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54-526: Mary District ( Turkmen : Mary etraby ) is a district of Mary Province in Turkmenistan . The administrative center of the district is the town of Mary . This Turkmenistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Turkmen language Turkmen ( türkmençe , түркменче , تۆرکمنچه ‎ , [tʏɾkmøntʃø] or türkmen dili , түркмен дили , تۆرکمن ديلی ‎ , [tʏɾkmøn dɪlɪ] )

108-411: A defining aspect of Yomut culture, is the only traditional dance among Turkmen tribes. It was initially performed as a ritual to heal the sick, then as pre-war saber dance called " Zekr-e Khanjar " and later evolved into a celebratory dance . Accompanying this, Ghazal , a form of spontaneous singing or competition, is primarily performed by elderly women, though men occasionally use it to invite others to

162-621: A different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages: Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and

216-596: A draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published. In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching

270-529: A gathering earth and mountains crumble. When food is prepared at one table, Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen Yomut There is a common belief about the origin of the name Yomut. It is said that a long time ago, Indigenous people settled by the Caspian Sea and were well-known for their dogs. These dogs would bark at anyone unfamiliar or not from the village. When the foreigners would pass by

324-478: A letter arrived at the Ilbars camp, which was headed by 20 thousand horsemen, consisting of Yomuts, (other) Turkmens, Kazakhs and Uzbeks . The letter said: "Several times with the predatory tribe of Yomuts for the purpose of robbery, you raided the vicinity of sacred Mashhad and each time experienced misfortune and, having suffered defeat, defeated, went (back) to Khiva. Despite my peacefulness, three thousand people from

378-456: A limited influence from classical Chagatai . Turkmen has dental fricatives / θ / and / ð / unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as / s / and / z / . The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir . However, in Bashkir / θ / and / ð / are two independent phonemes, distinct from / s / and / z / , whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are

432-480: A messenger to the yomuts in Astrabad with oaths and assurances to say: "Together with your families and kin, return to the homeland of your ancestors, we will show you affection and love, you will participate in the use of our wealth." Yomuts joyful and cheerful began to return. Eltuzer Khan again handed them their former possessions, so that they could start farming. After Eltuzer Khan in 1221, H. (1806) power passed into

486-483: A round cap called "tahya." Ornaments play a significant role in Yomut attire, with designs often inspired by their seafaring lifestyle. These motifs, primarily representing waves in blue and white, are known as "Yomut yaka" and can be found on both men's shirts and women's dresses. Nadir Shah in 1740 sent a letter to the ruler of Khiva , Ilbars Khan , asking him to come to ask for forgiveness. The envoys of Nadir Shah with

540-522: Is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb . Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, Ýomud , Änewli , Hasarly, Nerezim, Gökleň , Salyr , Saryk, Ärsary and Çowdur . The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan ) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only

594-504: Is "on bir" ( lit.   ' ten-one ' ). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is iki müň on ýedi (two-thousand-ten-seven). The following is Magtymguly 's Türkmeniň (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's Turkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while

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648-662: Is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia . It has an estimated 4.3 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), and a further 719,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in northwestern Afghanistan , where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia . Turkmen

702-484: Is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani , Crimean Tatar , Gagauz , Qashqai , and Turkish , sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm,

756-753: Is the son of a hero – a hero his father, Göroghli his brother, drunken his head, Should they pursue him on mountain or plain, The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen Köňüller, ýürekler bir bolup başlar, Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar-daşlar, Bir suprada taýýar kylynsa aşlar, Göteriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň. Gönüller, yürekler bir olup başlar, Tartsa yığın erir topraklar, taşlar, Bir sofrada hazır kılınsa aşlar, Götürülür o ikbali Türkmen'in. Könüllər, ürəklər bir olub başlar, Dartsa yığın əriyər topraqlar, daşlar, Bir süfrədə hazır qılınsa aşlar, Götürülər o iqbalı türkmənin. Hearts, breasts and heads are at one, When he holds

810-667: Is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of obalar is obalardan "from the villages" but, the ablative case of itler "dogs" is itlerden "from the dogs". Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of

864-687: The Book of Dede Korkut , Zöhre Tahyr, Gorogly , Layla and Majnun , Yusuf Zulaikha and others. There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy , who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature. Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are Döwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine, Abdylla Şabende , Şeýdaýy , Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy. Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11)

918-527: The Ersary variety. The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early Oghuz Turks , including phonemic vowel length . Iraqi and Syrian "Turkmen" speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani , in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian . These varieties are not Turkmen in

972-708: The Eurasian carp was the most commonly caught fish, however due to environmental loss and overfishing, their population has significantly declined since 1992. Today, almost no Eurasian carp are caught. In recent years, Yomut have adopted modern fishing tools such as galvanized fishing nets and motorboats , though these have also been blamed by locals for a decline in the quantity and quality of fish. Galvanized nets are known locally as "Namardi nets", Narmardi literally meaning invisible, but colloquially used to refer to something considered unmanly. Yomut women are recognized by how they wear their headscarves, which are placed on top of

1026-631: The Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet. Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, obalardan "from the villages" can be analysed as oba "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); alýaryn "I am taking" as al "take", -ýar (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular). Another characteristic of Turkmen

1080-763: The Oghuz Turks , who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family . The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey . These works include, but are not limited to

1134-692: The Inak, due to the fact that they "were afraid of his anger and severity." After the death of Evez-biy in 1219 h. (1804/05) power in Khiva passed to his son Eltuzer , who soon declared himself Khan. From all over the country, the tribes of Turkmens, Kara-Kalpaks and Uzbeks came in whole detachments to congratulate him, but the Yomuts, who, having lived in Urgench for 60 years, did not obey the Khiva khans, laughed at Eltuzer Khan and showed disobedience. Eltuzer Khan, after ascending to

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1188-815: The Jeyhun and the Khazar sea, Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen. Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen. Hak sylamyş bardyr onuň saýasy, Çyrpynşar çölünde neri, maýasy, Reňbe-reň gül açar ýaşyl ýaýlasy, Gark bolmuş reýhana çöli türkmeniň. Hak sıylamış vardır onun sayesi, Çırpınışır çölünde eri, dişisi. Rengarenk gül açar yeşil yaylası, Gark olmuş reyhana çölü Türkmen'in. Haqq saya salmış vardır onun sayəsi, Çırpınışar çölündə əri, dişisi. Rəngbərəng gül açar yaşıl yaylası, Qərq olmuş reyhana çölü türkmənin. The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection. His camels, his flocks range over

1242-525: The Kusht Depdi. Carpet weaving is another remarkable part of Yomut life, just as with other Turkmen tribes . The Yomut are especially noted for their unique two-sided carpets, unique for the tribal practice. Among Gurgan Yomut who live on the shore of the Caspian Sea , fishing is an extremely significant part of life. Based on local estimates, there are at maximum 40 fishers in every village. Historically,

1296-664: The Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border. Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran. The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen use mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen use

1350-702: The Persian border due to Russian counterattacks. The outbreak of the Russian Civil War in 1917 once again weakened local Russian forces, and Junaid Khan reoccupied Khorezm. The Khan of Khiva, Isfandiyar Khan was executed, and Sayid Abdullah was instaled as a puppet ruler . In July 1918 the Transcaspian Government was established in Turkmenistan, a provisional government led by Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries against Bolshevik forces. Local Turkmen, especially Yomut proved to be uncooperative with

1404-525: The Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages: Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries. During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing

1458-663: The Transcapsian government. In response, they were mobilized against the Red Army to prevent them from clashing with the government. By December most Turkmen had begun cooperating with the Transcaspian government and British forces in the region to stabilize the region, but Yomut Turkmen were revolting against the government. In response, the government began to militarily suppress the tribe. In January 1924 Junaid Khan regrouped his forces and led an unsuccessful three-week siege against

1512-661: The Turkmen SSR. At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up

1566-595: The Turkmen language. During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power , the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language. The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script. In January 1925, on

1620-423: The Yomut have three main tribal divisions: While the tribal divisions within the Yomut do not show significant differences, there are noticeable variations in dialect and minor cultural practices between the groups. These distinctions add to the rich diversity within the Yomut community. Yomut culture is unique from other Turkmen tribes, especially in its traditions, rituals, and customs. The Kusht Depdi dance,

1674-508: The Yomut tribes, with the aim of making a night raid, arrived in Chardjuy . Upon learning of this, the troops of (Nadir Shah) destroyed them in one blow and scattered them like the stars of the Big Dipper . Most of them were killed and taken prisoner, and (only) a small number with a thousand disasters made it to safety. It is said that at the end of the reign of Shahgazi Khan (c. 1181 x. - 1767)

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1728-451: The Yomuts and Choudors captured Khiva. As a result of attempts at resistance, the khan was overthrown from the throne. In the same year, some of the dignitaries, hostile towards Muhammad Emin-inak, began to fight against him. For this reason, the inak went to the yomuts, (but) after 18 days Abd-us-Sattar-bai was brought from there. At this time, the dominance of the Yomuts already crossed all borders, and their cruelty and oppression burdened

1782-610: The desert, Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures, Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen. Al-ýaşyl bürenip çykar perisi, Kükeýip bark urar anbaryň ysy, Beg, töre, aksakal ýurduň eýesi, Küren tutar gözel ili türkmeniň. Al yeşil bürünüp çıkar perisi Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi, Bey, töre, aksakal yurdun iyesi, Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in. Al-yaşıl bürünüb çıxar pərisi Qoxub bərq vurar ənbərin iy(is)i, Bəy, turə, ağsaqqal yurdun yiyəsi, Kürən tutar gözəl eli türkmənin. His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green, From them wafts

1836-408: The dogs would start barking, and the owners would shout "Yum it!" to calm their dogs . This phrase roughly translates to "Quiet, dog." Over time, people outside the village began referring to these dog owners as "Yumits," a name that eventually evolved into " Yomut ." The earliest depictions and descriptions of the Yomut date back to the 16th century. The first official guidebook about the Yomut and

1890-540: The hands of Mohammed Rahim Khan (1806-1825), to whom the Yomuts also obeyed. The Yomuts raided the Astrabad and Mazandaran provinces of Persia and Khorasan to kidnap local residents, whom they then sold into slavery, mainly to the Khiva Khanate. During the middle of the 19th century, the Yomut had relatively amicable relations with the Russian Empire , though issues persisted. Russia used this relationship to build

1944-415: The head, showing the hair, without being tied. They also wear a distinctive headgear called Kasaba. The Yomut are one of the few Turkmen tribes where women traditionally wore earrings, known as "Gulak halka" (ear wheel). A pair of antique Yomut earrings once sold for over 250,000 euros, highlighting their cultural and historical value. Yomut men, on the other hand, traditionally wear a red coat called "don" and

1998-449: The khan's throne, gave out support to the troops and went to pogrom the Yomuts who lived on the edge of the desert towards Astrabad - the territory of Iran and Gürgen, located south of the city of Khiva. Some of them lived sedentary, while most were nomads. There were approximately 12 thousand families (at the beginning of the 19th century). Each family has two riders, they have thoroughbred horses and are good at pike and saber. So, this tribe

2052-517: The last one is the English translation. Jeýhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy, Çöl üstünden öwser ýeli türkmeniň; Gül-gunçasy – gara gözüm garasy, Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň. Ceyhun ile Bahr-ı Hazar arası, Çöl üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in. Gül goncası kara gözüm karası, Kara dağdan iner seli Türkmen'in. Ceyhun ilə Bəhri-Xəzər arası, Çöl üstündən əsər yeli türkmənin. Gül qönçəsi qara gözüm qarası, Qara dağdan enər seli türkmənin. Between

2106-449: The loyalty of several Yomut tribes, and carried out punitive military actions against dissenters. These actions, combined with significant Yomut casualties in the Battle of Geok Tepe , damaged Russian-Yomut relations. In the 1910s, the city of Khorezm was significantly weakened by ethnic tension between Turkmens and Uzbeks. The ruling dynasty and much of the urban population was Uzbek, while

2160-496: The neighboring ethnic groups was written by Clement Augustus de Bode, titled On the Yamud and Goklan Tribes of Turkomania . The Yomut are divided along lines of social class , geographic region, and sub-tribe. The Yomut have historically been categorized as one of two social classes, with some considering sedentary fishers to be a separate third class: The Yomut are divided into two primary geographical categories: Additionally,

2214-600: The new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993,

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2268-409: The nickname kara-choka. Mohammed Emin-inak accepted them for service. After that, both of these troops went to war with his enemies. During the reign of the son and successor of the inak Evez-biy (died March 13, 1804), the Yomuts, apparently, were not in openly hostile relations with him, judging by the fact that he fled to their territory in 1206. (1791 | 92) Pahlavan Quli Bai was extradited by them to

2322-716: The pages of the republican newspaper Türkmenistan , the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of

2376-614: The people, stealing their property and women and insulting him in every possible way. In 1770, Muhammad Amin-biy, the leader of the Uzbek tribe of Kungrats, defeated the Yomuts and established his power in the khanate. In 1779, by order of Mohammed Emin-inak, an army of Yomuts, who belonged to the Khorasan and Gurgan Turkmens, came to the outskirts of Khiva. Let it be known that these Yomuts belonged to two different clans (taif): some were called bairam-shahli, and others - choni-sheref, also known under

2430-474: The population to the extreme ( fukara ). As a result, Muhammad Emin-inak, Abd-us-Sattar-bai and Abd-ur-Ra-khim-mekhter opposed the Yomuts, but were defeated in the battle of Arab-khane. Pursuing them, the Yomuts stopped at Kara-Tepe and began to prepare for a siege. Some (from the Khivans) began to talk about peace; when the dignitaries (umara) came out and met with the chiefs of the yomuts, they were seized, and at

2484-695: The port Krasnovodsk in Türkmenbaşy Gulf during the early 1870s, as part of a larger campaign to counter the United Kingdom in the Great Game . From 1880 to 1884 the Russian Empire began a land invasion of Turkmenistan, rapidly acquiring major towns and cities. Some Yomut tribes accepted Russian rule, such as those living in the Merv Oasis . However, Russian General Mikhail Skobelev used threats to gain

2538-440: The principle of "One Nation, Two States". Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics . Here are some words from

2592-412: The rural population was primarily composed of nomadic Yomut. In 1913, a local Yomut leader named Junaid Khan exploited this weakness and attacked the city, though Russian artillery forces prevented him from succeeding. The outbreak of World War I drew Russian troops away from garrisoning the region, and so in 1915 Junaid Khan led a successful attack against Khorezm. He was eventually forced to retreat to

2646-572: The same time, the yomuts, taking advantage of the fact that the city dwellers were persecuting the teke and the salyrs, seized the city of Khiva . The Yomuts, with the help of the Aral people, conquered Kungrad , (after which) the power was in their hands. They put Khan Geldy-inak at the head of the power, who was an adherent and well-wisher of this (Turkmen) tribe, and they did not reckon with other dignitaries, starting with Muhammad Emin, and even treated them with contempt. Themselves at this time began to rob

2700-583: The scent of ambergris, Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country, Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen. Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi, Görogly gardaşy, serhoşdyr seri, Dagda, düzde kowsa, saýýatlar, diri Ala bilmez, ýolbars ogly türkmeniň. O merdin oğludur, merttir pederi, Köroğlu kardeşi, sarhoştur seri, Dağda, düzde kovsa avcılar diri Alamaz arslan oğlu Türkmen'in. O mərdin oğludur, mərddir pedəri, Koroğlu qardaşı, sərxoşdur səri, Dağda, düzdə qovsa səyyadlar (ovçular) diri Ala bilməz arslan oğlu türkmənin. He

2754-520: The sense of this article. Turkmen is a member of the East Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages; its closest relatives being Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility . However, the closest language to Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan. Turkmen has vowel harmony ,

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2808-740: The two main realizations of the common Turkic / s / and / z / . In other words, there are no / s / and / z / phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has / s / , / z / , / θ / and / ð / . The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as "mən" in Azerbaijani , whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: "bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından" . In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: "munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan" . Here are some words with

2862-430: Was divided into two parts. Some decided to obey, saying: "We cannot leave the homeland of our ancestors and how can we live in a foreign country!" Some of them refused to obey because Eltuzer Khan suggested to them: "If you give up your raids, disobedience and robberies and live like other subjects, paying taxes from sheep, camels and agriculture, then it's good, otherwise, leave our state. " After some time Eltuzer Khan sent

2916-441: Was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914. The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in

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