4264-467: The Haida people , who were still very numerous and powerful. In later times, Gold Harbour and Mitchell Inlet became the location of a modern mining operation, also called Tasoo or Tasu, but for iron rather than gold. In 1969, a local logger, Efrem Specogna and his brother-in-law, John Trinco made the initial gold discovery of the Specogna (Babe) Gold deposit west of Port Clements on Graham Island. By 1979,

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4368-618: The Indian Act which is the main act responsible for determining Indian status and the administration of reserve land. Eventually, through the realization of their shared interests in protecting the rights of the Stó:lō peoples, they eventually banded together to form the Stó:lō Nation Society in 1994. Now, the Stó:lõ Nation Chiefs Council focuses on the issue of the discovery of mass graves with 200 unmarked burials close to

4472-503: The London School of Economics , among others - offer governance as an area of study. Many social scientists prefer to use the term "governance" when discussing the process of governing, because it covers the whole range of institutions and relationships involved. Like government , the word governance derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb kubernaein [ kubernáo ] (meaning to steer ,

4576-637: The Nlaka'pamux , whose village was just north of Fort Yale. The mining population, split into thirds about evenly between Americans, Chinese, and a mix of Britons and Europeans who had been in California, many since the California Gold Rush ten years earlier, entered into conflict when two French miners violated a Nlaka'pamux girl near Lytton , then called "the Forks", and their beheaded bodies were seen floating down

4680-456: The health system , making sure that they are capable of meeting the health needs of targeted populations. More broadly, health governance requires a synergistic set of policies, many of which reside in sectors other than health as well as governors beyond the national governments, which must be supported by structures and mechanisms that enable collaboration. For instance, in the European context,

4784-434: The relationships , interactions , power dynamics and communication within an organized group of individuals which not only sets the boundaries of acceptable conduct and practices of different actors of the group and controls their decision-making processes through the creation and enforcement of rules and guidelines, but also manages , allocates and mobilizes relevant resources and capacities of different members and sets

4888-624: The Cariboo among the vanguard of the movement to join Canada as the 1860s progressed. Many Americans returned to the United States at the opening of the Civil War. Others went on to the Fort Colvile Gold Rush , Idaho Gold Rush , and Colorado Gold Rush . Some went elsewhere in the Intermontane West , including other parts of British Columbia, in addition to those who had come and gone during

4992-656: The Context of National Food Security (VGGT), endorsed by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS). Landscape governance roughly refers to the rules, processes and institutions according to which decisions regarding the protection, management and planning of the landscape are made. Landscape governance differs from country to country according to the national context (e.g., political system, organization of public administration, economy, culture etc.). Generally, landscape governance could be described as both an empirical observation and

5096-709: The European Commission , has stated that "the multilevel system of governance on which our European regional policy is based provides a key boost to the Union's competitive edge" and that, in times of economic crisis, "multilevel governance must be a priority." "Metagovernance" is the "governing of governing". It represents the established ethical principles, or 'norms', that shape and steer the entire governing process. There are no clearly defined settings within which metagoverning takes place, or particular persons who are responsible for it. While some believe metagovernance to be

5200-608: The Fraser and the Nooksack rivers. They often had good relations with each other and, according to oral history recorded by P.R. Jeffcott, members of the Ska-leih-hes tribe migrated to Canada where they believe to have originally come from. The Matsqui also are part of the Stó:lō Nation Society to work with the ten other sister Stó:lō tribes to address concerns regarding their tribes as a whole due to their shared cultural aspects and history. Pre-Contact History The earliest records within

5304-519: The Fraser river area show that human inhabitance can be clearly confirmed within the area as early as nine thousand years ago and that, by five thousand years ago, when the climate in British Columbia settled, there was the existence of a unique Salish form of cultural expression which is similar to that of today, showing cultural continuity from then till now among the Stó:lõ people which the Matsqui people

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5408-650: The Matsqui people and the Nooksack speaking Ska-leih-hes tribe. The name of the tribe itself, Matsqui, is the English version of Máthxwi which is derived from the root word má:th which is the Halqeméylem word for a plant that grows in the large marshes. Because it's attributed to Matsqui's watersheds, the word Máthxwi is typically translated something around like easy passage, given how it's apparently easy to travel through current Matsqui territory due to its environment. Nearby Tribes and Relations to Them As previously mentioned,

5512-404: The Matsqui people, their tribe's founder Sk-Elê’yitl, according to their own sxwoxwiyá:m, was transformed to a beaver by Xe:Xá:ls. The beaver is credited with bringing fire and salmon to the entirety of the Stó:lō peoples and because of their ability to move around, a beaver anywhere within Stó:lō territory can remind the Matsqui people of their heritage. The idea that the entire history of a people

5616-429: The Matsqui speak two languages due to shared history with the Ska-leih-hes tribe and this is due to the modern members of the Matsqui Tribe being descendants of both the ancestral Matsqui people and the Nooksack speaking Ska-leih-hes people. This wouldn’t be surprising as, according to Henry Custer who was a surveyor in 1858 who visited the region currently inhabited by the Matsqui noted that two interconnected lived between

5720-414: The access to, use of and control over land are made, implemented and enforced; it is also about managing and reconciling competing claims on land. In developing countries, it is relevant as a tool to contribute to equitable and sustainable development, addressing the phenomenon that is known as ‘ land grabbing ’. The operational dimension of land governance is land administration . Security of land tenure

5824-683: The activities of a wide range of public and private institutions, acquired general currency only as recently as the 1990s, when it was re-minted by economists and political scientists and disseminated by institutions such as the UN , the IMF and the World Bank . Since then, the term has gained increasing usage. Governance often refers to a particular level of governance associated with a type of organization (including public governance, global governance, non-profit governance, corporate governance , and project governance),

5928-619: The advent and wane of the Cariboo rush. To preserve British authority and retain control over the traffic of gold out of the region, the Governor commissioned the building of the Cariboo Road , a.k.a. the Queen's Highway, and a route from Lillooet and also established the Gold Escort , although that government agency never proved viable and private expressmen dominated the shipment of goods and mail into

6032-533: The affairs of any environment related regulatory body which is responsible for ensuring sustainability ( sustainable development ) and manage all human activities— political , social and economic . Environmental governance includes government, business and civil society, and emphasizes whole system management . To capture this diverse range of elements, environmental governance often employs alternative systems of governance, for example watershed-based management. In some cases, it views natural resources and

6136-409: The assumptions of modern economics, to show how rational actors may come to establish and sustain formal organizations, including firms and states, and informal organizations, such as networks and practices for governing the commons. Many of these theories draw on transaction cost economics. There is a distinction between the concepts of governance and politics . Politics involves processes by which

6240-634: The automation as well as the standardisation of many processes in healthcare , which have also brought to light challenges to the existing governance structures. One of these challenges concerns the ownership of health data . Internet governance was defined by the World Summit on the Information Society as "the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape

6344-409: The case of a state, governance expresses a growing awareness of the ways in which diffuse forms of power and authority can secure order even in the absence of state activity. A variety of external actors without decision-making power can influence this system of state governance. These include lobbies , think-tanks , political parties , non-government organizations , community and media . Governance

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6448-657: The committee representing the Matsqui Tribe within the Stó:lõ Nation Chiefs Council . Language Spoken The current Matsqui Tribe is actually bilingual with the tribe speaking two main native languages, the Halq'eméylem and the Nooksack Languages, and are one of only two tribes that are bilingual within the Stó:lõ family of tribes, the other being the Chilliwack Tribe. This is due to the shared history of both

6552-639: The course of the next winter. Also while at Yale, Douglas decreed the creation of subscriptions by which parties of men could pay for the right to construct a new route to the "Upper Fraser" via the Lakes Route , as a way around the dangers of the canyon trail and continued fears about the Nlaka'pamux. the "Upper Fraser" was the area of Lillooet and Fountain and several thousand miners had arrived in that region via overland routes through Oregon and Washington Territory, despite an injunction from Douglas that all access to

6656-454: The domestic and global level, the term governance marginalizes regulation as a constitutive instrument of governance. The term regulatory governance therefore allows us to understand governance beyond the state and governance via regulation. Participatory governance focuses on deepening democratic engagement through the participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state. The theoretical framework of participatory governance as

6760-456: The environment as global public goods, belonging to the category of goods that are not diminished when they are shared. This means that everyone benefits from, for example, a breathable atmosphere , stable climate and stable biodiversity. Governance in an environmental context may refer to: Land governance is concerned with issues of land ownership and tenure. It consists of the policies, processes and institutions by which decisions about

6864-545: The evolution and use of the Internet ." Internet governance deals with how much influence each sector of society should have on the development of the Internet, such as to what extent the state should be able to censor it, and how issues on the Internet, such as cyber-bullying and criminal behavior should be approached. IT governance primarily deals with connections between business focus and IT management. The goal of clear governance

6968-465: The finds in what was then known as New Caledonia hit California at a time of economic depression, when the gold fields were depopulated and many miners were in San Francisco, where the news hit like wildfire and overloaded steamers full of men equipped with not much more than gold pans and the clothes on their back headed north, along with entrepreneurs of all kinds and others seeking to profit not from

7072-446: The general area was James Douglas and while his role was to confirm the crown's property over the land, he regularly used money and treaties to buy land from the natives residing within the area and did grant the native communities living there a great amount of land in their own reserves. This, however, was not to say that his rule was all peaceful. During this time period, the Stó:lõ people were protesting for land rights and while Douglas

7176-662: The gold fields, and gold out of it (see Francis Jones Barnard and B.X. Express ). Among other events associated with the Cariboo Gold Rush was the Chilcotin War of 1864, provoked by an attempt to build a wagon road from Bute Inlet to Cariboo via the Homathko River . In addition to the gold rush's capital and destination of the Cariboo Road Barkerville , dozens of small towns and mining camps sprang up across

7280-505: The gold find so as to provoke a gold rush so as to force Britain's hand on the status of the British mainland north of the 49th parallel , which since the Oregon Treaty had remained unincorporated and had remained solely the domain of the fur company and its native clientele. American miners had been appearing more frequently on British soil and Douglas felt he had to take action. News of

7384-521: The goldfields would be through Victoria only. Those who came by those routes, the busiest but war-ridden Okanagan Trail , also spread farther afield in the Interior, leading to gold discoveries further and further afield and a string of small and large gold rushes including what would become the largest and most famous, the Cariboo Gold Rush . Not for nothing that among the most common sobriquet used at

7488-676: The good judgement of the Chief Trader , kept news of such discoveries quiet until a large trove was brought into Fort Kamloops in 1856 by members of the nearby Tranquille tribe of the Secwepemc . When news of the find and a large poke of gold dust brought to James Douglas , Chief Factor of the Columbia Department at Fort Victoria and also Governor of Vancouver Island , decided to ship it to San Francisco for smelting. Some historians have suggested he did so deliberately to spread news of

7592-429: The governor's journey upriver had travelled in advance, the Governor and his troops were greeted by the war parties or "Companies" that had engaged in the war, flying the British flag and greeting the Governor with a formal welcome. Admonishing them that the colony had been established and the Queen's Law would prevail, the governor appointed officials who would later lead to a series of events known as McGowan's War over

7696-554: The group responsive and resilient. By delivering on its promises and creating positive outcomes, it fosters legitimacy and acceptance of the governing body, leading to rule-compliance, shared responsibility, active cooperation, and ultimately, greater stability and long-term sustainability. Many institutions of higher education - such as the Balsillie School of International Affairs , Munk School of Global Affairs , Sciences Po Paris , Graduate Institute Geneva , Hertie School , and

7800-468: The increase of more elaborate Totem poles and other pieces of artwork. Within the later British Columbia gold rush , Governor James Douglas worked closely with the Salish natives to ensure that both would benefit from the gold rush that was approaching for a time being. However, as gold seekers from San Francisco began moving up to the Fraser River area, they began encroaching on Salish territory and threatening

7904-527: The journals of the early fur traders, and it became policy on the part of the fur companies to not advertise the presence of gold as the protection of the fur trade was the main corporate interest of their enterprise. Governor Etolin of Russian America expressly forbade news of gold discoveries as a serious crime against the state. Small quantities of gold were reported by traders in the 1830s and at some posts became current in local trading, though not common or in quantity. but Hudson's Bay Company policy, or

8008-498: The land they inhabit and that, unlike those who come from abroad, they have been, they are, and will always be native to the land they reside in. Population Number and Current Chief As of right now, there are 265 members of the Matsqui Tribe, 152 of whom live off the reserve (table indicates governmental records as opposed to nation's records, see references 1 and 2). The current chief would be Alice McKay who, with other tribe members such as counselor Brenda Morgan and Ryan Bird, form

8112-522: The largest on the river, was at Hill's Bar about 15 kilometers south of Fort Yale , which had become the epicenter of the gold rush as it was at the head of river navigation and at the foot of the Fraser Canyon and its difficult trails and rich gold-bearing bars. Hill's Bar's first claim, known as the "Boatmen of San Francisco", worked the bar alongside Chief Kowpelst and his people, the Spuzzum tribe of

8216-459: The local needs and concerns of the multiple landscape agents; and effectively deal with cases of conflicting interests, ensuring the democratic and just treatment of the landscape. The introduction of holistic approaches to landscape governance is the focus of the evolving interdisciplinary landscape research. Such an approach is the conceptualization of landscape as a commons . The discussion about commons-based landscape governance puts forward

8320-496: The meantime and Governor Douglas was forced to take action to enforce British authority and sovereignty on the mainland and set out by steamer with Royal Marines and the newly arrived first contingent of Royal Engineers for the gold fields. En route, the party stopped at Fort Langley , then still located at Derby , where Douglas declared the Colony of British Columbia and was sworn in as its first Governor, on August 1, 1858. Proceeding without much incident to Yale, where news of

8424-466: The merging of several independent Stó:lō organizations that were created to defend the rights of groups of Stó:lō peoples against the 1969 Liberal Indian Policy. The 1969 Liberal Indian Policy, also known as the White Paper, was a policy pushed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Jean Chrétien to abolish all previous treaties with first nations, especially

8528-628: The metaphorical sense first being attested in Plato ). Its occasional use in English to refer to the specific activity of ruling a country can be traced to early-modern England, when the phrase "governance of the realm" appears in works by William Tyndale and in royal correspondence from James V of Scotland to Henry VIII of England . The first usage in connection with institutional structures (as distinct from individual rule) appears in Charles Plummer's The Governance of England (an 1885 translation from

8632-445: The mid-19th century. It became particularly prominent in the aftermath of World War I, and more so after the end of World War II. Since World War II, the number of international organizations has increased substantially. The number of actors (whether they be states, non-governmental organizations, firms, and epistemic communities) who are involved in governance relationships has also increased substantially. Nonprofit governance has

8736-455: The mines, but from the miners. Victoria, until then a "sleepy English village" of a few hundred people, was transformed into a tent city of some 30,000 within weeks in the spring of 1858, among them 4000 were Chinese. After initial complaints of a "humbug", because high water levels prevented mining, thousands returned to California, only to be replaced by others as water levels dropped and mining began in earnest. The first major find, and among

8840-524: The natives with violence should they prevent the miners from mining. This led to the Fraser Canyon War which eventually forced Salish natives to roll back their resistance in addition to the fact that with the influx of American miners came smallpox that took out nearly fifty to seventy-five percent of the native population within the area. With the Matsqui, it was at about ninety percent. Focusing on Governance First person to come in control of

8944-463: The nature of the transaction." Multi-level governance is the concept and study of the fact that many intertangled authority structures are present in a global political economy. The theory of multi-level governance, developed mainly by Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks , arose from increasing European integration , particularly through the European Union . José Manuel Barroso , former President of

9048-447: The need for open technologies (i.e. accessible, under creative commons licenses , open-source ) that can facilitate public access to landscape data (e.g., maps/satellite images for the study and monitoring of landscape change) and the distributed participation in the decision making, mapping and planning (e.g. open platforms ). According to the WHO , "governance in the health sector refers to

9152-482: The new tools that natives began using to the great increase in potlatches. Indeed it is the case that, because of the increase of tools and overall trade with the Europeans trading for fur, most tribes began throwing extravagant potlatches to display their wealth to other tribes to the point that this began to replace war as grounds of battle and it was because of this that art increased as more tools and higher demand led to

9256-460: The organizations to make ethical, proactive changes for the mutual benefit of all the parties. Security sector governance (SSG) is a subpart concept or framework of security governance that focuses specifically on decisions about security and their implementation within the security sector of a single state. SSG applies the principles of good governance to the security sector in question. When discussing governance in particular organizations,

9360-401: The overall direction of the group in order to effectively address its specific collective needs, problems and challenges. The concept of governance can be applied to social, political or economic entities (groups of individuals engaged in some purposeful activity) such as a state and its government (public administration), a governed territory , a society, a community, a social group (like

9464-488: The quality of [their] democracy." Both examples contributed to the discussion of increasing citizen engagement as a mechanism to increase the effectiveness, legitimacy, and social justice of democratic governance. Action through participatory governance impacts policy at the municipal level. An example is the use of municipal housing councils in Brazil to impact policy adoption, which finds that housing councils are associated with

9568-419: The quality of governance within the organization is often compared to a standard of good governance . In the case of a business or of a non-profit organization , for example, good governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, guidance, processes and decision-rights for a given area of responsibility, and proper oversight and accountability. "Good governance" implies that mechanisms function in

9672-404: The rainy, swampy hills of the Cariboo, some such as Bullion and Antler Creek attaining mining fame in their own right. The Cariboo gold fields have remained active to this day, and have also yielded other boomtowns , such as Wells , a one-time company town of 3,000 in the 1920s just a few kilometres west of Barkerville, which today is a museum town , and one of the larger deep-rock mines in

9776-401: The relationships between people within an organization, (the stakeholders ) and the corporate goals . The principal players include the shareholders , management , and the board of directors . Other stakeholders include employees, suppliers, customers, banks and other lenders, regulators, the environment and the community at large. The first documented use of the word "corporate governance"

9880-647: The remoteness of the country, the Cariboo Rush did not begin in earnest until 1862 after the discovery of Williams Creek in 1861 and the relocation of the focus of the rush to the creek valleys in the northern Cariboo Plateau forming the headwaters of the Willow River and the north slope of the basin of the Quesnel. The rush, though initially discovered by American-based parties, became notably Canadian, Maritimer and British in character, with those who became established in

9984-461: The rest of Canada, British Columbia began disregarding the use of treaties to deal with native land and, while understanding of the specific cases of land use unique to British Columbia, did allot less lands overall than what was required by the Canadian government at the time. Modern Times The Matsqui Tribe, along with 10 other tribes form the Stó:lō Nation Society which was created as the result of

10088-576: The river. In the ensuing unrest, known as the Fraser Canyon War , most of the mining population fled the Canyon for Spuzzum and Yale, and war parties composed of Americans, Germans, French and others (many who had been mercenaries in Nicaragua, or in service of France in Mexico), forayed up the canyon and made a peace with the Nlaka'pamux , though many were killed on both sides. News of the war had reached Victoria in

10192-442: The role of the state which is assumed to want to steer actors in a particular direction, it can "potentially be exercised by any resourceful actor" who wishes to influence the governing process. Examples of this include the publishing of codes of conduct at the highest level of international government, and media focus on specific issues at the sociocultural level. Despite their different sources, both seek to establish values in such

10296-409: The roles of citizens as voters or as watchdogs through more direct forms of involvement. The role of citizens in participatory governance is to be afforded a form of state power as an elected group of non-political citizens to contribute to the public policy process. Different manifestations of participatory governance include participatory budgeting, councils, and community organizations involved at

10400-513: The state level, taking on state studies or participating in social issues. Over the last two decades, the most rapidly growing form of participatory governance has been participatory budgeting . In 2004, the British Columbia Citizens Assembly was the first form of direct citizen engagement created to envision the provincial electoral system. Adopted by Brazil, participatory budgeting was used to "enhance citizens' empowerment and

10504-411: The tendency of policy regimes to deal with complexity with delegated system of rules. It is likely to appear in arenas and nations which are more complex, more global, more contested and more liberally democratic. The term builds upon and extends the terms of the regulatory state on the one hand and governance on the other. While the term regulatory state marginalize non-state actors (NGOs and Business) in

10608-527: The time for the new Mainland Colony was "the Gold Colonies". By 1860, there were gold discoveries in the middle basin of the Quesnel River around Keithley Creek and Quesnel Forks , just below and west of Quesnel Lake . Exploration of the region intensified as news of the discoveries got out, and because of the distances and times involved in communications and travel in those times, moreover because of

10712-537: The way to organize collaborations between individuals and between organizations. Blockchain governance relies on a set of protocols and code-based rules. As an original governance mode, it departs from an enforcement through the law (as in contractual governance) or through the value of future relationships (as in relational governance). Regulatory governance reflects the emergence of decentered and mutually adaptive policy regimes which rests on regulation rather than service provision or taxing and spending. The term captures

10816-445: Was about accept their requests and register the reserves with the appropriate sizes, he retired beforehand and under control of Trutch, the reserve sizes were actually cut by eighty percent and, specifically for the Matsqui people, we find that their reserves were cut by even more than that where it decreased from 3,887 hectares to just sixty. And this was to continue because when the area finally became an admitted province in 1871, unlike

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