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94-428: Mark Rydell (born Mortimer H. Rydell ; March 23, 1929) is an American film director , producer, and actor . He has directed several Academy Award -nominated films including The Fox (1967), The Reivers (1969), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Rose (1979), and The River (1984). He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for On Golden Pond (1981). Rydell initially trained in music. As

188-473: A film school to get a bachelor's degree studying film or cinema. Film students generally study the basic skills used in making a film. This includes, for example, preparation, shot lists and storyboards, blocking, communicating with professional actors, communicating with the crew, and reading scripts. Some film schools are equipped with sound stages and post-production facilities. Besides basic technical and logistical skills, students also receive education on

282-730: A Broadway actor and made his Hollywood film debut in 1935. He rose to film stardom with performances in films like Jezebel (1938), Jesse James (1939) and Young Mr. Lincoln (1939). He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath (1940). In 1941, Fonda starred opposite Barbara Stanwyck in the screwball comedy classic The Lady Eve . After his service in World War II, he starred in two highly regarded Westerns: The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) and My Darling Clementine (1946),

376-528: A Crooked Man , about Paris Pitman Jr. (played by Kirk Douglas ) trying to escape from an Arizona prison. Fonda returned to both foreign and television productions, which provided career sustenance through a decade in which many aging screen actors suffered waning careers. He starred in the ABC television series The Smith Family between 1971 and 1972. A television film adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel, 1973's The Red Pony , earned Fonda an Emmy nomination. After

470-671: A car crash. He later won plaudits for his role of violent Jewish mob kingpin Marty Augustine in Robert Altman 's The Long Goodbye (1973). His most recent significant film role was in Woody Allen 's Hollywood Ending (2002). Rydell moved into directing television and soon became very successful. He did episodes of Mr. Novak ; Ben Casey ; The Reporter ; Slattery's People ; I Spy ; The Wild Wild West ; The Long, Hot Summer ; and Gunsmoke . He said later: "I come from

564-669: A documentary on Ford's career alongside Ford and James Stewart. Fonda refused to participate until he learned that Ford had insisted on casting Fonda as the lead in the film version of Mr. Roberts , reviving Fonda's film career after concentrating on the stage for years. After Mr. Roberts , Fonda was next in Paramount Pictures 's production of Leo Tolstoy 's epic novel War and Peace (1956) about French Emperor Napoleon 's invasion of Russia in 1812, in which he played Pierre Bezukhov opposite Audrey Hepburn ; it took two years to shoot. Fonda worked with Alfred Hitchcock in 1956, playing

658-480: A flat fee for the project, as a weekly salary, or as a daily rate. A handful of top Hollywood directors made from $ 133.3 million to $ 257.95 million in 2011, such as James Cameron and Steven Spielberg , but the average United States film directors and producers made $ 89,840 in 2018. A new Hollywood director typically gets paid around $ 400,000 for directing their first studio film. The average annual salary in England

752-400: A general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue, while others control every aspect and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Other directors edit or appear in their films or compose music score for their films. A film director's task is to envisage

846-516: A grown-up Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer , who had acted as a child in the Our Gang movie serials of the 1930s. Despite approaching his seventies, Fonda continued to work in theater, television and film through the 1970s. In 1970, Fonda appeared in three films; the most successful was The Cheyenne Social Club . The other two films were Too Late the Hero , in which Fonda played a secondary role, and There Was

940-466: A left-wing activist. Jane Fonda reported feeling detached from her father, especially during her early acting days. In 1958 she met Lee Strasberg while visiting her father in Malibu. The Fonda and Strasberg families were neighbors, and she had developed a friendship with Strasberg's daughter, Susan . Jane Fonda began studying acting with Strasberg, learning the techniques of " The Method " of which Strasberg

1034-527: A man falsely accused of robbery in The Wrong Man ; the unusual semidocumentary work of Hitchcock was based on an actual incident and partly filmed on location. In 1957, Fonda made his first foray into producing with 12 Angry Men , in which he also starred. The film was based on a teleplay and a script by Reginald Rose , and directed by Sidney Lumet . The low-budget production was completed in 17 days of filming, mostly in one claustrophobic jury room. It had

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1128-622: A minor role at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts . A friend took him to Falmouth, MA where he joined and quickly became a valued member of the University Players , an intercollegiate summer stock company. There, he worked with Margaret Sullavan , his future wife. James Stewart joined the Players a few months after Fonda left, though they were soon to become lifelong friends. Fonda left

1222-428: A private funeral with only himself and his mother-in-law, Sophie Seymour, in attendance. Years later, Dr. Margaret Gibson, the psychiatrist who had treated Frances at Austen Riggs, described Henry Fonda as "a cold, self-absorbed person, a complete narcissist ." Later in 1950, Fonda married Susan Blanchard , his mistress. She was 21 years old, the daughter of Australian-born interior designer Dorothy Hammerstein , and

1316-542: A recent trend of more attention to women directors in India, brought on partly by Amazon and Netflix moving into the industry. Of the movies produced in Nollywood , women direct only 2%. There are many different awards for film directing, run by various academies , critics associations , film festivals , and guilds . The Academy Award for Best Director and Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director are considered among

1410-519: A seven-year contract with his studio, Twentieth Century-Fox . Fonda agreed and was ultimately nominated for an Academy Award for his work in the film, which many consider to be his finest role. Fonda starred in Fritz Lang 's The Return of Frank James (1940) with Gene Tierney . He then played opposite Barbara Stanwyck in Preston Sturges 's The Lady Eve (1941), and again teamed with Tierney in

1504-519: A six picture contract with the Mirisch Brothers . They planned to make Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff , which was eventually made in 1979 by other filmmakers. Rydell directed John Wayne in The Cowboys (1972). He made a romantic comedy, Cinderella Liberty (1973), with James Caan and Marsha Mason . Around this time he said he did not want to make genre movies: "I want to create my own genre." He

1598-588: A small role with his son, Peter, in Wanda Nevada (1979), with Brooke Shields . As Fonda's health declined and he took longer breaks between filming, critics began to acknowledge the value of his extensive body of work. In 1979, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . His Golden Plate was presented by Awards Council member Jimmy Stewart . In 1979, he was inducted into

1692-461: A strong cast, including also Jack Klugman , Lee J. Cobb , Martin Balsam , and E. G. Marshall . The intense story about twelve jurors deciding the fate of a young man accused of murder was well received by critics worldwide. Fonda shared the Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations with co-producer Reginald Rose, and won the 1958 BAFTA Award for Best Actor for his performance as Juror 8. Early on,

1786-403: A way to translate a screenplay into a fully formed film, and then to realize this vision. To do this, they oversee the artistic and technical elements of film production. This entails organizing the film crew in such a way to achieve their vision of the film and communicating with the actors. This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in

1880-615: A wealthy industrialist, George Tuttle Brokaw . The Brokaws had a daughter who had been born soon after the Brokaws marriage in 1931. Fonda had met Frances at Denham Studios in England on the set of Wings of the Morning , the first picture in Europe to be filmed in three-strip Technicolor . They had two children, Jane (b. 1937) and Peter (1940–2019), both of whom became successful actors. Jane has won two Best Actress Academy Awards , and Peter

1974-619: A week (equivalent to $ 67,000 in 2023) and dining with Hollywood stars such as Carole Lombard . Stewart soon followed him to Hollywood, and they roomed together again, in lodgings next door to Greta Garbo . In 1935 Fonda starred in the RKO film I Dream Too Much with the opera star Lily Pons . The New York Times announced him as "Henry Fonda, the most likable of the new crop of romantic juveniles." Fonda's film career blossomed as he costarred with Sylvia Sidney and Fred MacMurray in The Trail of

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2068-508: A yearly salary from ¥4 million to ¥10 million, and the Directors Guild of Japan requires a minimum payment of ¥3.5 million. Korean directors make 300 million to 500 million won for a film, and beginning directors start out making around 50 million won. A Korean director who breaks into the Chinese market might make 1 billion won for a single film. According to a 2018 report from UNESCO ,

2162-568: A young Helen Hunt . He performed again with Widmark, Olivia de Havilland , Fred MacMurray, and José Ferrer in the killer bee action film The Swarm . He also acted in the global disaster film Meteor (his second role as a sitting President of the United States after Fail-Safe ), with Sean Connery , Natalie Wood , and Karl Malden , and the Canadian production City on Fire , which also featured Shelley Winters and Ava Gardner . Fonda had

2256-467: A youth, he wanted to be a conductor. He said he left music because of the proliferation of drugs among the musicians: "Heroin was the drug of choice," he said. "Knowing that I have an addict's personality in that a little is good but a lot is better, I knew I was in danger. So I went back to college and went to the Neighborhood Playhouse." He studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of

2350-736: Is a film criticism concept that holds that a film director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of—and sometimes even because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through studio interference and the collective process. Some film directors started as screenwriters , film editors , producers , actors , or film critics , as well as directing for similar media like television and commercials. Several American cinematographers have become directors, including Barry Sonnenfeld , originally

2444-714: Is £50,440, in Canada is $ 62,408, and in Western Australia it can range from $ 75,230 to $ 97,119. In France, the average salary is €4000 per month, paid per project. Luc Besson was the highest paid French director in 2017, making €4.44 million for Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets . That same year, the top ten French directors' salaries in total represented 42% of the total directors' salaries in France. Film directors in Japan average

2538-583: The American Theater Hall of Fame for his achievements on Broadway and received the Kennedy Center Honor . Lifetime Achievement awards from the Golden Globes and Academy Awards followed in 1980 and 1981, respectively. Fonda continued to act into the early 1980s, though all but one of the productions in which he was featured before his death were for television. The television works included

2632-548: The Man with No Name in his Dollars Trilogy , a role that was later taken on by Clint Eastwood ), who flew from Italy to the United States to persuade him to take the part. Fonda had planned on wearing a pair of brown-colored contact lenses , but Leone preferred the paradox of contrasting close-up shots of Fonda's innocent-looking blue eyes with the vicious personality of the character Fonda portrayed. Fonda's relationship with Jimmy Stewart survived their disagreements over politics – Fonda

2726-626: The Netherlands in the 15th century. In 1642, a branch of the Fonda family immigrated to the Dutch colony of New Netherland on the East Coast of North America. They were among the first Dutch population to settle in what is now upstate New York, establishing the town of Fonda, New York . By 1888, many of their descendants had relocated to Nebraska. Fonda was brought up as a Christian Scientist . The family

2820-759: The 1960s, Fonda performed in a number of war and Western epics, including 1962's The Longest Day and the Cinerama production How the West Was Won , 1965's In Harm's Way , and Battle of the Bulge . In the Cold War suspense film Fail-Safe (1964), Fonda played the President of the United States who tries to avert a nuclear holocaust through tense negotiations with the Soviets after American bombers are mistakenly ordered to attack

2914-1031: The Berlin/Brandenburg TV station RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting) and ARTE . In recent decades American directors have primarily been coming out of USC , UCLA , AFI , Columbia University , and NYU , each of which is known for cultivating a certain style of filmmaking. Notable film schools outside of the United States include Beijing Film Academy , Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica in Mexico City, Dongseo University in South Korea, FAMU in Prague, Film and Television Institute of India , HFF Munich , La Fémis in Paris, Tel Aviv University , and Vancouver Film School . Film directors usually are self-employed and hired per project based on recommendations and industry reputation. Compensation might be arranged as

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3008-669: The Bulge (1965) and Admiral Nimitz in Midway (1976). Fonda won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 54th Academy Awards for his final film role in On Golden Pond (1981), which co-starred Katharine Hepburn and his daughter Jane Fonda . He was too ill to attend the ceremony and died from heart disease five months later. Fonda was the patriarch of a family of actors, including daughter Jane Fonda, son Peter Fonda , granddaughter Bridget Fonda and grandson Troy Garity . In 1999, he

3102-745: The Century (1996), which starred Isabella Rossellini and Stephen Rea , and James Dean (2001), which earned actor James Franco a Golden Globe award. Rydell also acted in the movie, playing Jack L. Warner (head of Warner Bros). He was credited as executive producer on An Unfinished Life (2005). In 2006, Rydell directed the movie Even Money . His last credit to date was an episode of Masters of Science Fiction , "A Clean Escape". Three years later – working with actor Martin Landau and screenwriter/playwright Lyle Kessler – he produced an education seminar, The Total Picture Seminar. The two-day event covers

3196-524: The Coen brothers' Director of Photography; Wally Pfister , cinematographer on Christopher Nolan 's three Batman films made his directorial debut with Transcendence (2014). Despite the misnomer, assistant director has become a completely separate career path and is not typically a position for aspiring directors, but there are exceptions in some countries such as India where assistant directors are indeed directors-in-training. Many film directors have attended

3290-599: The Lonesome Pine (1936), the first Technicolor movie filmed outdoors. Fonda starred with ex-wife Margaret Sullavan in The Moon's Our Home , and a short rekindling of their relationship led to a brief but temporary consideration of remarriage. Fonda got the nod for the lead role in You Only Live Once (1937), also costarring Sidney, and directed by Fritz Lang . He starred opposite Bette Davis , who had chosen him, in

3384-562: The Method", he told me, "because I never studied it. I don't mean to suggest that I have any feelings one way or the other about it...I don't know what the Method is and I don't care what the Method is. Everybody's got a method. Everybody can't articulate about their method, and I can't, if I have a method—and Jane sometimes says that I use the Method, that is, the capital letter Method, without being aware of it. Maybe I do; it doesn't matter." Aronowitz reported Jane saying, "My father can't articulate

3478-590: The Players at the end of their 1931–1932 season after appearing in his first professional role in The Jest , by Sem Benelli . Joshua Logan , a young sophomore at Princeton who had been double-cast in the show, gave Fonda the part of Tornaquinci, "an elderly Italian man with a long white beard and even longer hair." Also in the cast of The Jest with Fonda and Logan were Bretaigne Windust , Kent Smith , and Eleanor Phelps . Soon after, Fonda headed for New York City to be with his then wife, Margaret Sullavan . The marriage

3572-741: The Prairie Pioneer in Grand Island, Nebraska. Fonda is widely recognized as one of the Hollywood greats of the classic era. On the centenary of his birth, May 16, 2005, Turner Classic Movies (TCM) honored Fonda with a marathon of his films. Also in May 2005, the United States Post Office released a 37-cent postage stamp with an artist's drawing of Fonda as part of their "Hollywood legends" series. The Fonda Theatre in Hollywood, originally known as

3666-603: The Theatre in New York City. His first significant roles were as Walt Johnson on The Edge of Night , and as Jeff Baker on As the World Turns , which he played from December 12, 1956, to 1962. The role of Jeff was a particularly popular role with the audience. During the series run he directed Roots off-Broadway in 1961. In 1962, Rydell declined to sign another long-term contract at ATWT , and producers had his character die in

3760-698: The USSR. He also returned to more light-hearted cinema in Spencer's Mountain (1963), which was the inspiration for the 1970s TV series, The Waltons , based on the Great Depression of the 1930s memories of Earl Hamner Jr. Fonda appeared against type as the villain 'Frank' in 1968's Once Upon a Time in the West . After initially turning down the role, he was convinced to accept it by actor Eli Wallach and director Sergio Leone (who had previously tried to hire him to portray

3854-516: The award that her dad would probably quip, "Well, ain't I lucky." Years later, Fonda's performance would be remembered as a "brutally honest portrayal of frightened old age." Fonda's final performance was in the 1981 television drama Summer Solstice with Myrna Loy. It was filmed after On Golden Pond had wrapped and Fonda was in rapidly declining health. Fonda was married five times and had three children, one of them adopted. His marriage to Margaret Sullavan in 1931 soon ended in separation, which

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3948-461: The biographical drama, Clarence Darrow , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. Fonda's health had been deteriorating for years, but his first outward symptoms occurred after a performance of the play in April 1974, when he collapsed from exhaustion. After the appearance of a cardiac arrhythmia brought on by prostate cancer , he had a pacemaker installed following cancer surgery. Fonda returned to

4042-426: The box office, becoming an unexpected blockbuster. In addition to wins for Hepburn (Best Actress), and Thompson (Screenplay), On Golden Pond brought Fonda his only Oscar – for Best Actor (he was the oldest recipient of the award; it also earned him a Golden Globe Best Actor award). Fonda was by that point too ill to attend the ceremony, and his daughter Jane accepted on his behalf. She said when accepting

4136-467: The cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , producers , film editors or actors. Other film directors have attended film school. Directors use different approaches. Some outline

4230-462: The cast with Edwin Sherin directing. In 1976, Fonda appeared in several notable television productions, the first being Collision Course , the story of the volatile relationship between President Harry Truman ( E. G. Marshall ) and General MacArthur (Fonda), produced by ABC. After an appearance in the acclaimed Showtime broadcast of Almos' a Man , based on a story by Richard Wright , he starred in

4324-586: The defense of Britain. Fonda served for three years, initially as a quartermaster 3rd class on the destroyer USS  Satterlee . He was later commissioned as a lieutenant junior grade in Air Combat Intelligence in the Central Pacific and was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and Navy Presidential Unit Citation . After being discharged from active duty due to being "overage in rank", Fonda

4418-422: The director ensures that all individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges they have to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure". It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when and how they will work again, if at all. Generally,

4512-435: The director works with the editor to edit the material into the director's cut . Well-established directors have the " final cut privilege ", meaning that they have the final say on which edit of the film is released. For other directors, the studio can order further edits without the director's permission. The director is one of the few positions that requires intimate involvement during every stage of film production . Thus,

4606-536: The disciplines of acting, directing, and writing for film. The three have worked together as a team for many decades at The Actors Studio teaching and coaching professional actors, writers, and directors. In 2010, Rydell joined the Advisory Board of Openfilm, an online video sharing site created to help aspiring independent filmmakers. He executive produced the documentary A Coup in Camelot (2015). Mortimer H. Rydell

4700-451: The early part of the Great Depression , sometimes lacking enough money to take the subway. Fonda got his first break in films when he was hired in 1935 as Janet Gaynor 's leading man in 20th Century Fox 's screen adaptation of The Farmer Takes a Wife ; he reprised his role from the Broadway production of the same name, which had gained him recognition. Suddenly, Fonda was making $ 3,000

4794-621: The epic NBC miniseries Captains and the Kings , based on Taylor Caldwell 's novel. Three years later, he appeared in ABC's Roots: The Next Generations , but the miniseries was overshadowed by its predecessor, Roots . Also in 1976, Fonda starred in the World War II blockbuster Midway . Fonda finished the 1970s in a number of disaster films . The first of these was the 1977 Italian killer octopus thriller Tentacles and Rollercoaster , in which Fonda appeared with George Segal , Richard Widmark and

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4888-425: The famous PT-109 incident. He supported Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 United States presidential election , and Ted Kennedy in the 1980 Democratic Party primaries . He was initially a registered Republican, but switched parties. The writer Al Aronowitz, while working on a profile of Jane Fonda for The Saturday Evening Post in the 1960s, asked Henry Fonda about method acting : "I can't articulate about

4982-707: The film Jezebel (1938). This was followed by the title role in Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), his first collaboration with director John Ford , and that year he played Frank James in Jesse James (1939) starring Tyrone Power and Nancy Kelly . Another 1939 film was Drums Along the Mohawk , also directed by Ford. Fonda's successes led Ford to recruit him to play Tom Joad in the film version of John Steinbeck 's novel The Grapes of Wrath (1940). A reluctant Darryl Zanuck , who preferred Tyrone Power , insisted on Fonda's signing

5076-673: The film drew poorly, but after gaining recognition and awards, it proved a success. In spite of the outcome, Fonda vowed that he would never produce a movie again, fearing that failing as a producer might derail his acting career. After acting in the Western movies The Tin Star (1957) and Warlock (1959), Fonda returned to the production seat for the NBC Western television series The Deputy (1959–1961), in which he starred as Marshal Simon Fry. His co-stars were Allen Case and Read Morgan . During

5170-425: The film industry throughout the world has a disproportionately higher number of male directors compared to female directors, and they provide as an example the fact that only 20% of films in Europe are directed by women. 44% of graduates from a sample of European films schools are women, and yet women are only 24% of working film directors in Europe. However only a fraction of film school graduates aspire to direct with

5264-421: The film's producer Raymond Stross, but disliked working with him. Rydell said he ended up paying out four times his fee for the picture to get out of the contract. Nonetheless, he credits Stross for starting his film career. He directed Steve McQueen in The Reivers (1969). Rydell and friend Sydney Pollack , who had known each other since they were both actors, formed a company, Sanford Productions, and signed

5358-404: The hold-out juror, in 12 Angry Men , a film he co-produced and that earned him a BAFTA award for Best Foreign Actor. Later in his career, Fonda played a range of characters, including a villain in the epic Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) and the lead in the romantic comedy Yours, Mine and Ours with Lucille Ball . He also portrayed military figures, such as a colonel in Battle of

5452-409: The hope that her father would play the role and later described it as "a gift to my father that was so unbelievably successful." Premiered in December 1981, the film was well received by critics and, after a limited release on December 4, On Golden Pond developed enough of an audience to be widely released on January 22. With 10 Academy Award nominations, the film earned nearly $ 120 million at

5546-450: The latter directed by John Ford . He also starred in Ford's Western Fort Apache (1948). During a seven-year break from films, Fonda focused on stage productions, returning to star in the war-boat ensemble movie Mister Roberts in 1955, a role he championed on Broadway. In 1956, at the age of 51, Fonda played the title role of 38-year-old Manny Balestrero in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller The Wrong Man . In 1957, Fonda starred as Juror 8,

5640-434: The live performance of Preston Jones 's The Oldest Living Graduate and the Emmy-nominated Gideon's Trumpet (co-starring Fay Wray in her last performance) about Clarence Gideon 's fight to have the right to publicly funded legal counsel for the indigent. On Golden Pond in 1981, the film adaptation of Ernest Thompson 's play, marked one final professional and personal triumph for Fonda. Directed by Mark Rydell ,

5734-472: The majority entering the industry in other roles. In Hollywood, women make up only 12.6 percent of film directors, as reported by a UCLA study of the 200 top theatrical films of 2017, but that number is a significant increase from 6.9% in 2016. As of 2014, there were only 20 women in the Directors Guild of Japan out of the 550 total members. Indian film directors are also greatly underrepresented by women, even compared to other countries, but there has been

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5828-464: The most prestigious awards for directing, and there is even an award for worst directing given out during the Golden Raspberry Awards . Henry Fonda Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American actor whose career spanned five decades on Broadway and in Hollywood. On screen and stage, he often portrayed characters who embodied an everyman image. Born and raised in Nebraska , Fonda made his mark early as

5922-548: The nature of professional relationships that occur during film production. A full degree course can be designed for up to five years of studying. Future directors usually complete short films during their enrollment. The National Film School of Denmark has the student's final projects presented on national TV. Some film schools retain the rights for their students' works. Many directors successfully prepared for making feature films by working in television. The German Film and Television Academy Berlin consequently cooperates with

6016-423: The phone company. He also enjoyed drawing. Fonda was active in the Boy Scouts of America ; Howard Teichmann reports that he reached the rank of Eagle Scout . However, this is not supported elsewhere. When he was 14, he and his father witnessed the brutal lynching of Will Brown from a nearby building during the Omaha race riot of 1919 . This enraged the young Fonda and he kept a keen awareness of prejudice for

6110-498: The play in 1975. After the run of a 1978 play, First Monday of October , he took the advice of his doctors and quit plays, though he continued to star in films and television. Fonda appeared in a revival of The Time of Your Life that opened on March 17, 1972, at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles, where Fonda, Richard Dreyfuss , Gloria Grahame , Ron Thompson , Strother Martin , Jane Alexander , Lewis J. Stadlen , Richard X. Slattery , and Pepper Martin were among

6204-415: The position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that "20-hour days are not unusual". Some directors also take on additional roles, such as producing, writing or editing. Under European Union law, the film director is considered the "author" or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory . Auteur theory

6298-401: The project provided unprecedented collaborations between Fonda and Katharine Hepburn, along with Fonda and his daughter, Jane . The elder Fonda played an emotionally brittle and distant father who becomes more accessible at the end of his life. Jane Fonda has said that elements of the story mimicked their real-life relationship and helped them resolve certain issues. She bought the film rights in

6392-487: The rest of his life. Remarking on the incident in a 1975 BBC interview, he said: "It was the most horrendous sight I'd ever seen. My hands were wet, there were tears in my eyes. All I could think of was that young black man dangling at the end of a rope." By his senior year in high school, Fonda had grown to more than 6 feet (180 cm) tall, but remained shy. He attended the University of Minnesota , where he majored in journalism, but did not graduate. While at Minnesota he

6486-407: The restrictions of the film's budget and the demands of the producer and studio (such as the need to get a particular age rating ). Directors also play an important role in post-production . While the film is still in production, the director sends " dailies " to the film editor and explains their overall vision for the film, allowing the editor to assemble an editor's cut . In post-production,

6580-501: The same role in the 1955 film version of Mister Roberts with James Cagney , William Powell , and Jack Lemmon , continuing a pattern of bringing his acclaimed stage roles to life on the big screen. On the set of Mister Roberts , Fonda came to blows with director John Ford , who punched him during filming, and Fonda vowed never to work for the director again. While he kept that vow for years, Fonda spoke glowingly of Ford in Peter Bogdanovich 's documentary Directed by John Ford and in

6674-401: The school of sitting around the table for two weeks examining every detail of the material, working out relationships with the actors, so they know what they are doing, bringing them to locations, so they can get comfortable." Rydell's first feature as director was The Fox (1967) which was a box-office hit, in part due to its then-rare lesbian content. He signed a multi picture contract with

6768-403: The sole superiors of the director are the producers and the studio that is financing the film, although sometimes the director can also be a producer of the same film. The role of a director differs from producers in that producers typically manage the logistics and business operations of the production, whereas the director is tasked with making creative decisions. The director must work within

6862-782: The step-daughter of Oscar Hammerstein II . Together, they adopted a daughter, Amy Fishman (b. 1953). They divorced three years later. Blanchard was in awe of Fonda, and she described her role in the marriage as "a geisha", doing everything she could to please him, dealing with and solving problems he would not acknowledge. In 1957 Fonda married the Italian baroness Afdera Franchetti . They divorced in 1961. Soon after, in 1965, Fonda married Shirlee Mae Adams (born in 1932) and remained with her until his death in 1982. Fonda's relationship with his children has been described as "emotionally distant". Fonda loathed displays of feeling in himself or others, and this

6956-477: The stressful, fast-paced environment of a film set. Moreover, it is necessary to have an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus, excellent communication skills are a must. Because the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative individuals with possibly strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, they also need to possess conflict-resolution skills to mediate whenever necessary. Thus

7050-588: The successful screwball comedy Rings on Her Fingers (1942). Stanwyck was one of Fonda's favorite co-stars, and they appeared in three films together. He was acclaimed for his role in The Ox-Bow Incident (1943). Fonda enlisted in the United States Navy to fight in World War II , saying, "I don't want to be in a fake war in a studio." Previously, Jimmy Stewart and Fonda had helped raise funds for

7144-449: The time. He was going to make a film based on the play Nuts but instead did The River (1984), with Mel Gibson and Sissy Spacek . It was not a commercial success. Neither was Rydell's next film, For the Boys (1991), with Caan and Midler. Rydell made the television movie McBride and Groom (1993) and the feature Intersection (1994). He directed the television movies Crime of

7238-645: The title role in Mister Roberts , a comedy about the U.S. Navy , during World War II in the South Pacific Ocean where Fonda, a junior officer, Lt. Douglas A. Roberts wages a private war against a tyrannical captain. He won a 1948 Tony Award for the part. Fonda followed that by reprising his performance in the national tour and with successful stage runs in Point of No Return and The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial . After an eight-year absence from films, he starred in

7332-442: The unsuccessful Hollywood melodrama, Ash Wednesday , he filmed three Italian productions released in 1973 and 1974. The most successful of these, My Name Is Nobody , presented Fonda in a rare comedic performance as an old gunslinger whose plans to retire are dampened by a "fan" of sorts. Fonda continued stage acting throughout his last years, including several demanding roles in Broadway plays. He returned to Broadway in 1974 for

7426-610: The way he works. He just can't do it. He's not even conscious of what he does, and it made him nervous for me to try to articulate what I was trying to do. And I sensed that immediately, so we did very little talking about it...he said, 'Shut up, I don't want to hear about it.' He didn't want me to tell him about it, you know. He wanted to make fun of it." Fonda died at his Los Angeles home on August 12, 1982, from heart disease . Fonda's wife, Shirlee, his daughter Jane, and his son Peter were at his side that day. He suffered from prostate cancer , but this did not directly cause his death and

7520-613: Was a consistent part of his character. Whenever he felt that his emotional wall was being breached, he had outbursts of anger, exhibiting a furious temper that terrified his family. In Peter Fonda's 1998 autobiography Don't Tell Dad (1998), he described how he was never sure how his father felt about him. He never volunteered to his father that he loved him until he was elderly, and Peter finally heard, "I love you, son." His daughter Jane rejected her father's friendships with Republican actors such as John Wayne and James Stewart . Their relationship became extremely strained as Jane Fonda became

7614-644: Was a liberal Democrat , and Stewart a conservative Republican . After a heated argument, they avoided talking politics with each other. The two men teamed up for 1968's Firecreek , where Fonda again played the heavy. In 1970, Fonda and Stewart co-starred in the Western The Cheyenne Social Club , in which they humorously argued politics. They had first appeared together on film in On Our Merry Way (1948), an episodic comedy which also starred William Demarest and Fred MacMurray and featured

7708-586: Was a member of Chi Delta Xi, a local fraternity, which later became Chi Phi 's Gamma Delta chapter on that campus. He took a job with the Retail Credit Company. At age 20, Fonda started his acting career at the Omaha Community Playhouse when his mother's friend Dodie Brando (mother of Marlon Brando ) recommended that he try out for a juvenile part in You and I , in which he was cast as Ricky. He

7802-583: Was a renowned proponent. This proved to be a pivotal point in her career. As Jane Fonda developed her skill as an actress, she became frustrated with her father's talent that, to her, appeared a demonstration of effortless ability. Fonda was an ardent supporter of the Democratic Party and "an admirer" of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1960 Fonda appeared in a campaign commercial for presidential candidate John F. Kennedy . The ad focused on Kennedy's naval service during World War II, specifically

7896-418: Was born on March 23, 1929, to a Jewish family in New York City. Rydell married actress Joanne Linville in 1962. The couple had two children, Amy and Christopher , both actors. Rydell and Linville divorced in 1973. Rydell had another son, Alexander, from his second marriage to documentary producer Esther Rydell. That union ended in divorce in 2007. Film director The film director gives direction to

7990-405: Was brief, but when James Stewart came to New York his luck changed. Getting contact information from Joshua Logan , "Jimmy" and "Hank" found they had a lot in common, as long as they didn't discuss politics. The two men became roommates and honed their skills on Broadway . Fonda appeared in theatrical productions from 1926 to 1934. They fared no better than many Americans in and out of work during

8084-431: Was close and highly supportive, especially in health matters, as they avoided doctors due to their religion. Despite having a religious background, he later became an agnostic. Fonda was a bashful, short boy who tended to avoid girls, except his sisters, and was a good skater, swimmer, and runner. He worked part-time in his father's print plant and imagined a possible career as a journalist. Later, he worked after school for

8178-637: Was directed by John Ford. Fonda did seven postwar films until his contract with Fox expired, the last being Otto Preminger 's Daisy Kenyon (1947), opposite Joan Crawford . He starred in The Fugitive (1947), which was the first film of Ford's new production company, Argosy Pictures . In 1948 he appeared in a subsequent Argosy/Ford production, Fort Apache , as a rigid Army colonel, along with John Wayne and Shirley Temple in her first adult role. Refusing another long-term studio contract, Fonda returned to Broadway, wearing his own officer's cap to originate

8272-586: Was fascinated by the stage, learning everything from set construction to stage production, and embarrassed by his acting ability. When he received the lead in Merton of the Movies , he realized the beauty of acting as a profession, as it allowed him to deflect attention from his own tongue-tied personality and create stage characters relying on someone else's scripted words. Fonda decided to quit his job and go east in 1928 to seek his fortune. He arrived on Cape Cod and played

8366-538: Was finalized in a 1933 divorce. Throughout most of 1935, Fonda dated actress/singer Shirley Ross ; by year's end, it had been widely reported—by, among others, then-syndicated columnist Ed Sullivan —that the couple was engaged, with wedding plans afoot. Reports notwithstanding, both parties evidently reconsidered and in January 1936 it was reported that Fonda was now seeing actress Virginia Bruce . Later that year Fonda married Frances Ford Seymour Brokaw , widow of

8460-612: Was named the sixth- Greatest Male Screen Legend of the Classic Hollywood Era (stars with a film debut by 1950) by the American Film Institute . Born in Grand Island, Nebraska , on May 16, 1905, Henry Jaynes Fonda was the son of printer William Brace Fonda, and his wife, Herberta (Jaynes). The family moved to Omaha, Nebraska , in 1906. Fonda's patriline originates with an ancestor from Genoa , Italy, who migrated to

8554-601: Was nominated for two Oscars, one for Best Actor. In August 1949, Fonda announced to Frances that he wanted a divorce so he could remarry; their 13 years of marriage had not been happy ones for him. Devastated by Fonda's confession and plagued by emotional problems for many years, Frances went into the Craig House Sanitarium in January 1950 for treatment. She committed suicide there on April 14. Before her death, she had written six notes to various individuals, but left no final message for her husband. Fonda quickly arranged

8648-415: Was noted only as a concurrent ailment on his death certificate. Fonda requested that no funeral be held, and his body was cremated. President Ronald Reagan , a former actor himself, hailed Fonda as "a true professional dedicated to excellence in his craft. He graced the screen with a sincerity and accuracy which made him a legend." The home where Fonda was born in 1905 is preserved at The Stuhr Museum of

8742-426: Was reunited with Caan on Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976) which was a box-office flop, and directed the pilot episode of Family (1976). Rydell directed The Rose (1979), starring Bette Midler , which was a huge hit. So too was On Golden Pond (1981), starring Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn , for which Rydell received an Oscar nomination as Best Director . "I'm this week's heat," he joked at

8836-556: Was transferred to the Naval Reserve , serving three years (1945-1948). After the war, Fonda took a break from movies and attended Hollywood parties and enjoyed civilian life. Stewart and Fonda would listen to records and invite Johnny Mercer , Hoagy Carmichael , Dinah Shore , and Nat King Cole over for music, with the latter giving the family piano lessons. Fonda played Wyatt Earp in My Darling Clementine (1946), which

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