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26-650: Marzabotto ( Medial Mountain Bolognese : Marzabòt ) is a small town and comune in Italian region Emilia-Romagna , part of the Metropolitan City of Bologna . It is located 27 kilometres (17 mi) south-southwest of Bologna by rail, and lies in the valley of the Reno . The area includes the site of an ancient Etruscan city and also the place of a modern massacre that took place there during World War II . In and below

52-555: A social media marketing campaign promoting its increased presence in the country. In July 2017, the Bologna city council's "consultative commission for street naming" approved the naming of a public square to the East of the city centre in the Cirenaica district Piazzetta degli Umarells in recognition of the local fame of the concept and the name – noting with conscious irony that the square

78-501: A masculine word do not have an -a : la rôda , "the wheel", äl rôd , "the wheels". The plurals of feminine words constructed from masculine words are formed by using an -i instead of an -a : biånnda , "blonde", biånndi , "blondes"; ziéṅna "aunt", ziéṅni , "aunts". Exception: bån, bôna No observable patterns exist for ô or ò . Sometimes stressed ô or ò turns into û on plural forms for example: al ciôd - i ciûd and al òc' - i ûc' . Other times it

104-486: A wage to umarell s to oversee worksites in the city – counting the number of trucks in and out to ensure materials were delivered/removed according to the receipts, and guarding against theft when the site was otherwise unattended. The town of San Lazzaro di Savena , 6 km ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi) to the South-East of Bologna, awarded the " Umarell of the year" prize to a local resident, Franco Bonini. In 2016,

130-413: Is complicated. Unlike Italian, inflection usually happens not by adding suffixes but rather by apophony : However, when words that end with -èl or -ôl are pluralised, the -èl or -ôl is changed to -î and -û respectively: martèl , "hammer", martî , "hammers"; fiôl , "son", fiû "sons". There are some exceptions to that rule, such as nurmèl , "normal", which

156-428: Is invariable for example: al sôld - i sôld and l òmen - i òmen . Alteration is the formation of words from others that are not changed in their fundamental features; instead, the way in which the concept is considered changes. The alterations can be added together to form chains: The alteration suffix is always stressed. Therefore, metaphony occurs: Often alterations change the gender of words: Adjective become

182-602: Is no exception and so is an Emilian dialect , not an Italian one. Bolognese is a dialect of Emilian , one of the Gallo-Italic languages of the Romance family. It shares many common features with other Gallo-Italic languages such as Piedmontese , Lombard , Venetian , Romagnol and Ligurian , and it is closer to them than to Italian. Bolognese evolved a group of Gallo-Romance languages sharing features with neighbouring northern Italian languages. It developed more distinctly into

208-536: Is preferable to use the augmentative –ån, -åna and the diminutive én, éna, àtt, àtta, etc. Therefore, to say “a small house” would be “una caṡlatta” and certainly not “una cén cà”! Even figurative expressions (a little help, a little stylist) should be translated with a few turns of phrase: (un pôc d’ajût, un stiléssta in fâza) Superlativo Relativo article + pió + noun + ed Special forms meglio / migliore peggio / peggiore Orthographic rules Combination with preposition Orthographic rules: The plural of

234-472: Is unchanged when made plural, and some others, such as sàntel , "godfather", which are unchanged when made plural because words are not truncated, that is, with a stress that does not fall on è or ô . Masculine words that end in a consonant are unchanged when made plural and so the number can be identified only by the preceding article: al râm , "the branch", i râm , "the branches". In addition, pluralised feminine words that are not constructed from

260-673: The Middle Ages as a dialect of the Emilian language. During the High Middle Ages , a number of troubadours composing lyrical poetry were active in Bologna , especially during the 13th century. That served to raise cultural awareness to the possibility of composing songs, poems and other works in vernacular languages. One of the first references to Bolognese as a distinct language was made by Dante Alighieri , in his De vulgari eloquentia , written in

286-562: The 20th century, where children were punished for speaking the dialect in school, as it was considered to be a sign of poor education and etiquette. In 1964, Alberto Menarini proposed an alphabet with many of the same letters still used. In recent times, Bolognese has enjoyed a period of rebirth with some words, such as umarell , derived from Bolognese umarèl , becoming popular beyond Bologna itself. Here are some prominent features of Bolognese phonology: The phonemes of Bolognese are realized phonetically very differently depending on

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312-474: The adjacent Grizzana Morandi and Monzuno. The town was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour for this episode. Sculptor Nicola Zamboni created a large monument in the city in 1975 in front of the town hall. Bolognese dialect Although the term dialect is commonly used in reference to all minority languages native to Italy, most of them are not mutually intelligible with Italian . Bolognese

338-506: The area in or around Bologna. Much free variation occurs in words from complex phonological processes. Bolognese has 25 consonant phonemes: Bolognese dialect has 2 diphthongs, namely /ai/ and /ʌu/. The general syllable structure of Bolognese syllables is: Thus, Bolognese words can have up to three consonants in the initial group (e.g. ṡżlèr , ṡgrinzlîr , ṡbléṡṡg , spzèr , strén , scrîver , sfrunblè , ftléṅna , ftièri , friulàn , ptrugnàn , pscarî , pznén ) and two consonants in

364-508: The articles un, una , does not exist. Instead, the partitive is used, consisting of the articulated forms of the preposition ed , or the adjective socuànt/socuànti ( alcuni/alcune ) “some”: In negative sentences, the partitive is used without the article (ed + noun), as in French. In Bolognese, the partitive is used more often than in Italian: If the conjugated verb starts with unstressed a,

390-413: The beginning of the 14th century. During the boom of interest in linguistic diversity during the 19th century, a number of efforts were made to create vocabularies, grammars, and collections of axioms, folk tales, and literature. The first dictionary was compiled in 1901 by Gaspare Ungarelli , who also attempted to create a writing system using the Italian alphabet . A period of stigmatisation followed in

416-882: The east and north of the site. The place was partially inhabited later by the Gauls , but was not occupied by the Romans . On September 29, 1944, during the World War II German occupation of Italy, the town was the site of the worst massacre of civilians committed by the Waffen SS in Italy. In reprisal of the local support given to the partisans and the resistance movement, soldiers of the SS-Panzer-Aufklärungsabteilung 16, killed systematically hundreds of civilians in Marzabotto, and in

442-478: The feminine form by adding -a to masculine, therefore they form plural similar to feminine nouns derived from masculine nouns. Adjective Order: 1. Some adjective (such as the one pertaining to orders) must go before the noun: 2. Other adjectives can go before or after the noun in Italian, while in Bolognese it is preferable to put them after: Exception for vèg = strano 3. Some adjectives are often placed before

468-463: The final group (e.g. gnanc , rimôrs , månnd , cunfinànt , pèrt ) (impermissible consonant combination will result in anaptyxis ). Bolognese only allows 2 diphthongs namely /ai/ and /ʌu/ (e.g. cåurs , intåurn , ataiṡ , raiga ). Orthographically, three consonants can exist simultaneously on coda ( dåntr , cåntr , nòstr , sänpr as syncopic forms of dånter , cånter , nòster , sänper ). However, it must be noted that it arises from -er only when

494-584: The grounds of the Villa Aria , close to the city, are the remains of an Etruscan town of the 5th century BC, Kainua , protected on the west by the mountains, on the south-east by the river, which by a change of course has destroyed about half of it. The acropolis was just below the villa : here remains of temples were found. The town lay below the modern high-road and was laid out on a rectangular plan divided by main streets into eight quarters, and these in turn into blocks or insulae. Necropoleis were found on

520-527: The local cultural association called Succede solo a Bologna ("It only happens in Bologna") released the " Umarèl card" as a fundraiser for continued restoration of the San Petronio church. Separately, a mobile app called Umarells was released that tracked the location of ongoing roadworks and construction sites. The fast food restaurant chain Burger King also "hired" several umarells as part of

546-453: The next word starts with a vowel and in actuality it's pronounced /-ŋ.(C)r(V)./ (1) Followed by a, o, u (2) Followed by i, e (3) End of a syllable (coda) or followed by consonant Bolognese distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine, and two numbers, single and plural. In most nouns, the suffix -a is added to the masculine word to indicate femininity: defizänt, defizänta; påndg, påndga. The formation of Bolognese plurals

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572-544: The noun as in Italian because by putting them after the noun, a slight variation in meaning would be obtained: These adjectives placed before the noun actually very often have a figurative meaning. “Grand” more often expresses quality than size. Brótt does not necessarily express aesthetic ugliness but a generic pejorative “-accio” (“-âz” in Bolognese). Puvràtt does not express little wealth, but an unhappy condition. 4. To express dimensions (both large and small), in Bolognese, it

598-564: The speaker 2. ( lé ) further away from the speaker, often near the listener 3. ( là ) even further away from the speaker and the listener Umarell Umarell (Italian spelling of the Bolognese Emilian word umarèl , Emilian pronunciation: [umaˈrɛːl] ; plural umarî ) are men of retirement age who spend their time watching construction sites, especially roadworks  – stereotypically with hands clasped behind their back and offering unwanted advice to

624-524: The verbal pronoun a(i) is dropped. For example mé arîv, nuèter arivän Formal pronouns are used to replace 2nd person pronoun to indicate politeness or courtesy. Formal pronouns in Bolognese include ló for masculine and lî for feminine. Note: ste and sta elides before words starting with vowels. For example: A quest'ora. Che ora è? = Da st’åura. Ch’åur’é? Orthographic rules Demonstrative pronouns or adjective are almost always followed by adverbs indicating degrees of distance: 1. ( qué ) near

650-515: The workers. Its literal meaning is "little man" (also umaréin ). The term is employed as lighthearted mockery or self-deprecation . The modern term was popularised in 2005 by local writer Danilo Masotti through three books and an associated blog. In 2021, the word was included in the Zingarelli dictionary. In 2015, the city of Riccione , approximately 130 kilometres (80 miles) southeast of Bologna, allocated an €11,000 budget to pay

676-430: Was under construction at the time. In April 2018, the public square was inaugurated by city councillor Matteo Lepore , the district president Simone Borsari, the "lord of the umarell s" Franco Bonini, the stand-up comedian Maurizio Pagliari (Dulio Pizzocchi), and the writer Danilo Masotti. A year later the street-sign for the square was stolen. In April 2020, the comic magazine Topolino dedicated an episode to

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