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59-462: Notable Massey lecturers have included Northrop Frye , John Kenneth Galbraith , Noam Chomsky , Jean Vanier , Margaret Atwood , Ursula Franklin , George Steiner , Claude Levi Strauss , and Nobel laureates Martin Luther King Jr. , George Wald , Willy Brandt , and Doris Lessing . In 2003, novelist Thomas King was the first person of Cherokee descent to be invited as a lecturer. The event

118-836: A Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture (1982). In the posthumous Collected Works of Northrop Frye , his writings on Canada occupy the thick 12th volume. Garrison mentality Frye collected his disparate writings on Canadian writing and painting in The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination (1971). He coined phrases like the Garrison Mentality , a theme that summarizes Canadian literature. Margaret Atwood adopted his approach and elaborated on this in her book Survival (1972). Canadian identity in literature Based on his observations of Canadian literature, Frye concluded that, by extension, Canadian identity

177-403: A body of knowledge for criticism that, while independent of literature, is yet constrained by it: "If criticism exists," he declares, "it must be an examination of literature in terms of a conceptual framework derivable from an inductive survey of the literary field" itself ( Anatomy 7). In seeking integrity for criticism, Frye rejects what he termed the deterministic fallacy. He defines this as

236-484: A centrifugal movement of backing up from the text towards the archetype, that the social function of literary criticism becomes apparent. Essentially, "what criticism can do," according to Frye, "is awaken students to successive levels of awareness of the mythology that lies behind the ideology in which their society indoctrinates them" (Stingle 5). That is, the study of recurring structural patterns grants students an emancipatory distance from their own society, and gives them

295-429: A coordinating principle, a central hypothesis which, like the theory of evolution in biology, will see the phenomena it deals with as parts of a whole ( Anatomy 16). Arguing that "criticism cannot be a systematic [and thus scientific] study unless there is a quality in literature which enables it to be so," Frye puts forward the hypothesis that "just as there is an order of nature behind the natural sciences, so literature

354-411: A critical attitude for criticism." For Frye critical integrity means that "the axioms and postulates of criticism . . . have to grow out of the art it deals with" ( Anatomy 6). Taking his cue from Aristotle , Frye's methodology in defining a conceptual framework begins inductively, "follow[ing] the natural order and begin[ning] with the primary facts" ( Anatomy 15). The primary facts, in this case, are

413-484: A judgment seat of final conviction, but from a rest stop on a pilgrimage, however near the pilgrimage may now be to its close" ( Double Vision Preface). Vico , in The New Science , posited a view of language as fundamentally figurative, and introduced into Enlightenment discourse the notion of the role of the imagination in creating meaning. For Vico, poetic discourse is prior to philosophical discourse; philosophy

472-465: A lecture because Ideas producers and the selected Lecturer Robert Theobald could not agree on an appropriate manuscript for the programme. The theme was to have been on the future of work. Theobald later published his manuscript as Reworking Success: New Communities at the Millennium (1997). Northrop Frye Herman Northrop Frye CC FRSC (July 14, 1912 – January 23, 1991)

531-553: A lecture tour. Two years after her death in 1986, he married Elizabeth Brown. He died in 1991 and was interred in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto , Ontario . The insights gained from his study of Blake set Frye on his critical path and shaped his contributions to literary criticism and theory. He was the first critic to postulate a systematic theory of criticism, "to work out," in his own words, "a unified commentary on

590-469: A nonspecialist public, realizing that whatever new directions can come to my discipline will come from their needs and their intense if unfocused vision" ( Auguries 7). It is therefore fitting that his last book, published posthumously, should be one that he describes as being "something of a shorter and more accessible version of the longer books, The Great Code and Words with Power ," which he asks his readers to read sympathetically, not "as proceeding from

649-479: A society with sufficient confidence for its writers to compose more formally advanced detached literature. Frye's international reputation allowed him to champion Canadian literature at a time when to do so was considered provincial. Frye argued that regardless of the formal quality of the writing, it was imperative to study Canadian literary productions in order to understand the Canadian imagination and its reaction to

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708-483: A vision of a higher human state — the Longinian sublime — that is not accessible directly through their own experience, but ultimately transforms and expands their experience, so that the poetic model becomes a model to live by. In what he terms a "kerygmatic mode," myths become "myths to live by" and metaphors "metaphors to live in," which ". . . not only work for us but constantly expand our horizons, [so that] we may enter

767-528: A whole is "displaced mythology" (Bates 21). Hart makes the point well when he states that "For Frye, the story, and not the argument, is at the centre of literature and society. The base of society is mythical and narrative and not ideological and dialectical" (19). This idea, which is central in Frye's criticism, was first suggested to him by Giambattista Vico . Frye uses the terms 'centripetal' and 'centrifugal' to describe his critical method. Criticism, Frye explains,

826-491: Is a discipline in its own right, independent of literature. Claiming with John Stuart Mill that "the artist… is not heard but overheard," Frye insists that The axiom of criticism must be, not that the poet does not know what he is talking about, but that he cannot talk about what he knows. To defend the right of criticism to exist at all, therefore, is to assume that criticism is a structure of thought and knowledge existing in its own right, with some measure of independence from

885-588: Is a science as well as an art?" (7), Thus, Frye launched the pursuit which was to occupy the rest of his career—that of establishing criticism as a "coherent field of study which trains the imagination quite as systematically and efficiently as the sciences train the reason" (Hamilton 34). As A. C. Hamilton outlines in Northrop Frye: Anatomy of his Criticism , Frye's assumption of coherence for literary criticism carries important implications. Firstly and most fundamentally, it presupposes that literary criticism

944-735: Is also a member institution of the Toronto School of Theology . The college's principal is HyeRan Kim-Cragg. Emmanuel College is a member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada . Emmanuel College has its origins in Victoria College, a Methodist college founded in 1836. From 1871 it operated a Faculty of Theology training candidates for the ministry of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 1884, with

1003-432: Is and understanding it in relation to other works within the 'order of words' (Cotrupi 4). Imposing value judgments on literature belongs, according to Frye, "only to the history of taste, and therefore follows the vacillations of fashionable prejudice" ( Anatomy 9). Genuine criticism "progresses toward making the whole of literature intelligible" ( Anatomy 9) so that its goal is ultimately knowledge and not evaluation. For

1062-846: Is co-sponsored by CBC Radio , House of Anansi Press and Massey College in the University of Toronto . The lectures have been broadcast by the CBC Radio show Ideas since 1965. Prior to 1989, the lectures were recorded for broadcast in a CBC Radio studio in Toronto. From 1989 to 2002, the lectures were delivered before a live audience at the University of Toronto. Since 2002, the lectures have been presented and recorded for broadcast at public events in five different cities across Canada. The lectures are broadcast each November on Ideas and published simultaneously in book form by House of Anansi Press. Many of

1121-439: Is essentially centripetal when it moves inwardly, towards the structure of a text; it is centrifugal when it moves outwardly, away from the text and towards society and the outer world. Lyric poetry, for instance, like Keats's " Ode on a Grecian Urn ", is predominantly centripetal, stressing the sound and movement and imagery of the ordered words. Rhetorical novels, like Uncle Tom's Cabin , are predominantly centrifugal, stressing

1180-503: Is in fact derivative of poetry . Frye readily acknowledged the debt he owed to Vico in developing his literary theory, describing him as "the first modern thinker to understand that all major verbal structures have descended historically from poetic and mythological ones" ( Words with Power xii). However, it was Blake , Frye's "Virgilian guide" (Stingle 1), who first awakened Frye to the "mythological frame of our culture" (Cotrupi 14). In fact, Frye claims that his "second book [ Anatomy ]

1239-401: Is not a piled aggregate of 'works,' but an order of words" ( Anatomy 17). This order of words constitutes criticism's conceptual framework, its coordinating principle. The recurring primitive formulas Frye noticed in his survey of the "greatest classics" provide literature with an order of words, a "skeleton" which allows the reader "to respond imaginatively to any literary work by seeing it in

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1298-618: The Free Church rival to Queen's during the Disruption of 1843 and favourable to church union, was expected to serve as the new church's main seminary. However, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario awarded the building to the continuing Presbyterians. The faculty and most students of Knox left to form "Union College" with the Faculty of Theology at Victoria. Shortly renamed Emmanuel College,

1357-483: The New Critics of his day in their centripetal insistence on structural analysis. But for Frye this is only part of the story: "It is right," he declares, "that the first effort of critical apprehension should take the form of a rhetorical or structural analysis of a work of art. But a purely structural approach has the same limitation in criticism that it has in biology." That is, it doesn't develop "any explanation of how

1416-703: The Canadian environment. Frye was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1951 and awarded the Royal Society's Lorne Pierce Medal (1958) and its Pierre Chauveau Medal (1970). He was named University Professor by the University of Toronto in 1967. He won the Canada Council Molson Prize in 1971, and the Royal Bank Award in 1978. In 1987 he received the Governor General's Literary Award and

1475-627: The Toronto Arts Lifetime Achievement Award. He was an Honorary Fellow or Member of the following: Northrop Frye was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1972. In 2000, he was honoured by the government of Canada with his image on a postage stamp . An international literary festival The Frye Festival , named in Frye's honour, takes place every April in Moncton, New Brunswick. The Northrop Frye Centre, part of Victoria College at

1534-727: The University of Toronto, was named in his honour, as was the Humanities Stream of the Vic One Program at Victoria College and the Northrop Frye Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto. Northrop Frye School in Moncton was named in his honour. A statue shows Frye sitting on a park bench outside the entrance to the Moncton Public Library . Another casting of the statue and bench by artists Darren Byers and Fred Harrison sits at Victoria College at

1593-520: The University of Toronto. Frye was named a National Historic Person in 2018. The following is a list of his books, including the volumes in the Collected Works of Northrop Frye , an ongoing project under the editorship of Alvin A. Lee . Beyond these publications, Frye edited fifteen books, composed essays and chapters that appear in over sixty books, and wrote over one hundred articles and reviews in academic journals. From 1950 to 1960 he wrote

1652-523: The University of Toronto. Northrop Frye did not have a PhD. The intelligence service of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police spied on Frye, watching his participation in the anti–Vietnam War movement, an academic forum about China, and activism to end South African apartheid. Frye married Helen Kemp, an educator, editor and artist, in 1937. She died in Australia while accompanying Frye on

1711-470: The aesthetic function of literature, centrifugally on the social function of literature. While some critics or schools of criticism emphasize one movement over the other, for Frye, both movements are essential: "criticism will always have two aspects, one turned toward the structure of literature and one turned toward the other cultural phenomena that form the social environment of literature" ( Critical Path 25). He would therefore agree, at least in part, with

1770-536: The annual critical and bibliographical survey of Canadian poetry for Letters in Canada, University of Toronto Quarterly . Emmanuel College, Toronto 43°40′00″N 79°23′34″W  /  43.66667°N 79.39278°W  / 43.66667; -79.39278 Emmanuel College is the theological college of Victoria University under the University of Toronto . Affiliated with the United Church of Canada , it

1829-473: The art it deals with ( Anatomy 5). This "declaration of independence" (Hart xv) is necessarily a measured one for Frye. For coherence requires that the autonomy of criticism, the need to eradicate its conception as "a parasitic form of literary expression,… a second-hand imitation of creative power" ( Anatomy 3), sits in dynamic tension with the need to establish integrity for it as a discipline. For Frye, this kind of coherent, critical integrity involves claiming

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1888-413: The centuries through all ideological changes. Such structural principles are certainly conditioned by social and historical factors and do not transcend them, but they retain a continuity of form that points to an identity of the literary organism distinct from all its adaptations to its social environment ( Words with Power xiii). Myth therefore provides structure to literature simply because literature as

1947-564: The college literary journal, Acta Victoriana . He then studied theology at Emmanuel College (like Victoria College, a constituent part of the University of Toronto). After a brief stint as a student minister in Saskatchewan , he was ordained to the ministry of the United Church of Canada . He then studied at Merton College, Oxford , where he was a member and Secretary of the Bodley Club before returning to Victoria College, where he spent

2006-618: The conviction that the Bible provided Western societies with the mythology which informed all of Western literature. As Hamilton asserts, "Blake's claim that 'the Old and New Testaments are the Great Code of Art' became the central doctrine of all [Frye's] criticism" (39). This 'doctrine' found its fullest expression in Frye's appropriately named The Great Code , which he described as "a preliminary investigation of Biblical structure and typology " whose purpose

2065-409: The critic in Frye's mode, then, ... a literary work should be contemplated as a pattern of knowledge, an act that must be distinguished, at least initially, from any direct experience of the work, . . . [Thus] criticism begins when reading ends: no longer imaginatively subjected to a literary work, the critic tries to make sense out of it, not by going to some historical context or by commenting on

2124-546: The idea of the " garrison mentality " as the attitude from which Canadian literature has been written. The garrison mentality is the attitude of a member of a community that feels isolated from cultural centres and besieged by a hostile landscape. Frye maintained that such communities were peculiarly Canadian, and fostered a literature that was formally immature, that displayed deep moral discomfort with "uncivilized" nature, and whose narratives reinforced social norms and values. Frye also aided James Polk in compiling Divisions on

2183-400: The imagination itself. Thus, rather than interpreting literary works from some ideological 'position' — what Frye calls the "superimposed critical attitude" ( Anatomy 7) — criticism instead finds integrity within the literary field itself. Criticism for Frye, then, is not a task of evaluation — that is, of rejecting or accepting a literary work — but rather simply of recognizing it for what it

2242-491: The imagination, literary works, including "the pre-literary categories of ritual , myth , and folk-tale " ( Archetypes 1450) form, in Frye's vision, a potentially unified imaginative experience. He reminds us that literature is the "central and most important extension" of mythology : "... every human society possesses a mythology which is inherited, transmitted and diversified by literature" ( Words with Power xiii). Mythology and literature thus inhabit and function within

2301-449: The immediate experience of reading but by seeing its structure within literature and literature within culture (Hamilton 27). Once asked whether his critical theory was Romantic , Frye responded, "Oh, it's entirely Romantic, yes" (Stingle 1). It is Romantic in the same sense that Frye attributed Romanticism to Blake: that is, "in the expanded sense of giving a primary place to imagination and individual feeling" (Stingle 2). As artifacts of

2360-409: The larger perspective provided by its literary and social contexts" (Hamilton 20). Frye identifies these formulas as the "conventional myths and metaphors" which he calls " archetypes " ( Spiritus Mundi 118). The archetypes of literature exist, Frye argues, as an order of words, providing criticism with a conceptual framework and a body of knowledge derived not from an ideological system but rooted in

2419-718: The lectures can be listened to online on the Ideas website, while others can be purchased on various sites. In addition to the print version for each individual year, several of the earlier lectures are available in compilations, including The Lost Massey Lectures. For Lawrence Hill 's Massey Lectures in 2013, the CBC Radio website featured a visual narrative to accompany that year's theme Blood: The Stuff of Life . The story included full-screen images of blood, animations that visually demonstrated historical attitudes towards blood and videos of people affected culturally by it. 1996 did not feature

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2478-747: The merger of the Wesleyan Methodists and the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) into a single Methodist Church of Canada , the seminary the MEC had established at Albert University in 1857 merged into Victoria. When the merger in turn to create the United Church of Canada took place in 1925, a number of congregations in the Presbyterian Church in Canada chose to remain a distinct denomination. Knox College, University of Toronto , founded as

2537-575: The most important works of literary theory published in the twentieth century. The American critic Harold Bloom commented at the time of its publication that Anatomy established Frye as "the foremost living student of Western literature." Frye's contributions to cultural and social criticism spanned a long career during which he earned widespread recognition and received many honours. Born in Sherbrooke , Quebec , but raised in Moncton , New Brunswick , Frye

2596-403: The movement of "a scholar with a special interest in geography or economics [to] express . . . that interest by the rhetorical device of putting his favorite study into a causal relationship with whatever interests him less" ( Anatomy 6). By attaching criticism to an external framework rather than locating the framework for criticism within literature, this kind of critic essentially "substitute[s]

2655-468: The new college became affiliated with the University of Toronto as a United Church of Canada seminary in 1925. The Emmanuel College main building was designed by architect Henry Sproatt . In 1969 the Toronto School of Theology (TST) was created as an independent federation of 7 schools of theology, including the divinity faculties of Emmanuel College. Within its own federation, U of T granted all but theology or divinity degrees. In May 1974, along with

2714-468: The other federated universities, St. Michael's and Trinity, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed with the University of Toronto, establishing the terms of their new relationship with the Faculty of Arts and Science. Since 1978, by virtue of a change made in its charter, the University of Toronto has granted theology degrees conjointly with Emmanuel College and other TST's member institutions. Emmanuel College welcomed its first woman principal in 2018 with

2773-451: The remainder of his professional career. Frye rose to international prominence as a result of his first book, Fearful Symmetry , published in 1947. Until then, the prophetic poetry of William Blake had long been poorly understood, and considered by some to be delusional ramblings. Frye found in it a system of metaphor derived from Paradise Lost and the Bible . His study of Blake's poetry

2832-445: The same imaginative world, one that is "governed by conventions, by its own modes, symbols, myths and genres" (Hart 23). Integrity for criticism requires that it too operates within the sphere of the imagination, and not seek an organizing principle in ideology. To do so, claims Frye, ... leaves out the central structural principles that literature derives from myth, the principles that give literature its communicating power across

2891-400: The structure came to be what it was and what its nearest relatives are. Structural analysis brings rhetoric back to criticism, but we need a new poetics as well . . ." ( Archetypes 1447). For Frye, this "new poetics" is to be found in the principle of the mythological framework, which has come to be known as 'archetypal criticism'. It is through the lens of this framework, which is essentially

2950-425: The thematic connection of the stories and characters to the social order. The "Ode" has centrifugal tendencies, relying for its effects on elements of history and pottery and visual aesthetics. Cabin has centripetal tendencies, relying on syntax and lexical choice to delineate characters and establish mood. But the one veers inward, the other pushes outward. Criticism reflects these movements, centripetally focusing on

3009-486: The theory of literary criticism" ( Stubborn Structure 160). In so doing, he shaped the discipline of criticism. Inspired by his work on Blake, Frye developed and articulated his unified theory ten years after Fearful Symmetry , in the Anatomy of Criticism (1957). He described this as an attempt at a "synoptic view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism" ( Anatomy 3). He asked, "what if criticism

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3068-501: The works of literature themselves. And what did Frye's inductive survey of these facts reveal? Significantly, they revealed "a general tendency on the part of great classics to revert to [primitive formulas]" ( Anatomy 17). This revelation prompted his next move, or rather, 'inductive leap': I suggest that it is time for criticism to leap to a new ground from which it can discover what the organizing or containing forms of its conceptual framework are. Criticism seems to be badly in need of

3127-453: The world of [kerygma or transformative power] and pass on to others what we have found to be true for ourselves" ( Double Vision 18). Because of its important social function, Frye felt that literary criticism was an essential part of a liberal education , and worked tirelessly to communicate his ideas to a wider audience. "For many years now," he wrote in 1987, "I have been addressing myself primarily, not to other critics, but to students and

3186-406: Was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist , considered one of the most influential of the 20th century. Frye gained international fame with his first book, Fearful Symmetry (1947), which led to the reinterpretation of the poetry of William Blake . His lasting reputation rests principally on the theory of literary criticism that he developed in Anatomy of Criticism (1957), one of

3245-485: Was a major contribution to the subject. Moreover, Frye outlined an innovative manner of studying literature that was to deeply influence the study of literature in general. He was a major influence on Harold Bloom , Margaret Atwood , and others. In 1974–1975 Frye was the Norton professor at Harvard University . But his primary position was as a professor at the University of Toronto, and then chancellor of Victoria College in

3304-400: Was contained in embryo in the first [ Fearful Symmetry ]" ( Stubborn Structure 160). For it was in reflecting on the similarity between Blake and Milton that Frye first stumbled upon the "principle of the mythological framework," the recognition that "the Bible was a mythological framework, cosmos or body of stories, and that societies live within a mythology" (Hart 18). Blake thus led Frye to

3363-422: Was defined by a fear of nature, by the history of settlement and by unquestioned adherence to the community. However, Frye perceived the ability and advisability of Canadian (literary) identity to move beyond these characteristics. Frye proposed the possibility of movement beyond the literary constraints of the garrison mentality: growing urbanization, interpreted as greater control over the environment, would produce

3422-451: Was the third child of Herman Edward Frye and of Catherine Maud Howard. His much older brother, Howard, died in World War I; he also had a sister, Vera. His first cousin was the scientist Alma Howard . Frye went to Toronto to compete in a national typing contest in 1929. He studied for his undergraduate degree in philosophy at Victoria College in the University of Toronto , where he edited

3481-550: Was ultimately to suggest "how the structure of the Bible, as revealed by its narrative and imagery, was related to the conventions and genres of Western literature" ( Words with Power xi). During the 1950s, Frye wrote annual surveys of Canadian poetry for the University of Toronto Quarterly , which led him to observe recurrent themes and preoccupations in Canadian poetry. Subsequently, Frye elaborated on these observations, especially in his conclusion to Carl F. Klinck 's Literary History of Canada (1965). In this work, Frye presented

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