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80-585: Mary Phelps Austin was born on 30 October 1784 in New Haven, Connecticut , to Elijah Austin (1751–1794) and Esther Phelps Austin. She grew up in a large family, which included three older brothers, three younger brothers, and a younger sister. One of her older brothers was Henry Austin (Texas settler) . Elijah Austin was a veteran of the American Revolution, joining the Governor's Foot Guard Company on behalf of

160-532: A 2010 population of 129,779, with 47,094 households and 25,854 families within the city of New Haven. The population density was 6,859.8 inhabitants per square mile (2,648.6/km ). There were 52,941 housing units at an average density of 2,808.5 per square mile (1,084.4/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 42.6% White , 35.4% African American , 0.5% Native American , 4.6% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 12.9% from other races , and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 27.4% of

240-442: A U.S. Senator and judge on Connecticut's highest court. Daggett denigrated African Americans, denied they were citizens, and presided over the trial of a woman persecuted for trying to admit an African American girl to her boarding school and, having that effort blocked, running a boarding school for African American girls. New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839,

320-469: A female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size 3.19. The ages of New Haven's residents were 25.4% under the age of 18, 16.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

400-568: A financial services firm, United Illuminating , the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut (NYSE: UIL), and Transpro Inc. (AMEX: TPR). The American division of Assa Abloy (one of the world's leading manufacturers of locks) is located in the city. The Southern New England Telephone Company (SNET) began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as

480-518: A guest at a local church. The Holleys returned to New Haven in the summer while they both awaited news about his assignment to a congregation. He accepted the suggestion of the president of the Yale Seminary and took the position as minister of a church at Greenfield Hill in Fairfield County, Connecticut . Horace had taught school in addition to his pastoral duties. He left Fairfield County to go on

560-580: A hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city, particularly the Wooster Square and Fair Haven neighborhoods were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91 , and the Oak Street Connector . The Oak Street Connector ( Route 34 ), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to

640-515: A powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as "The Arsenal of America". It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt invented the automatic revolver in 1836. Many other talented machinists and firearms designers would go on to found successful firearms manufacturing companies in New Haven, including Oliver Winchester and O.F. Mossberg & Sons . The Farmington Canal , created in

720-572: A preaching tour of New England while Mary returned to New Haven. While on tour, Horace accepted a position as pastor of the South End Church on Hollis Street in Boston . Mary was pregnant and gave birth to their first child, Harriette Williman Holley. New Haven, Connecticut New Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut , United States. It is located on New Haven Harbor on

800-547: A subsidiary of Frontier Communications and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut. SeeClickFix was founded and has been headquartered in the city since 2007. Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company (a candy-making division of the Hershey Company ) was formerly located in the city. Achillion Pharmaceuticals and Alexion Pharmaceuticals were also formerly headquartered in New Haven. New Haven

880-770: Is a tribute to the federal churches on the green and even borrows the cupola from the United Church. On the northeast side along Elm Street by the lower Green is the New Haven Free Public Library ( Cass Gilbert , 1908). The library was once the site of the Bristol House, also designed by David Hoadley, whose doorway is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Next to the library is the Beaux-Arts , neoclassical New Haven County Courthouse . The courthouse

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960-419: Is governed via the mayor-council system . Connecticut municipalities (like those of neighboring states Massachusetts and Rhode Island ) provide nearly all local services (such as fire and rescue, education, snow removal, etc.), as county government has been abolished since 1960. New Haven Green The New Haven Green is a 16-acre (65,000 m ) privately owned park and recreation area located in

1040-517: Is host to numerous public events, such as the International Festival of Arts and Ideas and New Haven Jazz Festival, summer jazz and classical music concerts that can draw hundreds of thousands of people, as well as typical daily park activities. The New Haven Green Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District for the architectural significance of the three 19th-century churches located there. The New Haven Green

1120-519: Is noted for its local style of pizza . A study of the demographics of the New Haven metro area, based on age, educational attainment, and race and ethnicity, found that they were the closest of any American city to the national average. New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline ; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously,

1200-563: Is now a National Historic Landmark , and the "Nine Square Plan" is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark. New Haven is the home of Yale University , New Haven's biggest taxpayer and employer, and an integral part of the city's economy. Health care, professional and financial services and retail trade also contribute to the city's economic activity. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, when sole governance

1280-531: Is one of the oldest and most well-known town greens in the nation, dating back to at least 1638. As of July 2017, the City of New Haven offers free public WiFi on the Green. The Green is a traditional town green ( common ) and was originally known as "the marketplace". It was completed in 1638. The Puritans were said to have designed the green large enough to hold the number of people who they believed would be spared in

1360-462: Is still known as Whitneyville , and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now the Eli Whitney Museum , which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the A. C. Gilbert Company . His factory, along with that of Simeon North , and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut

1440-567: The 1950s , New Haven began to suffer white flight of middle-class workers. One author suggested that aggressive redlining and rezoning made it difficult for residents to obtain financing for older, deteriorating urban housing stock, thereby condemning such structures to deterioration. In 1954; then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers,

1520-872: The American Revolution approached, General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the British parliament could be resolved short of rebellion. On April 23, 1775, Captain Benedict Arnold commanded the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard , of New Haven to break into the powder house to arm themselves for a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts , an event still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day . Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on

1600-541: The American Revolution . This indirectly led to the burning of most of the city by the British when they landed in New Haven in 1779. The Green was used as the main burial grounds for the residents of New Haven during its first 150 years, but by 1821 the practice was abolished and many of the headstones were moved to the Grove Street Cemetery . However, the remains of the dead were not moved, and thus still remain below

1680-621: The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens) and the flagpole with granite World War I memorial (designed by Douglas Orr in 1928) and fountain (added in 2003). While once the edges of the Green were covered with a glorious canopy of elms , planted originally by James Hillhouse , most died of dutch elm disease . In the 1980s, through the efforts of the Garden Club of New Haven, disease-resistant elms were planted in an attempt to memorialize

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1760-551: The Northeast Corridor and Vermont . The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the Knowledge Corridor in western Massachusetts , improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served." Set for construction in 2013, the "Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" project will cost approximately $ 1 billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for

1840-577: The Second Coming of Christ : 144,000. In its early years, the Green held a watch house, a prison and a school. The upper Green also once held the First Methodist Church. The church was removed from the Green in 1848 with a new church built across Elm Street (designed by Henry Austin ). The Green also held a succession of statehouses, dating from the time when New Haven was joint capital of Connecticut with Hartford . The most recent state house

1920-452: The downtown district of the city of New Haven, Connecticut , United States. It comprises the central square of the nine-square settlement plan of the original Puritan colonists in New Haven, and was designed and surveyed by colonist John Brockett . Today the Green is bordered by the modern paved roads of College, Chapel, Church, and Elm streets. Temple Street bisects the Green into upper (northwest) and lower (southeast) halves. The green

2000-588: The "barren literary climate" and began to work on the university's grounds. After her husband resigned from his position, she wrote the first book published in English on Texas. She continued to promote the annexation of Texas, Mexican-American relations, and the arts. For the first few months of their marriage, the Holleys lived in his father's home in Salisbury, Connecticut , while he researched, wrote, and delivered sermons as

2080-462: The 1960s through the late 1990s, central areas of New Haven continued to decline both economically and in terms of population despite attempts to resurrect certain neighborhoods through renewal projects. In conjunction with its declining population, New Haven experienced a steep rise in its crime rate . Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular,

2160-525: The American colonists. He was a merchant and a shipowner. At least one of his vessels delivered to his shop at the New Haven wharf a shipment of Chinese porcelain , silk , spices, and tea . Elijah died of yellow fever in 1794 before Mary's tenth birthday. In addition, one of Elijah's ships had crashed, and the loss was great enough to leave his estate insolvent. Timothy and Jennett Phelps adopted Mary shortly after Elijah's death. Timothy, Mary's maternal uncle,

2240-681: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 . As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters. In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the Hartford Line , with a southern terminus at New Haven's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield's Union Station. According to the White House , "This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to

2320-536: The Collegiate School relocated from Old Saybrook to New Haven, establishing it as a center of learning. In 1718, in response to a large donation from East India Company merchant Elihu Yale , former Governor of Madras , the Collegiate School was renamed Yale College . For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, including the French and Indian War . As

2400-562: The Committee of the Proprietors of Common and Undivided Lands at New Haven, maintain ownership of the green. This five-member committee oversees the large, main portion of the green. The proprietors are drawn from the ranks of prominent city residents. Members are appointed for life, and when one dies the four remaining members convene to select a replacement. Located on the upper Green are three historic early 19th century churches which reflect

2480-567: The Green. The memorial stands on the site of the jail that held the Amistad captives during their time in New Haven. Spectators came to see them when they were brought out to exercise on the Green and paid 12 and a half cents to view them in the jail. Opposite the eastern corner of the lower green is the Union and New Haven Trust Building (now Wells Fargo and The Union apartments) designed by Cross and Cross in colonial revival style in 1927. The design

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2560-523: The New Haven area was the home of the Quinnipiac tribe of Native Americans , who lived in villages around the harbor and sustained an economy of local fisheries and the farming of maize . The area was briefly visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a small trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic and the Dutch did not settle permanently in

2640-464: The New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms. On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon , governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the town of 3,500. A militia of Yale students had been preparing for battle, and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront

2720-511: The Phelpses; Mary's eleven-year-old cousin had grown up in the frontier west before his father sent him to New Haven for an education. Mary was engaged that year to Horace Holley , a seminary student and aspiring minister, and they were married on 1 January 1805. Austin moved to join her husband in Lexington, Kentucky , while he served as the president of Transylvania University . She was troubled by

2800-487: The Redcoats. Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle, he still couldn't quite believe the revolution had begun. New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with Danbury in 1777, or Fairfield and Norwalk a week after the New Haven raid, preserving many of the town's colonial features. New Haven was incorporated as a city in 1784, and Roger Sherman , one of

2880-534: The Upper Green. Intertwined in the dirt and roots was a human skeleton. The police and medical examiner were called to the scene. The bones likely date back to colonial times, when the Green was used as a cemetery. The Grove Street cemetery that replaced it was chartered in 1797. A small portion of the burial ground is now preserved in The Center Church Crypt . A self-electing group of private individuals,

2960-497: The area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In addition, two new supermarkets opened to serve downtown's growing residential population: a Stop & Shop opened just west of downtown, while Elm City Market, located one block from the Green, opened in 2011. The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals. Major projects include

3040-490: The area. In 1637, a small party of Puritans did a reconnaissance of the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans, who had left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of Reverend John Davenport and London merchant Theophilus Eaton , sailed into the harbor. It was their hope to set up a theological community with the government more closely linked to

3120-517: The central square was left open, in the tradition of many New England towns, as the city green (a commons area). The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America. As in other cities, many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname "Elm City" perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch elm disease , although many have since been replanted. The New Haven Green is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to

3200-466: The church than that in Massachusetts, and to exploit the area's potential as a port. The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots , sold their land to the settlers in return for a pledge of protection. By 1640, "Quinnipiac's" theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed New Haven, with ' haven ' meaning harbor or port. However, the area to

3280-508: The city's first settlement , opened in 1900. New Haven's expansion continued during the two World Wars, with most new inhabitants being African Americans from the American South , and Puerto Ricans . The city reached its peak population after World War II . The area of New Haven is only 17 square miles (44 km ), encouraging further development of new housing after 1950 in adjacent, suburban towns. Moreover, as in other U.S. cities in

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3360-552: The city's neighborhoods, including Wintergreen Brook, the Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, and Prospect Creek. Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round. According to the Köppen classification , New Haven experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), bordering a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ). The city has hot, humid summers and cool to cold winters. From May to late September,

3440-510: The city's theocratic roots. Two of the three churches are the work of the influential early-19th century architects Ithiel Town and Asher Benjamin , and one of them is the nation's first large-scale Gothic Revival structure. Because of this architectural legacy, the green was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970. The three churches are: In the lower Green are the Bennett Fountain (built in 1907 and designed after

3520-545: The city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below). In 1970, a series of criminal prosecutions against various members of the Black Panther Party took place in New Haven, inciting mass protests on the New Haven Green involving twelve thousand demonstrators and many well-known New Left political activists. (See "Political Culture" below for more information). From

3600-604: The city. The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Beaver Hills , Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in

3680-457: The city. In 2017, New Haven was ranked by a Verizon study as one of the top 10 cities in America for launching tech startups, and top two in New England. Industry sectors : Agriculture (.6%), Construction and Mining (4.9%), Manufacturing (2.9%), Transportation and Utilities (2.9%), Trade (21.7%), Finance and Real Estate (7.1%), Services (55.9%), Government (4.0%) The Knights of Columbus ,

3760-469: The city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent Ricci v. DeStefano decision the court found 5–4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated Title VII of

3840-569: The coming year. Additionally, foundation and ramp work to widen I-95 to create a new harbor crossing for New Haven, with an extradosed bridge to replace the 1950s-era Q Bridge , has begun. The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the New Haven Coliseum , which was demolished in 2007. In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against

3920-416: The current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown, and also a 32-story, 500-unit apartment/retail building called 360 State Street . The 360 State Street project is now occupied and is the largest residential building in Connecticut. A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor, and the linear park Farmington Canal Trail is set to extend into downtown New Haven within

4000-414: The early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts . New Haven was to be the site of the first college for African Americans in the United States, but the plan was obstructed by efforts led by Yale Law School founder and former New Haven Mayor David Daggett , who went on to serve as

4080-583: The estate of Edward Hopkins . In 1661, the Regicides who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II . Two of them, Colonel Edward Whalley and Colonel William Goffe , fled to New Haven for refuge. Davenport arranged for them to hide in the West Rock hills northwest of the town. A third judge, John Dixwell , later joined the others. None of the three were ever returned to England for trial; Dixwell died of old age in New Haven,

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4160-599: The growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale – New Haven Hospital . Other large employers include Southern Connecticut State University , Assa Abloy lock manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , Covidien and United Illuminating . Clothing stores Gant and Ann Taylor were founded in

4240-606: The legacy of the trees that gave New Haven the nickname "Elm City". Bordering the Green are municipal, commercial and university structures. On the northwest side of the Green, across College Street, stand Phelps Gate and the Yale University buildings bordering Old Campus . Before the Old Campus was built, the buildings of Yale's Old Brick Row bordered the Green here. On the southwest side along Chapel Street are stores, bars, and such popular restaurants as Claire's Corner Copia . On

4320-720: The local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the New Haven Arms Company , which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company . (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District ). After the war, population grew and doubled by

4400-672: The north remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden . The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony , distinct from the Connecticut Colony previously established to the north centering on Hartford . Reflecting its theocratic roots, the New Haven Colony forbade the establishment of other churches, whereas the Connecticut Colony permitted them. Economic disaster struck New Haven in 1646, when

4480-598: The northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock , and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east–west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the " Regicides " (see: Regicides Trail ). Most New Haveners refer to these men as "The Three Judges". East Rock features

4560-581: The northern shore of Long Island Sound and is part of the New York City metropolitan area . With a population of 135,081 as determined by the 2020 U.S. census , New Haven is the third largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport and Stamford , the largest city in the South Central Connecticut Planning Region , and the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 864,835 in 2020. Prior to 1960, it

4640-524: The northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and East Shore (or Morris Cove). The U.S. Census Bureau reports

4720-541: The original theocratic nature of the city. The Green remains the social center of the city today. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970. Downtown New Haven , occupied by nearly 7,000 residents, has a more residential character than most downtowns. The downtown area provides about half of the city's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants, in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of

4800-407: The others likewise elsewhere in New England. In 1664, New Haven became part of the Connecticut Colony when the two colonies were merged under political pressure from England. Seeking to establish a new theocracy elsewhere, some members of the New Haven Colony went on to establish Newark, New Jersey . New Haven was made co- capital of Connecticut in 1701, a status it retained until 1873. In 1716,

4880-411: The past, including 1938 Hurricane ( Long Island Express ), Hurricane Carol in 1954, Hurricane Gloria in 1985. The hardiness zone is 7a. New Haven has a long tradition of urban planning and a purposeful design for the city's layout. The city could be argued to have some of the first preconceived layouts in the country. Upon founding, New Haven was laid out in a grid plan of nine square blocks;

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4960-463: The population were living below the poverty line , including 32.2% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over. It is estimated that 14% of New Haven residents are pedestrian commuters, ranking it number four by highest percentage in the United States. This is primarily due to New Haven's small area and the presence of Yale University . New Haven is noted for having the highest percentage of Italian American residents of any US city, and

5040-484: The population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 31.8% of the population in 2010, down from 69.6% in 1970. The city's Latino population is growing rapidly. Previous influxes among ethnic groups have been African-Americans in the postwar era, and Irish, Italian and (to a lesser degree) Slavic peoples in the prewar period. As of the 2010 census, of the 47,094 households, 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.5% include married couples living together, 22.9% had

5120-659: The project is reported to be Montreal in Canada. Train speeds between will reportedly exceed 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 20.1 square miles (52.1 km ), of which 18.7 square miles (48.4 km ) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.7 km ), or 6.67%, is water. New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large, shallow harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to

5200-510: The prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the "Great/Giant Steps" which run up the rock's cliffside. The city is drained by three rivers; the West , Mill , and Quinnipiac , named in order from west to east. The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor. Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound . In addition, several smaller streams flow through

5280-513: The signers of the Constitution and author of the " Connecticut Compromise ", became the new city's first mayor. The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney , a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line. That area

5360-482: The soil of the Green. It is conservatively estimated that between 4,000 and 5,000 people remain buried there, including Benedict Arnold's first wife, members of President Rutherford B. Hayes ' family, Reverend James Pierpont (founder of Yale University ), and Theophilus Eaton , one of the founders of New Haven and the church and governor of the New Haven Colony for 19 years. On the evening of October 29, 2012, winds from Hurricane Sandy knocked over an oak tree on

5440-585: The southeast side of the green, across Church Street is The Exchange Building (1832, restored in 1990) and the Richard C. Lee United States Courthouse ( James Gamble Rogers , 1913). This was once the site of the Tontine Hotel, built by David Hoadley. New Haven's Victorian City Hall (by Henry Austin in 1861; restored and added to by Herbert S. Newman and Partners) and the Amistad Memorial are also at this end of

5520-456: The start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are Italian-American . Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of Jewish life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire. Lowell House ,

5600-407: The town sent its first fully loaded ship of local goods (the "Great Shippe") back to England. It never reached its destination, and its disappearance hindered New Haven's development as compared to the rising trade powers of Boston and New Amsterdam (modern day New York ). In 1660, Colony founder John Davenport's wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from

5680-476: The trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court . There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué , the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See "Museums" below for more information. Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860, shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President . The American Civil War boosted

5760-537: The weather is typically hot and humid, with average temperatures exceeding 80 °F (27 °C) on 70 days per year. In summer, the Bermuda High creates as southern flow of warm and humid air, with frequent (but brief) thundershowers. October to early December is normally mild to cool late in the season, while early spring (April) can be cool to warm. Winters are more variable, with cool to cold temperatures, mixed with warmer spells, with both rain and snow fall. While

5840-443: The weather patterns that affect New Haven result from a primarily offshore direction, thus reducing the marine influence of Long Island Sound, the location on Long Island Sound often influences the weather along the coastline compared to inland. During summer heat waves, temperatures may reach 95 °F (35 °C) or higher on occasion with heat-index values of over 100 °F (38 °C). Tropical cyclones have struck New Haven in

5920-626: The world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a Fortune 1000 company, is headquartered in New Haven. Amphenol , based in Greater New Haven ( Wallingford ), is a Fortune 100 company. Eight Courant 100 companies are based in Greater New Haven, with four headquartered in New Haven proper. New Haven-based companies traded on stock exchanges include NewAlliance Bank , the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in New England (NYSE: NAL), Higher One Holdings (NYSE: ONE),

6000-444: Was 29 years, which was significantly lower than the national average. There were 91.8 males per 100 females. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 29,604, and the median income for a family was $ 35,950. Median income for males was $ 33,605, compared with $ 28,424 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 16,393. About 20.5% of families and 24.4% of

6080-440: Was a successful businessman, serving as a director for a bank and an insurance company. Jennett was just twenty-one years old when Mary came to live with them. Mary chose to remain in the home of her uncle and aunt even after her mother remarried about two years later. She attended local schools, with her greatest interests being literature, writing, and music. In 1804, Stephen F. Austin moved from Missouri Territory to live with

6160-507: Was designed by New Haven architects William Allen and Richard Williams, modeled after St. George's Hall in Liverpool, England . The statuary in front of the courthouse is by the sculptor J. Massey Rhind and murals and lunettes inside the courthouse are by the painter T. Thomas Gilbert. The upper Green on Elm is bordered by "Quality Row", containing some of the oldest structures in New Haven:

6240-461: Was erected in 1837, designed by Ithiel Town in a Greek Revival style. Ultimately, Hartford was declared the sole capital and the building was demolished in 1889. The Green served as the parade grounds for the New Haven militia, who, under the leadership of Benedict Arnold , rushed to Massachusetts after hearing of the Battle of Lexington and Concord and participated in the Battle of Bunker Hill in

6320-434: Was the county seat of New Haven County until the county governments were abolished that year. New Haven was one of the first planned cities in the U.S. A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638, eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating the "Nine Square Plan". The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre (6 ha) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green

6400-416: Was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford . New Haven has since billed itself as the "Cultural Capital of Connecticut" for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven had the first public tree planting program in the U.S., producing a canopy of mature trees (including some large elms ) that gave the city the nickname "The Elm City". Before Europeans arrived,

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