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45-570: As a mystical tradition, it was first transmitted through a Masonic high-degree system established around 1740 in France by Martinez de Pasqually , and later propagated in different forms by his two students Louis Claude de Saint-Martin and Jean-Baptiste Willermoz . The term Martinism applies to both this particular doctrine and the teachings of the reorganized "Martinist Order" founded in 1886 by Augustin Chaboseau and Gérard Encausse (aka Papus ). It

90-617: A Gnostic Church under the name Palingenius prompted the separation between Papus and Guénon. Many French Martinists supported Karl Wilhelm Naundorff 's claims to the French throne. They joined the Synarchy movement and formed the Ordre Martiniste et Synarchie (OM&S) under the leadership of Victor Blanchard. Both Imperators of The Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC), Ralph Maxwell Lewis and Harvey Spencer Lewis were initiated into

135-520: A fashion, this was done on an informal basis; Martinism did not exist as an order per se until the efforts of Papus and Chaboseau (see below). Jean-Baptiste Willermoz (born 1730, Lyon , France; died 1824 also at Lyon), was initiated into Masonry at the age of 20 in a lodge which operated under the auspices of the Strict Observance . He was initiated into the Elus-Cohen in 1767, eventually attaining

180-534: A filiation or succession of other Martinists as no personal initiation chain from Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin exists in the sacramental manner of ordination as culmination of mastery in an Initiatic order." About the rituals themselves, the following general points may be made: During the period up to the Second World War, the I::L:: or S::I::IV degree was exceptionally added as an endorsement or rank of distinction to

225-560: A formalised Order of Martinists. For example, 20th-century Martinist author Robert Ambelain initially claimed that Saint-Martin founded an order called the "Society of Initiates", but within a few years he became disillusioned with the concept and stated that the Society of Initiates never existed. Others allege that Saint-Martin became involved in a pre-existing society called the "Order of Unknown Philosophers". It seems most probable, however, that although Saint-Martin did initiate disciples after

270-589: A nutshell, the Martinism as we know it today consists of the theurgic tradition of Martinez de Pasqually ( Martinezism ), the Masonic Templarism of Jean-Baptiste Willermoz ( Willermozism ) and the Christian Theosophy of Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin. This heritage was reorganized into the 'Ordre Martiniste' in 1886 by Augustin Chaboseau and Gerard Encausse (also known as Papus).. The regular transmission of

315-479: Is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France . Today a small market town , it was once home of the French royal court. Amboise lies on the banks of the river Loire , 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of Tours . It is also about 18 kilometres (11 mi) away from the historic Château de Chenonceau , situated on the river Cher near the small village of Chenonceaux . Amboise station , on

360-399: Is continually being researched, due to the lack of documentation, appears in the history of French freemasonry in 1754. His exact date and place of birth, as well as his true nationality is unknown. A number of authors proposed that he was a Spanish Jew. Certain similarities between Pasqually's theurgy and Portuguese hermetic thought led philosopher Sampaio Bruno (1857-1915) to argue that he

405-529: Is located just 500 m (1,640 feet) away. The narrow streets contain some good examples of timbered housing . Just outside the city is the Pagode de Chanteloup , a 44-metre-tall (144 ft) Chinese pagoda built in 1775 by the Duke of Choiseul . The pagoda is seven levels high, with each level slightly smaller than the last one. An interior staircase to reach all levels is open to the public. The Musée de la Poste (in

450-451: Is to enter into relations with angelic entities that appear in the operations as passes . These are to appear mostly in the form of characters or hieroglyphs of spirits invoked by the operator, as proofs that he is on the proper way of Reintegration. [REDACTED] Media related to Martinès de Pasqually at Wikimedia Commons Amboise Amboise ( US : / ɒ̃ ˈ b w ɑː z / ; French: [ɑ̃bwaz] )

495-604: The Firth of Forth to Edinburgh on 15 August that year. The Edict of Amboise (1563) conceded the free exercise of worship to the Protestants. Here was born in 1743 Louis Claude de Saint-Martin , French philosopher, known as Le Philosophe Inconnu (d. 1803). Abd el Kader Ibn Mouhi Ad-Din (c. 1807 – 1883) was imprisoned at the Château d'Amboise . In 2019, the 500th anniversary of da Vinci's death, Amboise held many events celebrating

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540-551: The Huguenots in 1560 against Francis II , Catherine de' Medici and the Guises . The Château at Amboise was home to Mary Stewart, Queen of Scots , for much of her early life, being raised there at the French court of Henry II . She arrived in France from Scotland in 1548, aged six, via the French king's favourite palace at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris, and remained in France until 1561, when she returned to her homeland—sailing up

585-597: The Key of Solomon , including the use of circles, names of angels, planetary hours and symbols. The magical operations of the lower degrees were intended to establish contact between the operator and the Invisible World. Lofty and beautiful prayers recalled the goal which the Order tried to attain. There were also exorcisms intended to strangle demonic influence in the universe and thwart its powers over men, and to combat black magic. In

630-500: The beatific vision through a series of magical invocations and complex theurgic operations. After Martinez de Pasqually's death, the Elus-Cohens continued to operate for some time; however, divisions started to occur between various temples, which became dormant during the first half of the 19th century. The last-known surviving Elus-Cohen from the original incarnation of the order, Destigny, died in 1868. Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin

675-578: The Doctrine of the Unknown Philosopher in France, Germany, Denmark and above all in Russia. It was through one of them, Henri Delaage, that in 1880 a brilliant young Parisian doctor, Gerard Encausse (Later to be known as Papus), became acquainted with the doctrines of Saint-Martin. Subsequently, in 1884, together with some of his associates, he established a Mystical Order which he called the Ordre Martiniste or

720-581: The Elus-Cohens to adopt a more contemplative practice, he cut back his involvement in the Order. He ceased all involvement in 1790. Saint-Martin outlined his philosophy in several books , using the pen name of "The Unknown Philosopher". These include: Note: the books with the name Man or l'homme in French are retellings of Saint-Martin of the main teachings of Martinez de Pasqually and what he learned in Martinezism mixed with Boehme. There has been some controversy over whether Saint-Martin himself ever founded

765-465: The Elus-Cohens' use of theurgic ritual, feeling that it was too sophisticated for the desired end. Instead, he favoured inward contemplation, or what he called "The Way of the Heart". Nevertheless, Saint-Martin continued to acknowledge Martinez de Pasqually's influence on his own system of thought. In addition, Saint-Martin drew much inspiration from the work of Jakob Böhme . In 1777, after failing to convince

810-455: The Hôtel Joyeuse) is a museum tracing the history of the postal delivery service. A 20th-century fountain by Max Ernst stands in front of the market place. Amboise has a thriving tourism-related business community. Until 2021, it had also the headquarters of Mecachrome , a precision engineering company that operates in the aerospace, motor racing, energy and defence sectors. Amboise

855-608: The Martinist Order. The founding of the Order came about when Encausse met Augustin Chaboseau in 1884. In parallel, Stanislas de Guaita , in association with Papus and Pierre- Augustin Chaboseau founded the Ordre Kabbalistique de la Rose Croix in 1888. Papus and Chaboseau discovered that they had both apparently received Martinist initiation through two different chains of succession which linked back to Saint-Martin and his original disciples. Papus claimed to have come into

900-705: The Martinist heritage to Chaboseau and Papus has not been proven as of today. Jacques de Livron Joachim de la Tour de la Casa Martinez de Pasqually was born in c. 1727 in Grenoble , France, and died in 1774 in Saint-Domingue while dealing with profane business. Martinez de Pasqually was active in Masonic organisations throughout France from the age of 28 onwards. In 1765 he established l'Ordre des Chevaliers Maçons Élus Coëns de l'Univers ( Order of Knight-Masons Elect Priests of

945-651: The Martiniste et Synarchie (OM&S). AMORC Imperator Harvey Spencer Lewis held the title of Grand Inspector for the Americas as well as Sovereign Grand Master Legate for the United States and was granted a charter to establish Lodges in the United States. Lewis later decided not to proceed with the OM&;S plan for the U.S. due to the fact that Victor Blanchard was unable to produce all the required documentation. It turned out that

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990-507: The Order. After the war, the Order was almost extinct and the surviving members splintered into competing factions. René Guénon was himself initiated in the Martinist Order. In between 1906 and 1912, Guénon was a member of Martinist Lodges Humanidad and Melchissedec , and published articles in L'Initiation , Revue Indépendante des Hautes Etudes Martinistes . The Congrès Spiritualiste held in Paris on 7–10 June 1908, and organized by Papus, with

1035-486: The S::I::I:: degree for legates in new Martinist jurisdictions who were expected to eventually become Grand Masters. Later branches of the Martinist Order worked a fifth degree, I::L:: (Free Initiator/Initiateur Libre), which conferred on the candidate the power to initiate others into all four degrees in person, not requiring Lodge or Heptad group forms, and to establish a new and independent Martinist Order, as well as to act as

1080-956: The Strict Observance, such as the Bavarian Illuminati of Adam Weishaupt . The French Revolution curtailed the activities of the CBCS in France although the rite was preserved in Switzerland. Today the CBCS, or "Scottish Rectified Rite" ( Rite Ecossais Rectifié ) has several "great priories" throughout the world: Switzerland, USA., France, both the Waite's & Michael Herbert's Great Priories in England, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Brazil, with prefectures and lodges of Saint Andrew as well as Rectified Craft lodges existing in many places from Italy to Brazil to Romania. The disciples of Saint-Martin spread

1125-580: The Traditional Martinist Order (TMO) still exist. The TMO currently operates in almost every free country in the world under the protection of AMORC . Martinism is still growing in popularity, and with the advent of the Internet, many new orders and online groups expressing an interest in Martinism have emerged worldwide. The Martinist Order (L'Ordre Martiniste) founded by Papus in 1887 continues, and grows worldwide with Groups across Europe, Africa,

1170-546: The United States and the Middle East. Martinez de Pasqually Jacques de Livron Joachim de la Tour de la Casa Martinez de Pasqually (1727?–1774) was a theurgist and theosopher of uncertain origin. He was the founder of the l'Ordre de Chevaliers Maçons Élus Coëns de l'Univers – commonly referred to as the 'Elus Cohens' in 1761. He was the tutor, initiator and friend of Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin and Jean-Baptiste Willermoz . Martinez de Pasqually, whose biography

1215-478: The Universe ), which functioned as a regular Masonic obedience in France. This order had three sets of degrees: the first were analogous to the symbolic degrees of conventional Freemasonry . The second were generally Masonic, though hinting at Pasqually's own secret doctrine. The third set were blatantly magical : for example, by using exorcisms against evil in the world generally and in the individual specifically. In

1260-458: The activities of the OM&S were limited to the transmission of various Martinist Initiations, and that the Order otherwise had no actual existence. There was no Martinist Lodge in Paris at the time and Victor Blanchard gave his initiations in the temple of the Fraternitae des Polaires . In 1931 Augustin Chaboseau joined Victor-Emile Michelet and Lucien Chamuel (the other two surviving members of

1305-492: The first two introduce the Candidate to key Martinist concepts, while the third supposedly confers the actual Initiation which Saint-Martin gave to his original disciples. Martinists generally believe that to be an authentic initiate, one must be able to show a chain of Initiatic Succession which goes back to Saint-Martin himself. However, Restivo states that "Martinist authenticity is not contingent upon acceptance or initiation into

1350-474: The highest degree of the Order, and being named by de Pasqually as a "Superior Judge," one of its most senior officers. Concerned about dissent in the order after the death of de Pasqually, Willermoz in 1778, together with two other Superior Judges, formulated the idea of creating two additional degrees for the Auvergne Province of the Strict Observance, which exemplified the philosophy, though not

1395-595: The highest degree, the Reaux-Croix , the initiate was taught to use Theurgy to contact spiritual realms beyond the physical. De Pasqually put forth the philosophy underlying the work of the Elus-Cohens in his only book, Treatise on the Reintegration of Beings , which first uses the analogy of the Garden of Eden, and refers to Christ as "The Repairer". The ultimate aim of the Elus-Cohen was to attain – whilst living –

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1440-578: The highest of the three degrees of the Order of the Elus-Cohen, known as the Shrine, itself consisting of three degrees of which the highest was the Master Reau-Crois, evocation of entities belonging to the Divine Plane was carried out. This makes clear that the Elus-Cohen were not merely a mystical but a magical order. The chief evocation was that of the 'Mender', Jehoshua, and the basic methods were those of

1485-493: The legate or representative or Grand Master of that new order. For example, the Rose+Croix Martinist Order (Ontario, Canada): In 1905, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia invited Papus to Tsarskoye Selo to ask for advice on domestic difficulties that he was facing with revolutionaries. The First World War was disastrous for the Order. Papus died on the battlefield fulfilling his duties as a doctor, as did many other leaders of

1530-455: The master's life and his work completed in the town. The number of visitors to Château du Clos Lucé, for example, was estimated as 500,000 in 2019, a 30% increase over the typical annual number. The city is known for the Clos Lucé manor house where Leonardo da Vinci lived (and ultimately died) at the invitation of King Francis I of France , whose Château d'Amboise , which dominates the town,

1575-657: The north bank of the Loire, has rail connections to Orléans , Blois and Tours . Clovis I ( c. 466 – 511) and the Visigoths signed a peace treaty of alliance with the Arvernians in 503, which assisted him in his defeat of the Visigothic kingdom in the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Joan of Arc passed through in 1429 on her way to Orleans to the Battle of Patay . Château du Clos Lucé

1620-491: The original Supreme Council of 1891) to resuscitate the Order that they had founded with Papus. To emphasise the difference between traditional Martinism and the many new groups that had emerged, they named their movement the Ordre Martiniste Traditionnel (OMT). Victor-Emile Michelet was elected Grand Master and Augustin Chaboseau succeeded him in 1939 until his death in 1946. AMORC Imperator Ralph Maxwell Lewis

1665-486: The possession of the original papers of de Pasqually and to have been given authority in the Rite of Saint-Martin by his friend Henri Viscount Delaage . However, Encausse realised that there was a "missing link" in his own chain of succession: he and Chaboseau therefore "swapped initiations" to consolidate their lineages. The Martinist Order which Papus founded was organised as a Lodge system, which worked four degrees: Of these,

1710-488: The presence of Victor Blanchard, Paul Veux, Paul Chacornac, Theodor Reuss , and Charles Détré alias Teder took place at the peak of the collaboration between Guénon and Papus. However, the regularity of the Martinist Order was strongly questioned by Brother O. Pontet of the Grand Orient de France ,. The creation by Guénon in 1909 of an Ordre du Temple within the premises of the Martinist Order, as well as his involvement in

1755-572: The theurgic practices, of the Elus-Cohens, while working in the Knight Templar -oriented milieu of the masonic rite. The name of the rite was changed to Chevaliers Beneficient de la Cité-Sainte (CBCS). The degree structure of the rite was thus: Having reformed the French branch of the order, Willermoz in 1782 succeeded in persuading the German mother branch to adopt his reforms – though not without meeting considerable opposition from other branches of

1800-403: The very prison he was to contain, becoming a physical and mortal being, and was so thus forced to try to save both himself and the original creation. It can be done via inner perfection with the help of Christ, but also by the theurgic operations that Martinez taught to the men of desire he found worthy of receiving his initiation. This is obtained by practicing certain rites, where the disciple

1845-576: Was asked by the OMT in 1939 to bring Traditional Martinism to the U.S. Lewis was thus appointed Sovereign Legate and Regional Grand Master of the OMT and received the necessary charters and other documents required in order to proceed with the Order's expansion. The Second World War was as disastrous for the Order in Europe as the first. The Nazi regime suppressed all 'occult' groups and many Martinists died in concentration camps. The OMT in Europe and its American branch,

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1890-543: Was born in 1743 in Amboise , France, and died in 1803. He was originally a barrister before taking a commission in the army at Bordeaux . Saint-Martin was initiated into the Elus-Cohens in 1768 and was active in the organization for at least six years. Saint-Martin was initiated into the Reaux-Croix, the highest degree of the Order, and in 1770 became de Pasqually's secretary. Saint-Martin became increasingly dissatisfied with

1935-551: Was not used at the tradition's inception in the 18th century. This confusing disambiguation has been a problem since the late 18th century, where the term Martinism was already used interchangeably between the teachings of Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin and Martinez de Pasqually , and the works of the first being attributed to the latter. Regular transmission of Martinism to Augustin Chaboseau and Gérard Encausse has yet to be documented. Martinism can be divided into three forms through which it has been chronologically transmitted: In

1980-947: Was probably of Portuguese origin. In 1772 Pasqually went to collect an inheritance in the island of Hispaniola . Grainville, one of his fervent disciples, came from the Caribbean . He died within two years and appears to have influenced early mystic groups in the Caribbean. The doctrine of Martinez is described as a key to any eschatological cosmology. God, the primordial Unity, had a desire to emanate beings from his own nature, but Lucifer, who wanted to exercise his own creative power, fell victim to his own faults. In his fall, which included his followers, he found himself trapped within an area designated by God to serve as their prison. God sent man, in an androgynous body and endowed with glorious powers, to keep Lucifer's rebels at bay and work towards their reconciliation. Adam prevaricated himself and fell into

2025-403: Was the residence of Leonardo da Vinci between 1516 and his death in 1519. Da Vinci died in the arms of King Francis I, and he was buried in a crypt near the Château d'Amboise . The house has lost some of its original parts, but it still stands today containing a museum of da Vinci's work and inventions, and overlooks the river Loire . The Amboise conspiracy was the conspiracy of Condé and

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