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83-397: In Trieste in 1867, two petty criminals, Sarcany and Zirone, discover a carrier pigeon bearing a ciphered message. Locating the recipient of the cipher, they devise a plan to take advantage of their discovery. Sarcany tells Silas Toronthal, a corrupt banker, that he suspects the cipher is part of a plot to liberate Hungary from Habsburg - Austrian rule. Together they form a plan to unlock

166-539: A free port within the Habsburg Empire by Emperor Charles VI , and remained a free port until 1 July 1791. The reign of his successor, Maria Theresa of Austria , marked the beginning of a very prosperous era for the city. Serbs settled Trieste largely in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they soon formed an influential and rich community within the city, as a number of Serbian traders came into ownership of many important businesses and built palaces across Trieste. In

249-554: A war crime that took place during and after World War II , take their name from the foibe. The Italian word foiba derives from Friulan foibe , which in turn derives from Latin fŏvea 'pit, chasm '. The oldest document on which it is reported is an official report in 1770, written by the Italian naturalist Alberto Fortis , who wrote a series of books on the Dalmatian karst. They are chasms excavated by water erosion , have

332-502: A critique of gambling, mocking those who engage in games of chance in Monaco and citing mathematical expertise against it. The novel was serialized in 42 chapters in Le Temps , a Parisian daily, between 16 June and 20 September 1885. The original French-language edition in a single volume included 111 illustrations by Léon Benett . It was published on 19 November 1885. George Hanna produced

415-559: A deep wide chasm of a river at the place where it goes underground. During and right after the end of World War II , OZNA and Yugoslav Partisans killed a number between 11,000 and 20,000 of the local ethnic Italian population ( Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ), as well against anti-communists in general (even Croats and Slovenes ), usually associated with Fascism , Nazism and collaboration with Axis , as well as against real, potential or presumed opponents of Tito communism by throwing their still living bodies into

498-555: A fervent patriot with a high moral sense. Dr Antekirtt appears based on Hetzel and his friend Nino Bixio . Others see similarities with the Hungarian freedom fighter Lajos Kossuth , who remained unreconciled to the 1867 compromise and Austrian prince Ludwig Salvator . The action moves from Trieste down the Adriatic coast to Sicily and the shores of North Africa . Verne wrote: "I wish my readers to learn everything they should know about

581-405: A joint governor. Initially, the newly established Allied Military Government (AMG) found it difficult to exercise its authority over the newly administered territories (the Italian majority provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Pola), because of a rooted communist presence, especially in the countryside. This state of affairs did not change until a formal peace treaty with Italy had been signed, granting

664-581: A prosperous trading hub in the Mediterranean region, Trieste grew to become the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (after Vienna , Budapest , and Prague ). At the turn of the 20th century, it emerged as an important hub for literature and music. Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s, and the Free Territory of Trieste became a major site of the struggle between

747-685: A riot against the Nazi occupiers. On 1 May Allied members of the Yugoslav Partisans ' 8th Dalmatian Corps took over most of the city, except for the courts and the castle of San Giusto, where the German garrisons refused to surrender to anyone but the New Zealanders, due to the partisans' reputation for shooting German and Italian prisoners of war. The 2nd New Zealand Division under General Freyberg continued to advance towards Trieste along Route 14 around

830-558: Is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as of the regional decentralization entity of Trieste . Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste , on a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia ; Slovenia lies close, at approximately 8 km (5 mi) east and 10–15 km (6–9 mi) southeast of

913-590: Is a major trade hub in the northern Mediterranean, with significant commercial shipping activity and busy container and oil terminals. The port has been included in the Silk Road scheme because of its ability to dock container ships with very large drafts. Because of this natural advantage, the Port of Hamburg (HHLA) and the State of Hungary have holdings in the port area of Trieste and the associated facilities have been expanded by

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996-512: Is administratively divided into seven districts, which in turn are further subdivided into parishes ( frazioni ): The iconic city centre is Piazza Unità d'Italia, which is located between the large 19th-century avenues of Borgo Teresiano and the old medieval city, characterised by many narrow streets. Mayors of Trieste since 1949: During the Austro-Hungarian era, Trieste became a leading European city in economy, trade and commerce, and

1079-531: Is located in the northernmost part of the high Adriatic , in northeastern Italy, near the border with Slovenia . The city lies on the Gulf of Trieste. Built mostly on a hillside, Trieste's urban territory lies at the foot of an imposing escarpment that comes down abruptly from the Karst Plateau towards the sea. The karst hills delimiting the city reach an elevation of 458 metres (1,503 feet) above sea level . It lies at

1162-562: Is to prevent such actions that we have been fighting this war." In this most turbulent of periods, the city saw a thorough reorganisation of the political-administrative system: the Yugoslav Fourth Army, to which many figures of prominence were attached (including Edvard Kardelj , a sign of just how important the Isonzo front was in Yugoslav aims) established a provisional Military Command in

1245-440: Is very warm with highs of about 29 °C (84 °F) and lows above 20 °C (68 °F), with hot nights being influenced by the warm sea water. The highest temperature of the last 30 years is 40.1 °C (104 °F) in 2020, whereas the absolute minimum was −7.9 °C (18 °F) in 1996. The Trieste area is divided into 8a–10a zones according to USDA hardiness zoning; Villa Opicina (320 to 420 MSL), with an 8a zone in

1328-577: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , shelving their demand for full independence from Austrian rule to gain instead considerable autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.. Though the compromise is not mentioned, chronology suggests that the Hungarian conspirators aim to frustrate this ratification, seize control of Hungary's urban centers, and declare Hungary independent, gambling that Austria, enfeebled by its recent defeat in

1411-525: The Austro-Prussian War , would accept this fait accompli . Verne's readers would expect this conspiracy to fail in the novel's early chapters. The novel also provides a critique of imperial administration: the Austrian police act in complete secrecy to arrest, court-martial and execute the radical Hungarians. Verne said that Sandorf was modeled on his publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel , a former exile and

1494-663: The Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War . A deep-water port, Trieste is a maritime gateway for northern Italy, Germany , Austria and Central Europe . It is considered the end point of the maritime Silk Road , with its connections to the Suez Canal and Turkey . Since the 1960s, Trieste has emerged as a prominent research location in Europe because of its many international organisations and institutions. The city lies at

1577-624: The Roman republic in 177 BC during the Second Istrian War . After being attacked by barbarians from the interior in 52 BC, and until 46 BC, it was granted the status of Roman colony under Julius Caesar , who recorded its name as Tergeste in Commentarii de Bello Gallico (51 BC), in which he recounts events of the Gallic Wars . During the imperial period the border of Roman Italy moved from

1660-561: The Timavo River to the Formione (today Risano ). Roman Tergeste flourished due to its position on the road from Aquileia , the main Roman city in the area, to Istria , and as a port, some ruins of which are still visible. Emperor Augustus built a line of walls around the city in 33–32 BC, while Trajan built a theatre in the 2nd century. At the same time, the citizens of the town were enrolled in

1743-527: The foiba beneath the Pisino Castle in Charles Yriarte 's works Les Bords de l'Adriatique and Trieste e l'Istria . Yriatre described the old castle and a trip down into the gorge. He also mentioned a young nobleman, Count Esdorff, who lost his life trying to explore the underground parts of a river. The first edition was dedicated to Alexandre Dumas . Dumas' son was so moved by the love expressed in

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1826-573: The 20th century embarked on a major modernisation programme. With the construction of the Austrian Southern Railway , the first major railway in the Empire, in 1857, Trieste acquired a significant role in the trade of coal. Trieste had long been home to Italian irredentist sentiment, as evidenced by the activity at Caffè Tommaseo  [ it ; de ] . In 1882 this fervour culminated in an attempted assassination of Emperor Franz Joseph at

1909-665: The AMG the full powers to administer justice and re-establish law and order in those areas under its administration. Replacing the People's Militia, the AMG recruited a civilian police force from the indigenous population along the Anglo-Saxon police model. This exercise of jurisdiction was thus articulated: pursuant to Proclamation No. 1, three tiers of tribunals were established: the Summary Military Courts, with jurisdiction over petty crime,

1992-551: The Austro-Hungarian government even awarding tax-free status to the city in order to encourage more commerce. Some evidence of Austria-Hungary's coffee-driven economic growth stimulus remain, such as the Hausbrandt Trieste coffee company. As a result, present-day Trieste is characterised by its many cafes, and is still known to this day as "the coffee capital of Italy". Companies active in the coffee sector have given birth to

2075-592: The Elder mentioned the vines of the wine Pulcino ("Vinum Pucinum" – probably today's "Prosecco"), which were grown on the slopes. In 788, Trieste submitted to Charlemagne , who placed it under the authority of the count-bishop who in turn was subject to the Duke of Friùli . During the 13th and 14th centuries, Trieste became a maritime trade rival to the Republic of Venice , which briefly occupied it in 1283–87, before coming under

2158-600: The Istrian Peninsula, has evenly distributed rainfall above 900 mm (35 in) in total; it is noteworthy that no true summer drought occurs. Snow occurs on average 2 days per year. Winter highs are lower than the average temperatures in the Mediterranean zone. Two basic weather patterns alternate — sunny, windy and often cold days frequently caused a northeastern wind called bora, and rainy days with temperatures of about 6 to 11 °C (43 to 52 °F). Summer

2241-528: The Italian state in 2021 with an investment of €400 million. The oil terminal is a key infrastructure in the Transalpine Pipeline , which covers 40% of Germany's energy requirements (100% of the states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), 90% of Austria and 50% of the Czech Republic's. The sea highway connecting the ports of Trieste and Istanbul is one of the busiest RO/RO [roll on roll-off] routes in

2324-500: The Mediterranean, which is why the action transports them to twenty different places". Verne based some of the locations on own travels, including a rescue during a storm off Malta and visits to Catania and Mount Etna . Verne researched the Italian landscape by rereading some of Stendhal 's works, notably Promenades in Rome and The Charterhouse of Parma . Verne may have first heard about

2407-509: The Mediterranean. The port is also Italy's and the Mediterranean's greatest coffee port, supplying more than 40% of Italy's coffee. The city is part of the Corridor 5 project to establish closer transport connections between Western and Eastern Europe, through countries such as Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, Ukraine and Bosnia. The thriving coffee industry in Trieste began under Austria-Hungary , with

2490-534: The Napoleonic Wars, Trieste continued to prosper as the Free Imperial City of Trieste ( German : Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest ), a status that granted economic freedom, but limited its political self-government. The city's role as Austria's main trading port and shipbuilding centre was later emphasised by the foundation of the merchant shipping line Austrian Lloyd in 1836, whose headquarters stood at

2573-462: The Risiera. Three to four thousand of them were murdered here by shooting, beating or in gas vans. Most were imprisoned before being transferred to other concentration camps. The city saw intense Italian and Yugoslav partisan activity and suffered from Allied bombings, over 20 air raids in 1944–1945, targeting the oil refineries, port and marshalling yard but causing considerable collateral damage to

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2656-603: The Superior Military Courts, which could impose punishments not exceeding 10 years imprisonment, and the General Military Court, which could impose the death penalty. Civil courts, as modelled on the Kingdom of Italy's code, were, pursuant to General Order No. 6, re-established July 12, 1945 but the slovene minority was given the right to be heard, and for proceedings to be, in their own language. In 1947, Trieste

2739-495: The Trieste Coffee Cluster as their main umbrella organisation, but also as an economic actor in its own right. A large part of Italian coffee imports (approx. 2–2.5 million sacks) are handled and processed in the city. Two Fortune Global 500 companies have their global or national headquarters in the city, respectively: Assicurazioni Generali and Allianz . Other corporations based in Trieste are Fincantieri , one of

2822-544: The Truman Doctrine, in all but name had sealed the status quo, formalised only in the above-mentioned treaty, one that proved to be a careful balancing act between Yugoslav demands, Italian claims and international aims toward the Adriatic gulf and Eastern Europe in general. Questions arose on the structure of government as soon and even earlier than the signing of the treaty, with neither Italy nor Yugoslavia willing to recognise

2905-840: The US it was titled The Prisoner of Zorda . Under that title Verne's son Michel Verne created a novel based on the film. Georges Lampin directed another Mathias Sandorf in 1963 starring Louis Jourdan , Francisco Rabal , Renaud Mary and Serena Vergano . An internationally co-produced television miniseries aired in 1979. Different versions divided the series into four or six episodes. Directed by Jean-Pierre Decourt it starred Hungarian actor István Bujtor as Mathias Sandorf, Ivan Desny as Zathmar, Amadeus August , Claude Giraud , Monika Peitsch, Sissy Höfferer , and Jacques Breuer . Trieste Trieste ( / t r i ˈ ɛ s t / tree- EST , Italian: [triˈɛste] ; Slovene : Trst [tə̀ɾst, tə́ɾst] )

2988-663: The Western Balkan Dinaric Alpine karst )—is a type of deep natural sinkhole , doline, or sink, and is a collapsed portion of bedrock above a void. Sinks may be a sheer vertical opening into a cave or a shallow depression of many hectares. They are common in the Karst region shared by Italy and Slovenia , as well as in the karst of the Dinaric Alps in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , and Croatia . The foibe massacres ,

3071-448: The Yugoslav authorities, and many of them were never seen again. Some were interned in Yugoslav internment camps (in particular at Borovnica, Slovenia ), while others were murdered on the Karst Plateau . British Field Marshal Harold Alexander condemned the Yugoslav military occupation, stating that "Marshal Tito's apparent intention to establish his claims by force of arms...[is] all too reminiscent of Hitler, Mussolini and Japan. It

3154-559: The Yugoslav forces withdrew from Trieste, which came under a joint British-U.S. military administration. The Julian March was divided by the Morgan Line between Anglo-American and Yugoslav military administration until September 1947 when the Paris Peace Treaty established the Free Territory of Trieste . The effective turning point for Trieste's fortunes had already been established, though: President Truman's stipulations, later named

3237-438: The Yugoslav partisans exterminated the native anti-fascist autonomists — including the leadership of Italian anti-fascist partisan organizations and the leaders of Fiume's Autonomist Party, like Mario Blasich and Nevio Skull , who supported local independence from both Italy and Yugoslavia — for example in the city of Fiume , where at least 650 were killed after the entry of the Yugoslav units, without any due trial. Foiba

3320-499: The above mentioned division [the New Zealand Division] as these cities had already been liberated...by the Yugoslav army...It is true that some Allied forces have without our permission entered into the above mentioned cities which might have undesirable consequences unless this misunderstanding is promptly settled by mutual agreement". After an agreement between the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito and Field Marshal Alexander,

3403-621: The beginning of the 20th century, Trieste was a bustling cosmopolitan city frequented by artists and philosophers such as James Joyce , Italo Svevo , Sigmund Freud , Zofka Kveder , Dragotin Kette , Ivan Cankar , Scipio Slataper , and Umberto Saba . The city was the major port on the Austrian Riviera . Italy, in return for entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers , had been promised substantial territorial gains, which included

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3486-427: The cipher and deliver the evidence to the police in exchange for a reward. The three Hungarian conspirators, Count Mathias Sandorf, Stephen Bathory and Ladislas Zathmar (in their Hungarian form: Sándor Mátyás, Báthory István and Szatmári László) are arrested and sentenced to death. They plot an escape, but Zathmar is captured while trying to escape and Bathory is apprehended the next night. Both are executed. Sandorf flees

3569-583: The city and 651 deaths among the population. The worst raid took place on 10 June 1944, when a hundred tons of bombs dropped by 40 USAAF bombers, targeting the oil refineries, resulted in the destruction of 250 buildings, damage to another 700 and 463 victims. On 30 April 1945, the Slovenian and Italian anti-Fascist Osvobodilna fronta (OF) and National Liberation Committee ( Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale , or CLN) of Edoardo Marzari and Antonio Fonda Savio , made up of approximately 3,500 volunteers, incited

3652-591: The city centre. In 1930 and 1941, two trials of Slovene activists were held in Trieste by the fascist Special Tribunal for the Security of the State. During the 1920s and 1930s, several monumental buildings were built in the Fascist architectural style , including the University of Trieste and the almost 70 m (229.66 ft) tall Victory Lighthouse (Faro della Vittoria), which became a city landmark. The economy improved in

3735-480: The city of Trieste—joined Italy, whereas Zone B and four villages from Zone A ( Plavje , Spodnje Škofije , Hrvatini , and Elerji ) became part of Yugoslavia, divided between Slovenia and Croatia . The final border line with Yugoslavia and the status of the ethnic minorities in the areas was settled bilaterally in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo . This line now constitutes the border between Italy and Slovenia. Trieste

3818-524: The city, while Croatia is about 30 km (19 mi) to the south of the city. The city has a long coastline and is surrounded by grassland, forest, and karstic areas. In 2022, it had a population of 204,302. Trieste belonged as Triest to the Habsburg monarchy from 1382 until 1918. In the 19th century, the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport. As

3901-530: The city. Trieste would be assaulted again in 1468–1469 by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III . His sack of the city is remembered as the "Destruction of Trieste." He then restored the city walls for the fourth time. Trieste was fortunate to be spared another sack in 1470 by the Ottomans who burned the village of Prosecco , only about 5.3 miles (8.5 kilometres) from Trieste, while on their way to attack Friuli . Following an unsuccessful Habsburg invasion of Venice in

3984-451: The commanding general of the American 88th Infantry Division , and the "British Element Trieste Forces" (BETFOR), commanded by Sir Terence Airey , who were the joint forces commander and also the military governors. Zone A covered almost the same area of the current Italian Province of Trieste, except for four small villages south of Muggia (see below), which were given to Yugoslavia after

4067-591: The corner of the Piazza Grande and Sanità (today's Piazza Unità d'Italia ). By 1913, Austrian Lloyd had a fleet of 62 ships totalling 236,000 tonnes. With the introduction of constitutionalism in the Austrian Empire in 1860, the municipal autonomy of the city was restored, with Trieste becoming capital of the Austrian Littoral crown land ( German : Österreichisches Küstenland ). With anti-clericalism on

4150-494: The dedication that he wrote a letter to Verne: "I've been loving you for so long that I feel like your brother". He said that in literature Verne is Dumas' son more than he himself. The steam yacht of doctor Antekirtt, Savarena , is an accurate portrait of Verne's own steam yacht, which he bought from the eccentric millionaire the Marquis de Préaulx for 60,000 F . The novel has inspired discussions of ciphers. Verne also provided

4233-694: The dissolution (see London Memorandum of 1954 ) of the Free Territory in 1954. Occupied Zone B, which was under the administration of Miloš Stamatović , then a colonel in the Yugoslav People's Army , was composed of the north-westernmost portion of the Istrian peninsula, between the Mirna River and the cape Debeli Rtič . In 1954, in accordance with the Memorandum of London, the vast majority of Zone A—including

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4316-508: The empire's political troubles, each features a pursuer who is himself pursued, each has a trio of characters at its centre, and each eschews granting a major role to machinery, a common feature of Verne's novels. Verne's book begins on May 18, 1867, as preparations for the rising in Hungary are said to be almost complete. The date reflects historical events: on May 29, 1867, the Diet of Hungary ratified

4399-434: The first English translation in 1889. ROH Press , which specializes in adventure novels, published a revised version of Hanna's translation by Nico Lorenzutti in 2014. Mathias Sandorf was adapted for the stage as a five-act play by William Bertrand Busnach , a French novelist and playwright who adopted several novels for the theater. It premiered at the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique on 27 November 1887. A stage production

4482-539: The foibe. This event is known as foibe massacres . The type of attack was state terrorism , reprisal killings , and ethnic cleansing against Italians . The foibe massacres were followed by the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . The Yugoslav partisans intended to kill whoever could oppose or compromise the future annexation of Italian territories: as a preventive purge of real, potential or presumed opponents of Tito communism (Italian, Slovenian and Croatian anti-communists , collaborators and radical nationalists ),

4565-404: The following decades, Trieste was briefly occupied by troops of the French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars on several occasions, in 1797, 1805 and 1809. From 1809 to 1813, Trieste was annexed into the Illyrian Provinces , interrupting its status of free port and losing its autonomy. The municipal autonomy was not restored after the return of the city to the Austrian Empire in 1813. Following

4648-443: The former Austrian Littoral and western Inner Carniola . Italy therefore annexed the city of Trieste at the end of the war, in accordance with the provisions of the 1915 Treaty of London and the Italian-Yugoslav 1920 Treaty of Rapallo . In the late 1920s, following Italian fascists burning down of the Slovene cultural centre in July 1920, the Slovene militant anti-fascist organisation TIGR carried out several bomb attacks in

4731-400: The generation after Dumas, Jules Verne wrote a number of Wanderer adventures. Three of the most notable, Michael Strogoff , The Steam House ( La Maison à vapeur ) and Mathias Sandorf , are set in three of Europe's great Empires: the Russian , the British (in India ), and the Austrian. Their plots and themes have a good deal in common, as Jean-Yves Tadié points out. Each one is about

4814-416: The hands of Wilhem Oberdank ( Guglielmo Oberdan ), while His Majesty was visiting the city. The perpetrator was arrested, tried, found guilty and ultimately sentenced to death. His legacy was regarded as worthy of martyrdom status by fellow irredentists, while monarchical elements regarded his actions as ignominious. The Emperor, who went on to reign for thirty-four more years, never again visited Trieste. At

4897-430: The industrial section of the city (mainly the shipyards). However, starting from the 1970s, Trieste has experienced steady economic growth. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the accession of Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the EU and the increasing importance of the maritime Silk Road to Asia and Africa across the Suez Canal , trade has seen an increase in Trieste. The Port of Trieste

4980-427: The intersection of Latin , Slavic and Germanic cultures, where Central Europe meets the Mediterranean Sea , and is home to diverse ethnic groups and religious communities. A scholarly area, Trieste has the highest percentage of researchers, per capita, in Europe. Città della Barcolana ("City of the Barcolana "), Città della bora ("City of the bora "), Città del vento ("City of Wind"), "Vienna by

5063-400: The junction point of the Italian geographical region, the Balkan Peninsula , and Mitteleuropan Area . Trieste's climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa , Trewartha : Cf ), with cool winters and hot summers. On average, relative humidity is low (~ 65%), while only three months (January, March and July) receive slightly less than 60 mm (2 in) of precipitation. Trieste, like

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5146-433: The late 1930s, and several large infrastructure projects were carried out. Following the trisection of Slovenia, starting from the winter of 1941, the first Slovene Partisans appeared in Trieste province, although the resistance movement did not become active in the city itself until late 1943. After the Italian armistice in September 1943, the city was occupied by Wehrmacht troops . Trieste became nominally part of

5229-1373: The name as Tergestum (according to Strabo , the name of the oppidum Tergestum originated from the three battles the Roman Army had to engage in with local tribes, "TER GESTUM [BELLUM]"). Modern names of the city include: Italian : Trieste , Slovene : Trst , German : Triest , Hungarian : Trieszt , Serbo-Croatian : Trst / Трст , Polish : Triest , Greek : Τεργέστη Tergésti and Czech : Terst .   Roman Empire , pre 395   Western Roman Empire , 395–476   Byzantine Empire , 476–567   Lombards , 567−788   Francia , 788−843   Middle Francia , 843−855   Patriarchate of Aquileia , 855–952   March of Verona , 952–1081 [REDACTED] Patria del Friuli , 1081–1368 [REDACTED] Republic of Venice , 1368–1369   Patriarchate of Aquileia , 1378–1382 [REDACTED] Holy Roman Empire , 1382−1806 [REDACTED] Austrian Empire , 1804–1809 [REDACTED] First French Empire , 1809–1814 [REDACTED] Austrian Empire , 1814–1867 [REDACTED] Austria-Hungary , 1867−1922 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Italy , 1922–1943 [REDACTED] OZAK , 1943–1945 [REDACTED] Allied Military Government , 1945–1947 [REDACTED] Free Territory of Trieste , 1947–1954 [REDACTED]   Italy , 1954–present Since

5312-407: The newly constituted Italian Social Republic , but it was de facto ruled by Germany, who created the Operation Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (OZAK) out of former Italian north-eastern regions, with Trieste as the administrative centre. The new administrative entity was headed by Friedrich Rainer , Gauleiter of Carinthia, named supreme commissary of the AK zone. A semblance of indigenous Italian rule

5395-496: The northern coast of the Adriatic sea and arrived in the city the following day (see official histories The Italian Campaign and Through the Venetian Line ). The German forces surrendered on the evening of 2 May, but were then turned over to the Yugoslav forces. The Yugoslavs held full control of the city until 12 June, a period known in Italian historiography as the "forty days of Trieste". During this period, hundreds of local Italians and anti-Communist Slovenes were arrested by

5478-446: The occupied areas. Fully understanding the precarious position it found itself in, the Yugoslav Command undertook great efforts to claim the success for itself, faced with the presence of the New Zealander Division in Trieste, which could undermine, as it did, postwar claims of sovereignty and control over the seaport. To this effect, a Tanjug Agency communiqué stated: "The seaport of Trieste, Monfalcone and Gorizia could not be occupied by

5561-556: The patronage of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. After it committed a perceived offence against Venice, the Venetian State declared war against Trieste in July 1368 and by November had occupied the city. Venice intended to keep the city and began rebuilding its defences, but was forced to leave in 1372. Due to the Peace of Turin in 1381, Venice renounced its claim to Trieste and the leading citizens of Trieste petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg , Duke of Austria , to annex Trieste to his domains. The agreement of voluntary submission ( dedizione )

5644-566: The police and jumps into the Adriatic where he is assumed drowned. Fifteen years later, Sandorf, who has survived and taken on the identity of Dr. Antekirtt, a renowned physician, sets out to avenge his friends. Enlisting the aid of two French carnival performers, Pescade and Matifou, he searches the Mediterranean for those who engineered the betrayal of his planned uprising. Wealthy and powerful, he rules an island fortress filled with advanced weaponry. He devotes his life to exacting justice from those whose greed brought his friends to their death. In

5727-408: The prelude to the 1508–16 War of the League of Cambrai , the Venetians occupied Trieste again in 1508, and were allowed to keep the city under the terms of the peace treaty. However, the Habsburg Empire recovered Trieste a little over one year later, when the conflict resumed. By the 18th century Trieste became an important port and commercial hub for the Austrians. In 1719, it was granted status as

5810-400: The rise in the rest of the Italian peninsula due to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardina's bellicose policies towards the church and its estates, Pope Leo XIII at times considered moving his residence to Trieste or Salzburg . However, Emperor Franz Joseph rejected the idea. Trieste, along with Rijeka (Fiume), served as an important base for the Imperial-Royal Navy , which in the first decade of

5893-427: The scenery, costumes, and effects of the Paris production. A two-act stage musical in Hungarian was performed in 2022/23 under the Hungarian title Sándor Mátyàs at the Hungarian Opera of Cluj in Cluj-Napoca , Romania. There have also been three film adaptations of Mathias Sandorf . Henri Fescourt directed a silent Mathias Sandorf in 1921. It starred Yvette Andréyor , Romuald Joubé , Jean Toulout , and in

5976-449: The sea" and "City of Coffee" are epithets used to describe Trieste. The most likely origin is a Celtic word, Tergeste – with the -est- suffix typical of Venetic – and derived from the hypothetical Illyrian word *terg- "market" (etymologically cognate to the Albanian term treg 'market, marketplace' and reconstructed Proto-Slavic "*tъrgъ") Roman authors also transliterated

6059-558: The second millennium BC, the location was an inhabited site. Originally an Illyrian settlement, the Veneti entered the region in the 10th–9th c. BC and seem to have given the town its name, Tergeste , because terg* is a Venetic word meaning market (q.v. Oderzo , whose ancient name was Opitergium ). Later, the town was captured by the Carni , a tribe of the Eastern Alps , before becoming part of

6142-570: The shape of an inverted funnel , and can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) deep. Such formations number in the hundreds in Istria . In karst areas, a sinkhole , sink, or doline is a closed depression draining underground. It can be cylindrical, conical, bowl-shaped or dish-shaped. The diameter ranges from a few to many hundreds of metres. The name "doline" comes from dolina , the Slovenian word for this very common feature. The term "foiba" may also refer to

6225-570: The time of the Roman Empire there was a fishing village called Vallicula ("small valley") in the Barcola area. Remains of richly decorated Roman villas, including wellness facilities, piers and extensive gardens suggest that Barcola was already a place for relaxation among the Romans because of its favourable microclimate, as it was located directly on the sea and protected from the bora . At that time, Pliny

6308-513: The tribe Pupinia. In 27 BC, Trieste was incorporated in Regio X of Augustan Italia . In the early Christian era Trieste continued to flourish. Between 138 and 161 AD, its territory was enlarged and nearby Carni and Catali were granted Roman citizenship by the Roman Senate and Emperor Antoninus Pius at the pleading of a leading Tergestine citizen, the quaestor urbanus , Fabius Severus. Already at

6391-400: The upper suburban area down to a 10a zone in the shielded and windproof valleys close to the Adriatic sea. The climate can be severely affected by the bora , a very dry and usually cool north-to-northeast katabatic wind that can last for some days and reach speeds of up to 140 km/h (87 mph) on the piers of the port, thus sometimes lowering temperatures to subzero levels. Trieste

6474-828: The world's leading shipbuilding companies, and the Italian operations of Wärtsilä . Prominent companies from Trieste include: AcegasApsAmga ( Hera Group ), Adriatic Assicurazioni SpA Autamarocchi SpA, Banca Generali SpA (BIT: BGN), Genertel , Genertellife , HERA Trading, Illy , Italia Marittima , Modiano , Nuovo Arsenale Cartubi Srl, Jindal Steel and Power Italia SpA; Pacorini SpA, Siderurgica Triestina (Arvedi Group), TBS Groug, U-blox , Telit , and polling and marketing company SWG . Foiba A foiba (from Italian : pronounced [ˈfɔiba] ; plural: foibe ['fɔibe] or foibas)— jama ( pronounced [ˈja̟mə] ) in South Slavic languages scientific and colloquial vocabulary (borrowed since early research in

6557-624: Was declared an independent city state under the protection of the United Nations as the Free Territory of Trieste . The territory was divided into two zones, A and B, along the Morgan Line established in 1945. From 1947 to 1954, Zone A was occupied and governed by the Allied Military Government , composed of the American Trieste United States Troops (TRUST), commanded by Major General Bryant E. Moore ,

6640-522: Was kept in the form of Cesare Pagnini, mayor of Trieste, but every civil official was assigned a representative of the supreme commissar in the form of a Deutsche Berater (German Adviser). Under German occupation, the only concentration camp with a crematorium on Italian soil was built in a suburb of Trieste, at the Risiera di San Sabba on 4 April 1944. From 20 October 1943, to the spring of 1944, around 25,000 Jews and partisans were interrogated and tortured in

6723-593: Was presented at The Boston Theatre in Boston in the fall of 1888 and at Niblo's Garden in New York City in August 1888, a production imported by impresario Bolossy Kiralfy . The New York Times reported: "The spirit and vigor and fancy of a Jules Verne romance are not easily reproduced on the stage, and in this case there has been no attempt to do more than furnish a vehicle for the display of spectacular effects." It employed

6806-540: Was signed at the castle of Graz on 30 September 1382. The city maintained a high degree of autonomy under the Habsburgs, but was increasingly losing ground as a trade hub, both to Venice and to Ragusa . In 1463, a number of Istrian communities petitioned Venice to attack Trieste. Trieste was saved from utter ruin by the intervention of Pope Pius II who had previously been bishop of Trieste . However, Venice limited Trieste's territory to three miles (4.8 kilometres) outside

6889-463: Was the fourth-largest and most important centre in the empire, after Vienna, Budapest and Prague. The economy of Trieste, however, fell into decline after the city's annexation to Italy in 1922. The Fascist government promoted several development schemes in the 1930s, with new manufacturing activities dedicated to shipbuilding and defence production (such as the "Cantieri Aeronautici Navali Triestini (CANT)"). Allied bombings during World War II destroyed

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