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123-593: The Martha Washington Hotel (later known as Hotel Thirty Thirty , Hotel Lola , King & Grove New York , and The Redbury New York ) was a hotel at 30 East 30th Street (later 29 East 29th Street ) in the NoMad neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . Opened in 1903 and operated as a women-only hotel for 95 years, the 13-story structure was designed by Robert W. Gibson in the Renaissance Revival style for

246-481: A Washington Post critic described the rooms as having a bed, two side tables, an armoire , and a small dressing area. Some rooms also retained vestiges of the hotel's original use: for example, some guest rooms had sinks but not toilets or bathtubs. By 2016, there were around 255 rooms, many in different sizes and layouts. The rooms were decorated in a red, gray, black and white color scheme. with motifs relating to music and 20th-century New York City history. Each room

369-424: A cutaway view parts of the exterior are omitted to show the interior, or details of internal construction. Although common in technical illustration, including many building products and systems, the cutaway is in fact little-used in architectural drawing. Architectural drawings are produced for a specific purpose, and can be classified accordingly. Several elements are often included on the same sheet, for example

492-400: A stencil , or a combination of the two. Ink lines were drawn with a ruling pen , a relatively sophisticated device similar to a dip-in pen, but with adjustable line width, capable of producing a very fine controlled line width. Ink pens had to be dipped into ink frequently. Draftsmen worked standing up, keeping the ink on a separate table to avoid spilling ink on the drawing. Developments in

615-473: A view camera or a perspective control lens is used to eliminate the third vanishing point, so that all the verticals are vertical on the photograph, as with the perspective convention. This can also be done by digital manipulation of a photograph taken with a standard lens. Aerial perspective is a technique in painting, for indicating distance by approximating the effect of the atmosphere on distant objects. In daylight, as an ordinary object gets further from

738-489: A "handsome" fireplace and a bas relief of the United States' first First Lady , Martha Washington . The library was decorated in a deep-red color scheme and ornamented with dark wood. The parlors, music rooms, tea rooms, and other spaces were designed to fit women's tastes. By 2016, the second floor included a ballroom covering 2,700 square feet (250 m) as well as a terrace of 1,700 square feet (160 m). The roof of

861-459: A 2000 renovation, a bar and restaurant were created off the lobby. During a renovation in 2011, the hotel's ground floor was gutted, the ceiling was raised, a large glazed-ebony door was installed, and the walls were redecorated with black-and-white photographs of women. After the Martha Washington was renovated again in 2014, a new meeting and event space covering 4,000 square feet (370 m)

984-593: A barmaid at the Martha Washington in 1962. After the story was published, several people offered Lake money and jobs in the entertainment industry, which she refused; Lake eventually was able to obtain other acting roles. From the 1900s onward, the hotel served as the headquarters of the Interurban Women's Suffrage Council , the International Federation of Business Women , and the Committee on Women's Work of

1107-554: A basis for their working drawings, to establish exact dimensions for the construction work. Surveys are usually measured and drawn up by specialist land surveyors . Historically, architects have made record drawings in order to understand and emulate the great architecture known to them. In the Renaissance, architects from all over Europe studied and recorded the remains of the Roman and Greek civilizations, and used these influences to develop

1230-448: A buff-and-white color scheme. While the restaurant was open to the general public, there were dining rooms that could only be used by guests and residents. There were several shops, including a milliner/tailor shop, manicurist/podiatrist, shoe shiner, drug store, and newsstand. Next to the restaurant was a writing room and waiting room for men. Over the years, various spaces in the lobby were carved out to make way for storefronts. Following

1353-423: A building construction project: these will include not only architect's drawings, but structural and other engineering drawings as well. Working drawings logically subdivide into location, assembly and component drawings. Formerly, working drawings would typically combine plans, sections, elevations and some details to provide a complete explanation of a building on one sheet. That was possible because little detail

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1476-428: A building in the same way as a map , but showing the arrangement at a particular level of a building. Technically it is a horizontal section cut through a building (conventionally at four feet / one metre and twenty centimetres above floor level), showing walls, windows and door openings, and other features at that level. The plan view includes anything that could be seen below that level: the floor, stairs (but only up to

1599-414: A building. For example, the construction of a sash window would be left to the carpenter, who would fully understand what was required, but unique decorative details of the façade would be drawn up in detail. In contrast, modern buildings need to be fully detailed because of the proliferation of different products, methods and possible solutions. Perspective in drawing is an approximate representation on

1722-635: A business enterprise rather than as a philanthropic venture. The company issued a prospectus in January 1898 and appointed a board of directors, composed of two women and six men. The next month, the Woman's Hotel Company began selling 10,000 shares at $ 100 each. The firm wished to build a 10- to 12-story hotel in Manhattan with 500 rooms; the company believed that the hotel could pay a 5 percent annual dividend and earn at least $ 150,000 per year, which could be used to fund

1845-632: A chic new look". The hotel building was also depicted in an opening scene for the 1967 movie Valley of the Dolls . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the hotel as a city landmark on June 19, 2012, and the hotel was inducted into Historic Hotels of America, an official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation , in 2016. Additionally, the National Collaborative for Women's History Sites , in collaboration with

1968-415: A construction project, the site plan also needs to show all the services connections: drainage and sewer lines, water supply, electrical and communications cables, exterior lighting, etc. Site plans are commonly used to represent a building proposal prior to detailed design: drawing up a site plan is a tool for deciding both the site layout and the size and orientation of proposed new buildings. A site plan

2091-529: A controlling stake in the hotel in 1950 and continued to rent its 450 rooms to women. Sillins planned to sand-blast the facade and renovate the lobby for $ 200,000, and he hired the Bell Maintenance Company to renovate the entrance. The hotel's operators took out a $ 100,000 mortgage loan in 1953. Dick McCarthy and Joseph Rauti of Bay Ridge, Brooklyn , opened a restaurant called the Colonnade Room at

2214-420: A cross section is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a vertical plane, with the vertical plane cutting through the building. Isometric and axonometric projections are a simple way of representing a three dimensional object, keeping the elements to scale and showing the relationship between several sides of the same object, so that the complexities of a shape can be clearly understood. There

2337-761: A depth of 197.5 feet (60.2 m). Nearby buildings include the Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal and the James New York – NoMad to the west, the Emmet Building and 30 East 29th Street to the south, and the Colony Club building to the north. The site was assembled in 1901 from two land lots that had been occupied by the American Female Guardian Society since 1856. The Martha Washington Hotel

2460-477: A drawing that includes the full height of the building. A full set of construction details needs to show plan details as well as vertical section details. One detail is seldom produced in isolation: a set of details shows the information needed to understand the construction in three dimensions. Typical scales for details are 1/10, 1/5 and full size. In traditional construction, many details were so fully standardized, that few detail drawings were required to construct

2583-445: A flat surface of an image as it is perceived by the eye. The key concepts here are: The basic categorization of artificial perspective is by the number of vanishing points: The normal convention in architectural perspective is to use two-point perspective, with all the verticals drawn as verticals on the page. Three-point perspective gives a casual, photographic snapshot effect. In professional architectural photography , conversely,

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2706-469: A floor plan is a horizontal section viewed from the top. In the section view, everything cut by the section plane is shown as a bold line, often with a solid fill to show objects that are cut through, and anything seen beyond generally shown in a thinner line. Sections are used to describe the relationship between different levels of a building. In the Observatorium drawing illustrated here, the section shows

2829-422: A glass transom window . Two of the outer bays feature marble stoops with metal railings that ascend to the storefronts. The ground floor on 29th Street is similar in design except that the entrances are in the outermost bays. The 29th Street entrances are flanked by pairs of rusticated columns, which support a pediment with a centered cartouche and a finial . On both elevations, the second-story piano nobile

2952-426: A liquor license, allowing the Martha Washington to serve wine. The issuance of the liquor license had come at the end of Prohibition , amid an increase in the number of women who wished to drink wine. Julius Manger continued to operate the Martha Washington by himself until his death in 1937. John B. Campbell, the Martha Washington's longtime "house mother", estimated in 1949 that he had served three million women during

3075-577: A majority stake in the hotel from PMG in 2006. During the mid-2000s, the Thirty Thirty operated as a medium-priced hotel with 253 rooms. The hotel was closed in 2011 for renovations, reopening that December. At that time, it was renamed the Hotel Lola, after a fictional character created by the renovation's designer Susan Jaques; this character was based partially on the 19th-century entertainer Lola Montez . The renovation cost $ 15 million, of which $ 12 million

3198-423: A median age of between 45 and 50. Edgar operated the hotel until his death in 1911, and George C. Brown operated the hotel for the next decade. By then, more New Yorkers had come to understand the concept of a women's hotel. The Martha Washington switched to a staff of all-female elevator operators in 1917. A group of investors offered $ 800,000 for the Martha Washington in January 1920, and William and Julius Manger of

3321-497: A metal-sheathed section near the top. The ground floor and second floor piano nobile of both elevations are clad in rusticated blocks of limestone. A string course runs above the ground floor on both elevations. On 30th Street, each of the ground-floor bays is separated by a pier with alternating tan brick and limestone. The entrance on 30th Street is in the center bay, and there are double-height storefronts on either side. The entry doors are made of glass and metal and are topped by

3444-477: A napkin. Initial thoughts are important, even if they have to be discarded along the way, because they provide the central idea around which the design can develop. Although a sketch is inaccurate, it is disposable and allows for freedom of thought, for trying different ideas quickly. Choice becomes sharply reduced once the design is committed to a scale drawing, and the sketch stage is almost always essential. Diagrams are mainly used to resolve practical matters. In

3567-479: A nighttime curfew, employed security guards, and banned male guests above the lobby. A limited number of men, such as residents' fathers and doctors, could enter the upper stories with supervision. Due to the ban on male visitors, women generally felt safe sleeping even with their doors unlocked. Nonetheless, there were still some reports of illicit activities in the late 20th century, including allegations that employees stole from residents and that prostitutes were using

3690-458: A rough design that provides an adequate response to the particular design problems. There are two basic elements to a building design, the aesthetic and the practical. The aesthetic element includes the layout and visual appearance, the anticipated feel of the materials, and cultural references that will influence the way people perceive the building. Practical concerns include space allocated for different activities, how people enter and move around

3813-435: A set of conventions , which include particular views ( floor plan , section etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing. Historically, drawings were made in ink on paper or similar material, and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand. The twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper so that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently. The development of

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3936-527: A sharp increase in the number of asylum seekers traveling to the city. At the time, there were 250 rooms; the hotel began accommodating families with children, and it stopped accepting reservations. Danny Meyer closed his restaurants at the Redbury that month, citing delays in the full reopening of the hotel and the migrant crisis. The poet Sara Teasdale stayed at the hotel during her New York visits from 1913 onward, and actress Louise Brooks relocated there from

4059-447: A sheet showing a plan together with the principal façade. Drawings intended to explain a scheme and to promote its merits. Working drawings may include tones or hatches to emphasize different materials, but they are diagrams, not intended to appear realistic. Basic presentation drawings typically include people, vehicles and trees, taken from a library of such images, and are otherwise very similar in style to working drawings. Rendering

4182-614: A site near Madison Avenue . In January 1901, it acquired the Female Guardian Society's building at 29 East 29th Street (just east of Madison Avenue), extending through the block to 30th Street. The firm planned to begin construction in June 1901, when the society's lease expired, and to finish the hotel by late 1902. Robert W. Gibson was hired as the architect in April 1901, following an architectural design competition . Gibson filed plans for

4305-413: A strike in mid-1903; tipping was banned completely the next June. The Martha Washington also originally banned liquor sales, though some tenants were requesting the addition of a bar by early 1904. The novelty of an all-female clientele prompted one person to write to The New York Times , complaining about the presence of "observation automobiles" near the hotel. Delays in the hotel's construction had forced

4428-469: A two-story base and ten-story upper section, with a recessed top floor. The hotel originally contained several amenity areas for guests on the lower two stories, including a lobby, dining rooms, reception rooms, and ballroom. Generally men were only permitted to enter the ground-level spaces and some of the second-story spaces. The upper stories originally contained 200 short-term guest rooms and 400 long-term residences, which were downsized to 250 hotel rooms by

4551-415: A white and middle-class clientele. At opening, there were 500 residents and 250 temporary guests, and the waiting list had 200 names. Daily fees for single rooms ranged from $ 1 to $ 2, while weekly rent for apartments was between $ 3 and $ 17. Unmarried women could rent rooms from day-to-day or for longer terms, with an average rent of $ 1.50 per day. Guests could also pay $ 6 per week for unlimited meals under what

4674-545: A women's hotel. When the Martha Washington Hotel was being developed in 1901, a "woman prominent in sociological work" said that nine out of ten working women lived apart from their families. The Woman's Hotel Company was established in 1897 by Charles Day Kellogg , a member of the Charity Organization Society, which was created specifically to erect hotels for businesswomen. The hotel was intended as

4797-405: Is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building onto a vertical plane, the vertical plane normally being parallel to one side of the building. Architects also use the word elevation as a synonym for façade, so the "north elevation" is the north-facing wall of the building. A cross section , also simply called a section, represents a vertical plane cut through the object, in the same way as

4920-403: Is a large cornice above the eleventh story, with modillions and dentils. There are terracotta panels on the twelfth story. When the hotel first opened it contained advanced mechanical equipment for its time, such as elevators, mail chutes , steam heating, and electric lighting. Every room had natural light exposure; the hotel did not have any interior light courts. Visitors of any sex could use

5043-464: Is also a lobby lounge next to the elevators near the entrance. The hotel has a fitness center as well. The second story had a tenant-only dining room, as well as several private reception rooms, when the hotel opened in 1903. Some of the reception rooms could be combined for major events. The second floor also had a library patterned after the one in George Washington's estate, Mount Vernon , with

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5166-454: Is clad with brick and contains stone quoins around the windows. The three center windows of the second story have stone balustrades at their bottoms, as well as round arches with keystones at their tops. The four outer windows on that story contain rectangular openings surrounded by terracotta key patterns. The lowest parts of the outer windows are clad with stone panels, while the upper sections are topped by lintels with splayed keystones. Above

5289-470: Is commonly inscribed on architects' drawings, to guard against errors arising in the copying process. This section deals with the conventional views used to represent a building or structure. See the Types of architectural drawing section below for drawings classified according to their purpose. A floor plan is the most fundamental architectural diagram , a view from above showing the arrangement of spaces in

5412-427: Is some confusion over the distinction between the terms isometric and axonometric. "Axonometric is a word that has been used by architects for hundreds of years. Engineers use the word axonometric as a generic term to include isometric, diametric and trimetric drawings." This article uses the terms in the architecture-specific sense. Despite fairly complex geometrical explanations, for the purposes of practical drafting

5535-426: Is the art of adding surface textures and shadows to show the visual qualities of a building more realistically. An architectural illustrator or graphic designer may be employed to prepare specialist presentation images, usually perspectives or highly finished site plans, floor plans and elevations etc. Measured drawings of existing land, structures and buildings. Architects need an accurate set of survey drawings as

5658-436: Is the most common view used to describe the external appearance of a building. Each elevation is labelled in relation to the compass direction it faces, e.g. looking toward the north you would be seeing the southern elevation of the building. Buildings are rarely a simple rectangular shape in plan, so a typical elevation may show all the parts of the building that are seen from a particular direction. Geometrically, an elevation

5781-423: Is used to verify that a proposal complies with local development codes, including restrictions on historical sites. In this context the site plan forms part of a legal agreement, and there may be a requirement for it to be drawn up by a licensed professional: architect, engineer, landscape architect or land surveyor. An elevation is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of one façade . This

5904-521: The Algonquin Hotel . The editor Louise E. Dew was a resident as well. Jean H. Norris , the first female magistrate in New York state, also lived in the hotel in the early 20th century. Although a 10-room suite at the hotel was renovated for socialite Consuelo Vanderbilt in 1907, she never lived there. Veronica Lake , one of Hollywood's most prominent actresses in the 1940s, was found to be working as

6027-476: The New York City Council later passed an amendment exempting single-sex residential hotels from the law. Occupancy had declined to 65 percent by 1979. The New York Times described the lobby as "dark and drab", having been downsized to make way for stores, and the bedrooms as having "chipping paint and worn bedspreads". By then, the hotel's owner Martha Washington Associates was spending $ 500,000 to repair

6150-481: The New-York Tribune said that "the last touch of philanthropy has disappeared from the Martha Washington". The hotel was profitable by 1906, when its directors decided to discontinue the "American plan" meals due to low patronage. Internal disputes prompted the Martha Washington's directors to consider leasing the hotel out during late 1906; some dissenters, including Charles Kellogg's daughter Lucy, wanted to assume

6273-769: The Republican National Committee . In subsequent years, the hotel also hosted organizations such as the American Gold Star Mothers in the 1940s. When the Martha Washington opened, Catherine King of the New York World wrote that "when you go in   ... you are instantly reminded of a Martha Washington fichu " and that the hotel was "a sort of beautiful, well-behaved haven where the women who now languish in boarding houses and haven't quite compassed apartments can go to live—and more". The hotel's exclusivity led The Christian Science Monitor to liken

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6396-684: The William G. Pomeroy Foundation , placed the hotel on the National Votes for Women Trail in 2022. 29th Street (Manhattan) Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 816390511 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:34:32 GMT Elevation (architecture) Architectural drawings are made according to

6519-409: The acronym CAD) is the use of computer software to create drawings. Today the vast majority of technical drawings of all kinds are made using CAD. Instead of drawing lines on paper, the computer records equivalent information electronically. There are many advantages to this system: repetition is reduced because complex elements can be copied, duplicated and stored for re-use. Errors can be deleted, and

6642-593: The computer had a major impact on the methods used to design and create technical drawings, making manual drawing almost obsolete, and opening up new possibilities of form using organic shapes and complex geometry. Today the vast majority of drawings are created using CAD software. The oldest architectural elevation drawing was found in a piece of white terracotta crucibles unearthed in China, dated 7400 years ago. It shows 2 stilted watch towers (or light houses) with spiral staircase above water. The size of drawings reflects

6765-455: The 2020s. The Woman's Hotel Company was established in 1897 and sought to identify a site and raise money over the following four years. Construction began in mid-1901, and the Martha Washington Hotel opened on March 1, 1903, as both a hotel and a long-term residence. Though there was initially high demand for the Martha Washington's rooms, the hotel's owners struggled to raise money and leased it out beginning in 1907. The Manger family operated

6888-412: The 20th century included the parallel motion drawing board, as well as more complex improvements on the basic T-square. The development of reliable technical drawing pens allowed for faster drafting and stenciled lettering. Letraset dry transfer lettering and half-tone sheets were popular from the 1970s until computers made those processes obsolete. Computer-aided design (generally referred to by

7011-553: The Bell Apartment Hotel Company bought the hotel the same month. The Northern Hotel Company held a long-term lease on the hotel at the time, but the company subleased the hotel to the Mangers that March. The Mangers jointly operated the Martha Washington until William's death in 1928, upon which William's share in the hotel was transferred to his brother and to a trust fund created for his relatives. By 1930, an auditor for

7134-484: The Bell Securities Company, the holding corporation that owned the hotel, had said that the Martha Washington's future was "extremely limited" because of decreased salaries and profits. The Boone Securities Corporation, a subsidiary of Manger Hotels , bought the hotel at an auction in 1933, bidding $ 10,000 and taking over a $ 450,000 mortgage. Later the same year, the hotel's general manager E. J. Carroll obtained

7257-577: The COVID-19 pandemic and became a temporary shelter for migrants in 2023. The Martha Washington Hotel is located at 27–31 East 29th Street in the NoMad neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . The hotel occupies the center of a city block bounded by Madison Avenue to the west, 30th Street to the north, Park Avenue South to the east, and 29th Street to the south. The land lot is rectangular and measures 14,812 square feet (1,376.1 m), with frontage of 75 feet (23 m) on 29th and 30th Streets and

7380-563: The Martha Washington Hotel. Scheetz said he "wanted the hotel to be more upscale", and he hired Annabelle Selldorf to redesign the interiors. The $ 20 million project involved renovating all of the hotel's rooms, adding space for three restaurants, and moving the main entrance to 29th Street. By then, the hotel still had about 50 residents. The renovation was completed in September 2014, and the Marta pizzeria opened later that year. Chelsea Hotels placed

7503-493: The Martha Washington from 1920 to 1948, and the Sillins Hotel Corporation operated the hotel from 1950 to 1997. The hotel was converted to a mixed-sex tourist hotel in 1998 and, after a renovation, was renamed the Thirty Thirty in 2000. The hotel was further renovated in 2011, 2014, 2016, and 2019, undergoing several name and ownership changes during that decade. As The Redbury New York, it saw decreased patronage during

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7626-431: The Martha Washington functioned as a single room occupancy building. It had been among the last women's hotels in Manhattan that were unaffiliated with a house of worship or a school. The owners had failed to pay taxes for several years and owed $ 160,000 in back taxes by 2000. Property Markets Group (PMG) bought the Martha Washington and Allerton hotels from Sillins in 1997. The group, which paid around $ 18 million for

7749-415: The Martha Washington to a women's club in 1910. The hotel was not noted for its design; architectural critic Christopher Gray wrote in 2012 that "the Martha Washington certainly does have a 'special character'—a requirement for landmark designation—even if that character lies in its history, not its architecture." After the hotel was renamed the Thirty Thirty in 2000, a Washington Post critic wrote that

7872-507: The Martha Washington up for sale in March 2015. The hotel was sold that November for $ 158 million to CIM, which planned to rebrand the hotel as the Redbury New York following a second renovation. The following year, CIM renamed the hotel the Redbury New York, and hospitality group SBE took over the hotel's management. Dakota Development and Avenue Interiors redesigned the guest rooms. The hotel

7995-519: The Martha Washington, announced plans to convert it to a co-ed tourist hotel, saying the hotel was "underused". At the time, three-fourths of the bedrooms were empty, and most had no bathrooms. The hotel closed for renovations in August 1998 and stopped accepting new guests, although 153 long-term residents were allowed to remain there. The Martha Washington began accepting male guests that October. Many existing female residents objected, with one resident calling

8118-476: The Redbury began serving medical professionals. The hotel was otherwise closed to the general public for much of 2020, but patronage did not fully recover after pandemic-era restrictions were lifted. Danny Meyer moved his Maialino restaurant to the Redbury in late 2022. In August 2023, the New York City government began to use the hotel as temporary migrant housing, amid a citywide migrant housing crisis caused by

8241-502: The USA Arch E (762 mm × 1,067 mm or 30 in × 42 in) or Large E size (915 mm × 1,220 mm or 36 in × 48 in). Architectural drawings are drawn to scale so that relative sizes are correctly represented. The scale is chosen both to ensure the whole building will fit on the chosen sheet size and to show the required amount of detail. On the scale of one-eighth of an inch to one foot (1:96) or

8364-477: The United States and from Europe. An article in the Star-Gazette described the Martha Washington's clientele as including "a large number of literary women", as well as students, a YWCA manager, painters, advertisers, and accountants. Shortly after the Martha Washington opened, Helen Gould lent 55 paintings and 7 sculptures to the hotel for decoration. Initially, guests failed to tip the waitresses, leading to

8487-482: The Women's Hotel Company. The hotel's namesake, Martha Washington , was the first First Lady of the United States . It is a New York City designated landmark . The facade is largely made of brick and stone and contains classical design elements such as brackets , dentils , ornate lintels , quoins , and rustication . On both 29th and 30th Streets, the facade is divided vertically into seven bays and horizontally into

8610-569: The angles used in these views. Once the adjustable square became common those limitations were lifted. The axonometric gained in popularity in the twentieth century, not just as a convenient diagram but as a formal presentation technique, adopted in particular by the Modern Movement . Axonometric drawings feature prominently in the influential 1970's drawings of Michael Graves , James Stirling and others, using not only straightforward views but worms-eye view, unusually and exaggerated rotations of

8733-417: The architecture of the period. Records are made both individually, for local purposes, and on a large scale for publication. Historic surveys worth referring to include: Record drawings are also used in construction projects, where "as-built" conditions of the completed building are documented to take account of all the variations made during the course of construction. A comprehensive set of drawings used in

8856-404: The building, daylight and artificial lighting, acoustics, traffic noise, legal matters and building codes, and many other issues. While both aspects are partly a matter of customary practice, every site is different. Many architects actively seek innovation, thereby increasing the number of problems to be resolved. Architectural legend often refers to designs made on the back of an envelope or on

8979-472: The city were the Working Women's Home at 45 Elizabeth Street , developed in the 1850s, as well as a women's hotel developed by A. T. Stewart on Park Avenue , developed in 1869. Through the 19th century, most of the city's hotels refused to admit single women at night. Between 60,000 and 70,000 businesswomen lived in the city by 1899, when philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge estimated that 10,000 women needed

9102-437: The design. The two primary elevations of the facade , on 29th Street to the south and 30th Street to the north, are very similar to one another. Both elevations rise twelve stories from the ground and are divided vertically into seven bays ; the top stories are recessed from the street. The western elevation is partially visible and is made of plain brick with one-over-one sash windows , a recessed exterior light court , and

9225-540: The development of other hotels. In addition, the rooms were to be rented to "self-supporting women" such as artists, teachers, authors, and clerks, who were to pay between $ 3 and $ 8 a week. Although enough women expressed interest in the hotel to fill it to capacity before it opened, the Spanish–American War and slow fundraising delayed the hotel's construction. The company wanted to raise $ 400,000 but had obtained only $ 150,000 by October 1899, which rose to $ 200,000 by

9348-517: The difference between isometric and axonometric is simple (see diagram above). In both, the plan is drawn on a skewed or rotated grid, and the verticals are projected vertically on the page. All lines are drawn to scale so that relationships between elements are accurate. In many cases a different scale is required for different axes , and again this can be calculated but in practice was often simply estimated by eye. Traditional drafting techniques used 30–60 and 45 degree set squares , and that determined

9471-410: The dome which can be seen from the outside, a second dome that can only be seen inside the building, and the way the space between the two accommodates a large astronomical telescope: relationships that would be difficult to understand from plans alone. A sectional elevation is a combination of a cross section, with elevations of other parts of the building seen beyond the section plane. Geometrically,

9594-415: The drawing, i.e. measured directly. Imperial scales (feet and inches) are equally readable using an ordinary ruler. On a one-eighth inch to one-foot scale drawing, the one-eighth divisions on the ruler can be read off as feet. Architects normally use a scale ruler with different scales marked on each edge. A third method, used by builders in estimating, is to measure directly off the drawing and multiply by

9717-669: The early phases of the design architects use diagrams to develop, explore, and communicate ideas and solutions. They are essential tools for thinking, problem solving, and communication in the design disciplines. Diagrams can be used to resolve spatial relationships, but they can also represent forces and flows, e.g. the forces of sun and wind, or the flows of people and materials through a building. An exploded view diagram shows component parts dis-assembled in some way, so that each can be seen on its own. These views are common in technical manuals, but are also used in architecture, either in conceptual diagrams or to illustrate technical details. In

9840-431: The exterior staircases to conduct business. The New York City government enacted a law in 1970 that banned gender discrimination in public places, and the city's Human Rights Commission ruled in 1972 that hotels were not exempt from this law. As such, the city ordered the Martha Washington to start accepting male guests beginning in 1973. Amid opposition from figures such as New York City Council president Sanford Garelik ,

9963-462: The eye, its contrast with the background is reduced, its color saturation is reduced, and its color becomes more blue. Not to be confused with aerial view or bird's eye view, which is the view as seen (or imagined) from a high vantage point. In J M Gandy's perspective of the Bank of England (see illustration at the beginning of this article), Gandy portrayed the building as a picturesque ruin in order to show

10086-428: The final image is intended to be almost indistinguishable from a photograph. A sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing, a quick way to record and develop an idea, not intended as a finished work. A diagram could also be drawn freehand but deals with symbols, to develop the logic of a design. Both can be worked up into a more presentable form and used to communicate the principles of a design. In architecture,

10209-449: The finished work is expensive and time consuming, so it is important to resolve the design as fully as possible before construction work begins. Complex modern buildings involve a large team of different specialist disciplines, and communication at the early design stages is essential to keep the design moving towards a coordinated outcome. Architects (and other designers) start investigating a new design with sketches and diagrams, to develop

10332-506: The guestrooms were awarded to Molka Kellogg, the daughter of Charles Kellogg, along with Clara Davidge, the daughter of Episcopal bishop Henry C. Potter . All work was complete by February 5, 1903, when hotel officials planned to open the guestrooms for public inspection; the structure had cost $ 800,000 to complete. The formal opening was initially set for February 15. The Martha Washington Hotel opened on March 1, 1903, serving both long-term residents and short-term guests; it aimed to attract

10455-417: The hotel as a whole had custom-designed furniture such as double-faced bookcases, as well as appliances such as electric alarms. Smaller rooms had sofa beds , while larger units contained standard beds. When the Martha Washington was renovated into a co-ed tourist hotel in 2000 the rooms were rearranged. Sources disagree on whether the hotel had 370, 350, or 262 units. The rooms were small and plain in design;

10578-466: The hotel contained a terrace that could be converted into a "summer garden and promenade" with awnings and hammocks. Originally the top ten stories of the hotel comprised about 200 short-term guest rooms and 400 long-term residences, starting at the third floor. These were available in both single-room and multi-room en suite configurations. Each story held between 40 and 50 units and had a reception room. The 12th floor contained employee bedrooms, while

10701-717: The hotel in 1961. The restaurant, seating 250 guests, contained a cocktail lounge. A nightclub called the High Life Room opened at the hotel in April 1967. The nightclub, described as looking "somewhat like a Moorish courtyard", was placed within the hotel's former ballroom. By the early 1970s, the Martha Washington was one of four women's hotels in the city, along with the Allerton Hotel for Women , Barbizon Hotel , and East End Hotel . The Martha Washington's clientele consisted mostly of students and young professionals, and its occupancy rate averaged 80 to 90 percent. The hotel enforced

10824-441: The hotel in June, with an estimated cost of $ 350,000. The Louis Weber Building Company was hired as the general contractor, while John W. Rapp received a fireproofing contract. By September, the existing structures on the hotel's site had been demolished. At the end of 1901, the Woman's Hotel Company announced that the hotel would be named after Martha Washington. James Case was hired as the hotel's manager. The contracts for decorating

10947-466: The hotel was hard to find despite its new name, the staff were confused, and the hotel as a whole was "rough-hewn". The critic described the lobby as "well polished" but said that the guestrooms were only "slightly larger than a janitor's closet [and] are awash in the brown/green side of the Crayola box". Following the 2011 renovation, a critic for ABC News wrote: "We find the check-in process disorganized and

11070-400: The hotel's directors to cover initial expenses using their own money; by January 1904, they reported that the hotel's only income came from short-term guests. The Martha Washington hired its first female elevator operator in early 1904; that year, the hotel replaced the bellboys with female bellhops and fired the male waiters. After the minimum room rate was raised to $ 12 per week in late 1905,

11193-425: The hotel's management. At the time, the Women's Hotel Company had not paid a dividend in five years, and there were disagreements over expenses. In January 1907, Arthur W. Edgar leased the hotel for 10 years. Edgar agreed to pay $ 507,000, continue operating the hotel for women only, and rent at least 25 rooms for no more than $ 1 a day. According to the 1910 United States census , residents were generally well-off with

11316-453: The hotel's managers did not want. Originally, the hotel employed male bellhops and elevator operators , as the managers felt that women could not physically carry luggage. The mail clerk and the 15-member cooking team were also men, but the hotel also had waitresses and female clerks, bookkeepers, and cashiers. The hotel hired 50 waitresses and 30 chambermaids initially, although male waiters were hired in 1903. Early guests hailed from across

11439-427: The internal plan arrangement, a precursor of the cutaway view. A montage image is produced by superimposing a perspective image of a building on to a photographic background. Care is needed to record the position from which the photograph was taken, and to generate the perspective using the same viewpoint. This technique is popular in computer visualization, where the building can be photorealistically rendered, and

11562-515: The last week of December. Two hundred fifty prominent New Yorkers, including William Colford Schermerhorn , John D. Rockefeller , Olivia Sage , and Helen Gould , contributed to the Women's Hotel Company's fundraising effort, which had raised $ 300,000 by the beginning of 1900. When the Women's Hotel Company was incorporated in March 1900, a building committee was appointed to review potential sites; subscriptions had reached $ 350,000 by that June. The company announced in September that it had identified

11685-434: The latter part of the 20th century, all architectural drawings were manually produced, if not by the architects, then by trained (but less skilled) draftsmen (or drafters ), who did not generate the design, but did make many of the less important decisions. This system has continued with CAD drafting: many design architects have little or no knowledge of CAD software programmes, relying upon others to take their designs beyond

11808-465: The materials available and the size that is convenient to transport – rolled up or folded, laid out on a table, or pinned up on a wall. The drafting process may impose limitations on the size that is realistically workable. Sizes are determined by a consistent paper size system, according to local usage. Normally the largest paper size used in modern architectural practice is ISO A0 (841 mm × 1,189 mm or 33.1 in × 46.8 in) or in

11931-441: The metric equivalent of 1 to 100, walls are typically shown as simple outlines corresponding to the overall thickness. At a larger scale, half an inch to one foot (1:24) or the nearest common metric equivalent 1 to 20, the layers of different materials that make up the wall construction are shown. Construction details are drawn to a larger scale, in some cases full size (1 to 1 scale). Scale drawings enable dimensions to be "read" off

12054-446: The middle bay contains three-part windows, some of which are arranged as Palladian windows . The remaining bays have stone windowsills and are topped by lintels with key or splayed patterns. There are decorative spandrel panels above the three central third-story windows, and there are terracotta lunettes above the five central fourth-story windows. On the ninth story of both elevations there are balconettes with iron railings in front of

12177-448: The modern minimalist room, with gray carpeting and no pictures on the wall, stark and sterile. And our tiny bathroom is unheated." When the Redbury opened in 2016, The Telegraph praised the hotel's central location and food service, but criticized the styling and said the Redbury "is a bit short on amenities". U.S. News & World Report stated that "the hotel features a contemporary ambiance with updated guest accommodations sporting

12300-617: The neighborhoods and are reluctant to take an apartment right away". The first-floor ballroom hosted the Danceteria nightclub, which opened in May 1991 and operated until 1993; during this time, there were many reports of illegal drug use. Afterward, the Danceteria space was converted into a club called the Melting Pot, which had three bars, then became a mosque by 1998. Toward the end of the 20th century,

12423-545: The new policy "a rapist's dream" because men could crawl into residents' bathrooms through the fire escapes. By the end of 1998, the Martha Washington was a standard tourist hotel; it was one of several residential hotels in the city that had been converted into tourist hotels at the end of the 20th century. PMG undertook further renovations in 2000, spending about $ 49 million to upgrade the hotel. Kevin Maloney of PMG agreed to upgrade 83 tenants' rooms and allow them to continue paying

12546-431: The outermost bays and the three center windows. All of the ninth-story windows have terracotta lintels. On the tenth story the windows are rectangular and have lintels with splayed patterns. Above the tenth-story windows are keystones with brackets, as well as terracotta corbels , above which runs a horizontal terracotta string course. The eleventh story contains a facade of terracotta panels, interspersed with windows; there

12669-502: The partners' 14 properties, including the King & Grove New York. Danny Meyer announced in October 2013 that he would open a restaurant at the King & Grove New York, and he outlined plans the next year for a wood-fired pizzeria. Scheetz announced in May 2014 that King & Grove would be rebranded as Chelsea Hotels and that the King & Grove New York would be renovated and renamed back to

12792-478: The plan level), fittings, and sometimes furniture. Objects above the plan level (e.g. beams overhead) can be indicated as dashed lines. Geometrically, plan view is defined as a vertical orthographic projection of an object onto a horizontal plane, with the horizontal plane cutting through the building. A site plan is a specific type of plan, showing the whole context of a building or group of buildings. A site plan shows property boundaries and means of access to

12915-469: The plan, and exploded elements. Detail drawings show a small part of the construction at a larger scale, to show how the component parts fit together. They are also used to show small surface details, for example decorative elements. Section drawings at large scale are a standard way of showing building construction details, typically showing complex junctions (such as floor to wall junction, window openings, eaves and roof apex) that cannot be clearly shown on

13038-592: The preceding 22 years. Julius Manger's son, Julius Manger Jr., sold the Martha Washington and two adjoining low-rise buildings in February 1948 to a syndicate represented by Schiff, Dorfman, Stein, and Brof. The buyers quickly resold the hotel to its managing director Edward Tilson and hotelier Sol Henkind. At the time, the hotel had 445 guest units, a restaurant, and five stores, while the adjacent buildings included four apartments, three stores, and some dormitories. The Sillins Hotel Corporation, led by Robert B. Sillins, bought

13161-455: The property, and most residents were still relatively young, being between 25 and 40 years old. In 1982, the Chicago Tribune described the hotel as having 451 rooms and a female manager, although it did hire some male staff such as bellhops, clerks, and engineers. At the time, there was high demand for the hotel; its manager Janis Algar said that "a lot of women from out of town don't know

13284-716: The remainder of the 12th story and the inhabitable portions of the 13th story contained studios with skylights. By the late 1990s, the Martha Washington had been divided into either 423 or 469 rooms. When the hotel first opened about 36 women lived on each floor, with four communal toilets and four bathtubs on each floor. There was approximately one bathroom for every four guest rooms; most units lacked en suite bathrooms. The guest rooms were arranged so they could easily be combined into suites with two to five rooms. Some apartments were outfitted with double doors, allowing businesswomen to use these spaces as showrooms. Each bedroom had furnishings such as damask coverings and large pillows, and

13407-484: The same rental rate if they endorsed a certificate of no harassment, which was required for the hotel. Another 37 tenants opposed the conversion and filed a lawsuit, claiming Maloney harassed them; despite this, Maloney received the certificate of no harassment and did not offer the dissenting tenants anything. Some residents protested against the renovations in 2000, claiming that PMG was disrupting their water and heat service and that there were construction hazards. Citylife

13530-403: The scale factor. Dimensions can be measured off drawings made on a stable medium such as vellum. All processes of reproduction introduce small errors, especially now that different copying methods mean that the same drawing may be re-copied, or copies made in several different ways. Consequently, dimensions need to be written ("figured") on the drawing. The disclaimer "Do not scale off dimensions"

13653-409: The second story are protruding balconettes with iron railings, which are supported by terracotta brackets. Each window in the third through eighth stories of the northern and southern elevations has a terracotta frame. The outermost bays of the facade are clad with brick, which is arranged to resemble a rusticated facade. The center three bays feature horizontal stone courses at regular intervals, and

13776-487: The site, and nearby structures if they are relevant to the design. For a development on an urban site, the site plan may need to show adjoining streets to demonstrate how the design fits into the urban fabric. Within the site boundary, the site plan gives an overview of the entire scope of work. It shows the buildings (if any) already existing and those that are proposed, usually as a building footprint; roads, parking lots, footpaths, hard landscaping , trees, and planting. For

13899-512: The sketch stage. Draftsmen often specialize in a type of structure, such as residential or commercial, or in a type of construction: timber frame, reinforced concrete, prefabrication, etc. The traditional tools of the architect were the drawing board or drafting table, T-square and set squares , protractor , compasses , pencil , and drawing pens of different types. Drawings were made on vellum , coated linen , and tracing paper . Lettering would either be done by hand, mechanically using

14022-494: The speed of drafting allows many permutations to be tried before the design is finalized. On the other hand, CAD drawing encourages a proliferation of detail and increased expectations of accuracy, aspects which reduce the efficiency originally expected from the move to computerization. Professional CAD software such as AutoCAD is complex and requires both training and experience before the operator becomes fully productive. Consequently, skilled CAD operators are often divorced from

14145-455: The telegraph, telephone, or messenger services. There were also exterior fire escapes and stairwells. As of 2023, the hotel contains about 143,000 square feet (13,300 m) of space, spread across 13 stories. When the Martha Washington Hotel was built the first and second floors were dedicated to communal rooms such as offices, a restaurant, dining rooms, and reception rooms. The lobby was decorated in an colonial style, with leather chairs and

14268-420: Was also equipped with mirrors, small television sets and refrigerators, and hidden speakers. Desks, nightstands, minibars, and other furniture were added in 2019, and the hotel's 259 rooms were redecorated with gray walls. There was demand for women's residences in New York City as early as the mid-19th century, when most unmarried women lived in boarding houses or at home. Among the earliest women's residences in

14391-412: Was created within the hotel. The public spaces were repainted in walnut colors, with fluted columns and blue floor tiles. There was also a long hallway, with mid-century modern furniture, leading to a check-in desk. The current design of the lobby as of 2023 dates to a 2019 renovation, which added seating areas enclosed with stained-glass panels, as well as blue-tinted lighting and rounded mirrors. There

14514-520: Was designed by architect Robert W. Gibson in the Renaissance Revival style. At the time of the hotel's construction in the early 1900s, many hotels were being built with classical architectural features because they had been designed by architects trained in Europe. Gibson, who had trained in England, incorporated classical elements such as brackets , dentils , ornate lintels , quoins , and rustication into

14637-426: Was funded by a loan issued by Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust. The hotel was divided into 276 rooms, which were designed in a minimalist style. King and Grove Hotels bought the Hotel Lola for $ 116 million from Rockpoint Group in June 2012 and renamed it the King & Grove New York shortly thereafter. King & Grove CEO Ed Scheetz and Chetrit Group co-owned the hotel until 2013, when Scheetz took over five of

14760-483: Was included, the building techniques involved being common knowledge amongst building professionals. Modern working drawings are much more detailed and it is standard practice to isolate select areas of the project on separate sheets. Notes included on drawings are brief, referring to standardized specification documents for more information. Understanding the layout and construction of a modern building involves studying an often-sizeable set of drawings and documents. Until

14883-436: Was known as the "American plan". Men and married women were allowed to use the restaurant and drawing rooms on the lower stories but could not rent rooms. This policy applied even to residents' close relatives, such as brothers and fathers, as well as men invited by the residents. Also banned from the hotel were pets, babies, and any tenant who was involved in a breach of promise lawsuit, since such suits attracted publicity that

15006-593: Was operating the hotel by 2000, with PMG as the owner, and continued to renovate the hotel through the end of that year. The group rebranded the Martha Washington as the Hotel Thirty Thirty in July 2000, a reference to the hotel's address at 30 East 30th Street, though media sources had reported on the new name as early as the preceding October. The Thirty Thirty initially operated as a budget hotel and still had about 90 long-term residents by 2003. Rockpoint Group bought

15129-613: Was themed to the music of the nearby Tin Pan Alley and the history of the NoMad neighborhood. The first rooms reopened in April 2016, and the hotel was fully reopened that October under the Preferred Hotels & Resorts brand. The Redbury's managers hired local firm Home Studios to redesign the lobby and rooms in mid-2019. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in early 2020,

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