Misplaced Pages

#282717

58-439: Marechal Floriano is the capital of a municipality of the same name in the state of Espírito Santo , Brazil . Once part of the municipality of Domingos Martins , the town of Marechal Floriano separated on October 31, 1991, becoming capital of its own municipality. Marechal Floriano is just over 60 km from Vitória , the capital of the state, and situated in the southeastern Brazilian Highlands. The surrounding municipalities are to

116-524: A common Austrian–Hungarian passport, or in the case of the Tyroleans, under an Italian passport. Tyrolean settlers were both of German and Italian language and concentrated in the region of Santa Leopoldina and Santa Teresa. Romanians (especially from Transylvania and Bukovina ) and Roma usually arrived under Austrian passports. Large groups of Romani people settled in Espírito Santo's countryside in

174-532: A corn-grower; Vitória Island is known to have been full of corn plantations in the early centuries of Portuguese rule in Brazil. A third etymology is from the name of a local tribe, borrowed by the Portuguese during the colonial period. Originally, capixaba referred only to people from Vitória, but in common parlance, it eventually came to refer to those born anywhere in the state. The official state demonym, however,

232-475: A group of Dutch settlers from Zeeuws-Vlaanderen migrated to the state. In the area of Santa Leopoldina, their dialect of Dutch, which they call Ollans but is in fact a variety of Zeeuws-Vlaams influenced by Pomeranian, is still spoken by about 20 speakers. It is therefore severely endangered. The first African slaves in Espírito Santo arrived in Vitória in 1609, and years of slavery ensued. Espírito Santo, though,

290-533: A high marginal product of labor realized through the increasing number of enslaved people. Plantings of the Pará rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) are usually called plantations. Oil palm agriculture rapidly expands across wet tropical regions and is usually developed at a plantation scale. Fruit orchards are sometimes considered to be plantations. These include tobacco , sugarcane , pineapple , bell pepper , and cotton , especially in historical usage. Before

348-508: A lack of natural regeneration. The tree species used in a plantation are also an important factor. Where non-native varieties or species are grown, few native faunas are adapted to exploit these, and further biodiversity loss occurs. However, even non-native tree species may serve as corridors for wildlife and act as a buffer for native forests, reducing edge effect . Once a plantation is established, managing it becomes an important environmental factor. The most critical aspect of management

406-507: A natural forest is cleared for a planted forest, then a reduction in biodiversity and loss of habitat will likely result. In some cases, their establishment may involve draining wetlands to replace mixed hardwoods that formerly predominated with pine species. If a plantation is established on abandoned agricultural land or highly degraded land, it can increase both habitat and biodiversity. A planted forest can be profitably established on lands that will not support agriculture or suffer from

464-649: A tool of environmental restoration . Sugar plantations were highly valued in the Caribbean by the British and French colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the use of sugar in Europe rose during this period. Sugarcane is still an important crop in Cuba. Sugar plantations also arose in countries such as Barbados and Cuba because of the natural endowments that they had. These natural endowments included soil conducive to growing sugar and

522-429: Is Serra . With an extensive coastline , the state hosts some of the country's main ports, and its beaches are significant tourist attractions. The capital, Vitória, is located on an island, which borders the municipalities of Vila Velha , Cariacica , and Serra . These municipalities, plus the outer cities of Fundão and Guarapari , constitute the state's main metro area . In the northern extremes of Espírito Santo

580-522: Is "espírito-santense". Espírito Santo was first inhabited by Amerindians , whose different tribes were usually semi-nomadic, but precolonial Brazil has no recorded history. The area was colonized by the Portuguese starting in the 16th century, and received African slaves, and later, European immigrants of various origins. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo, a hereditary fief , was granted to Vasco Coutinho by Manuel I of Portugal around three decades after

638-509: Is Itaúnas, in the municipality of Conceição da Barra , which is a tourist location known for its sand dunes and forró tradition. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo was carved out of the Captaincy of Bahia in the 18th century, during the colonial rule of Brazil , and named after a 16th-century captaincy covering roughly the same area of coast. Following the elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and

SECTION 10

#1733105963283

696-433: Is about the size of Estonia, or half the size of Portugal, and has a variety of habitats including coastal plains, lakes, mountainous forests, mangroves and many others. The volcanic islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz , 715 kilometers (444 mi) east of Vitória in the southern Atlantic Ocean, are part of Espírito Santo. This Brazilian state is in the east of the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains

754-406: Is increasing. Sands and marbles are also important products of Espírito Santo extractivism . The state's subsoil is rich in minerals, including oil, with considerable reserves of limestone, marble, manganese, ilmenite, bauxite, zirconium, monazites, and rare earths, although not all are being explored. In mineral extraction, exploration of reserves of marbles, limestone, and dolomite is happening in

812-459: Is now Syria and Lebanon, they came to the state fleeing World War I. As at the time, they were Ottoman Empire citizens, they were commonly called "Turcos" (Turks). Large communities were established in the southern part of the state. Now, their descendants control a good share of the local commerce. The Arab-Brazilians of Espírito Santo are generally Maronite Christians . About 60–75% of the population of Espírito Santo has Italian ancestry, making it

870-468: Is represented primarily by cattle raised for milk and beef. Industry consists mainly of canning, forestry, textiles, and iron and steel works. The latter two are concentrated around Cariacica and the Vale do Rio Doce ironworks. Vitória is an important port for the exporting of iron and steel; the state is among the biggest steel-producing regions the world. In São Mateus , petroleum reserves have been found on

928-623: Is the Christian Holy Ghost (also known as the Holy Spirit). Debate exists as to the origin of the term capixaba , the unofficial demonym for those born in Espírito Santo. "Capixaba" is Tupi for "corn hair", reportedly because the blond hair of the European settlers reminded the Amerindian natives of the golden color of corn. A more mainstream explanation is that the name is a metaphor for

986-420: Is the rotation period. Plantations harvested on more extended rotation periods (30 years or more) can provide similar benefits to a naturally regenerated forest managed for wood production on a similar rotation. This is especially true if native species are used. In the case of exotic species, the habitat can be improved significantly if the impact is mitigated by measures such as leaving blocks of native species in

1044-461: Is turning increasingly towards agrotourism , is appealing to its Italian roots to exploit that market. Germans were among the first colonists to cultivate land away from the coastal zone, and were a strong influence. The first German settlement, Santa Isabel , was founded in 1844, and still stands. Like today's capixaba Italian community, they still hold on to many aspects of their ancestors' homeland's culture, as represented in festivals such as

1102-627: The American Civil War . The mild temperate climate , plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the Southeastern United States allowed the flourishing of large plantations, where large numbers of enslaved Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a white elite . When Newfoundland was colonized by England in 1610, the original colonists were called "planters", and their fishing rooms were known as "fishing plantations". These terms were used well into

1160-534: The Santa Maria River  [ pt ] basin, the northern branch of the inlets flowing into the sea near Vitória, and the Jucu River Basin, which flows into the sea at roughly the same place, but corresponds to the southern branch. Espírito Santo's climate is tropical along the coast, with dry winters and rainy summers. North of Doce River is generally drier and also hot. In the mountainous regions in

1218-540: The Southern United States from the 17th into the 20th century. The complex included everything from the main residence down to the pens for livestock . Until the abolition of slavery , such plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that relied on the forced labor of enslaved people. Plantations are an important aspect of the history of the Southern United States , particularly before

SECTION 20

#1733105963283

1276-493: The company store . In Brazil, a sugarcane plantation was termed an engenho ("engine"), and the 17th-century English usage for organized colonial production was "factory." Such colonial social and economic structures are discussed at Plantation economy . Sugar workers on plantations in Cuba and elsewhere in the Caribbean lived in company towns known as bateyes . Plantation complexes were common on agricultural plantations in

1334-405: The 16th century, several towns in Espírito Santo were founded with primarily Amerindian populations converted to Catholicism, such as Serra and Santa Cruz . Amerindian food has left its legacy in capixaba culture; the fish-based Moqueca capixaba is the state dish, among other local typical seafood dishes. One large ethnic group in the state is known as Turcos. Technically from the region that

1392-558: The 1808 transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil . The Portuguese court were fleeing the Napoleonic Invasion of Portugal (1807) . After the Independence of Brazil in 1822, Espírito Santo's provincial status was kept, and it was headed by an appointed provincial president. Emperor Pedro II , who was on good terms with the provincial president, visited the Espírito Santo in 1860, during one of his tours of Brazil. In 1889, with

1450-401: The 2,890 meter tall Pico da Bandeira ), which is part of the larger Serra do Caparaó range . Ethnicities of Espírito Santo in 2022. According to the 2022 census , 3,833,712 people were residing in the state. The census revealed: 1,908,803 Brown (multiracial) (49.8%), 1,479,275 White (38.6%), 429,680 Black (11.2%), 11,617 Indigenous (0.3%) and 4,268 Asian (0.1%). The population density

1508-516: The Algarves in 1815, prompted by the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil , Espírito Santo was elevated to a province . After the independence of Brazil in 1822, it became a province of the newly established Empire of Brazil , and after Brazil became a republic in 1889, it was granted statehood. In the early 20th century, its current state symbols were adopted. Espírito Santo's namesake

1566-672: The Cachoeiro de Itapemirim area. Although relatively small, the industrial park in Espírito Santo is home to chemical, metallurgical, food, and paper and cellulose industries. About industry , Espírito Santo in 2017 had an industrial GDP of R$ 21.3 billion, equivalent to 1.8% of the national industry. It employed 168,357 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: extraction of oil and natural gas (23.0%), construction (20.5%), industrial services of public utility, such as electricity and water (12.3%), metallurgy (7.5 %), and pulp and paper (6.6%). These sectors concentrate 69.9% of

1624-549: The Portuguese first landed in Brazil in 1500. He arrived at the captaincy to serve his term on 23 May 1535, bringing a retinue of 60 soldiers, colonists, slaves, and servants. They settled on Vitória Island and around the Bay of Vitória. The capital was at first established in Vila Velha , but due to frequent raids by Amerindians, it was moved to the current capital of Vitória, founded on 8 September 1551, on an island near Vila Velha, which

1682-659: The Sommerfest in Domingos Martins . Domingos Martins also hosts a Colonization Museum, where one can find old photos, artifacts, and documents pertaining to that settlement movement. Espírito Santo is home to the biggest community of East Pomeranian speakers in the world. More than a century after arriving to Espírito Santo, East Pomeranian continues to be spoken and remains an important part of Espírito Santo's heritage for many people. To this day, they continue centuries-old customs within their communities. Between 1858 and 1862,

1740-534: The advent of the First Brazilian Republic , Espírito Santo was made one of the states of Brazil. Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa was appointed the first governor of the state by the provisional government. He was followed by four other appointed governors ( José Horácio Costa , Constante Gomes Sodré , Henrique da Silva Coutinho , and Antônio Gomez Aguirre ) until the first elected governor of Espírito Santo, Alfeu Adolfo Monjardim de Andrade e Almeida ,

1798-454: The capital Vitória: Companhia Ferro e Aço de Vitória, iron ore pelletizing plant of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; lumber, textiles, crockery, instant coffee, chocolates and refrigerators. In the Itapemirim river valley, cement, sugar and alcohol, and canned fruit industries are developed. Plantations In modern use, the term usually refers only to large-scale estates. Before about 1860, it

Marechal Floriano - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-468: The colonial era, periods of gold rush occurred, when agriculture was neglected, leading to food shortages , but not as much gold was found in Espírito Santo, as in the neighbouring states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . Another reason for the subdued expansion was the colonial administration's prohibition of the laying roads leading into Minas Gerais, as gold could be smuggled through the state. With 46,180 square kilometers (17,830 sq mi), it

1914-412: The continental shelf, and are being commercially exploited. In agricultural production, coffee, sugarcane, papaya, banana, and coconut stand out. It also produces cassava , oranges, and beans. In 2020, Espírito Santo was the largest producer of Coffea canephora in Brazil, with a 66.3% share of the total (564.5 thousand tons, or 9.4 million 60 kg bags). In 2017, Minas accounted for 54.3% of

1972-461: The first vice-president of the Brazilian Republic. This geographical article relating to Espírito Santo is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Esp%C3%ADrito Santo Espírito Santo ( Portuguese: [(i)sˈpiɾitu ˈsɐ̃tu] ; lit.   ' Holy Spirit ' ) is a state in southeastern Brazil . Its capital is Vitória , and its largest city

2030-578: The increase in international trade and the development of a worldwide economy that followed the expansion of European colonialism . Tree plantations, in the United States often called tree farms , are established for the commercial production of timber or tree products such as palm oil , coffee , or rubber . Teak and bamboo plantations in India have given good results and an alternative crop solution to farmers of central India, where conventional farming

2088-476: The largest oil province in the country, with total reserves of 2.5 billion barrels. About 140 thousand barrels a day are produced. Oil fields are located both on land and at sea, in shallow, deep, and ultra-deep waters, containing light and heavy oil and unassociated gas. In the urban centers of the capital and Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, practically all the main units of the Espírito Santo transformation industry are concentrated. The steel industries are located in

2146-507: The late 19th century. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 50%, followed by the industrial sector at 44%. Agriculture represents 5% of GDP (2004). Espírito Santo's exports consisted mainly of manufacturing of iron and steel 35.8%, iron ore 25.2%, paper 17.6%, coffee 7.7%, and granite 6.5% (as of 2002). Espírito Santo is Brazil's highest steel-producing state. The main crops grown are coffee, sugarcane, and fruits (mostly coconuts, bananas and papayas ). The livestock industry

2204-539: The low wages typically paid to plantation workers are the basis of plantation profitability in some areas. In more recent times, overt slavery has been replaced by para-slavery or slavery-in-kind , including the sharecropping system , and even that has been severely reduced. At its most extreme, workers are in " debt bondage ": they must work to pay off a debt at such punitive interest rates that it may never be paid off. Others work unreasonably long hours and are paid subsistence wages that (in practice) may only be spent in

2262-407: The military government slowly redemocratized , culminating in the adoption of Brazil's current 1988 Constitution . Democratic elections were held for the filling of every term, up to the incumbent, Renato Casagrande . During the first three centuries of Portuguese colonialism , the main cash crop was sugarcane , until coffee, in high demand in Europe, overtook it in the mid-19th century. During

2320-457: The north, Domingos Martins , and to the south, Guarapari and Alfredo Chaves . The capital stands at 544 meters above sea level. Local average temperatures vary between 6 and 30 degrees Celsius . Its population was 16,920 (2020), and its area is 285 km. Known locally and promoted as the "Town of Orchids", it cultivates and sells many such plants. It was given its name in honor of Field Marshal (in Portuguese : "Marechal") Floriano Peixoto ,

2378-579: The plantation or retaining corridors of natural forest. In Brazil, similar measures are required by government regulation. Plantation owners extensively used enslaved Africans to work on early plantations (such as tobacco, rice, cotton, hemp, and sugar plantations) in the American colonies and the United States, throughout the Caribbean, the Americas, and in European-occupied areas of Africa. In modern times,

Marechal Floriano - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-477: The region of Vitória. In the south, dairy farming is practiced, and milk is sold, through cooperatives, in the markets of Rio de Janeiro and Vitória. More recently developed are silviculture and fruit-growing, with use for canned fruit and cellulose production. The total number of chickens in the state is about 9.2 million birds, and that of cattle exceeds 1.8 million head. Important reserves of granite are known and used, and extraction of natural gas and oil

2494-521: The rise of cotton in the American South, indigo and rice were also sometimes called plantation crops. Probably the most critical factor a plantation has on the local environment is the site where the plantation is established. In Brazil, coffee plantations would use slash-and-burn agriculture, tearing down rainforests and planting coffee trees that depleted the nutrients in soil. Once the soil had been sapped, growers would move on to another place. If

2552-424: The second-largest producer of the fruit in the world, currently in third place, losing only to India and Ecuador , and produced 6.7 million tons in the same year. Espírito Santo was the largest Brazilian producer of papaya in 2018, with 354 thousand tons. Brazil produced 1.06 million tons in the same year. The state was the fifth-largest producer of coconuts in Brazil in 2009, with 157 million fruits. In 2018,

2610-492: The south and southwest of the state, the tropical climate is strongly influenced by altitude, and the average temperatures are lower. One of the most important lake districts in Brazil lies on the banks of the Doce River. The area contains some 26 large lakes, the biggest of which is called Juparanã Lagoon . The state can be divided into two areas: the low lying coastline and the highland area known as Serra (where one can find

2668-432: The state also produced cassava, in a small amount compared to Brazilian production: 115,000 tons, with the country producing 17 million tons. Espírito Santo had an orange production of around 18,000 tons in 2018, the country's 14th-largest producer state. In the north of the state, beef cattle are raised and fattened, and the meat industry was developed; the meat is mainly shipped to Rio de Janeiro, in addition to supplying

2726-531: The state with the highest percentage of Italian descendants in Brazil. They founded many towns in the area and have significant influence on capixaba society. A number of traditional Italian dance groups are still in the state, as are Italian culture festivals, such as the one held in Venda Nova do Imigrante . Italian food is also an important part of capixaba cuisine. Italian pasta and cheeses, such as mozzarella , are produced locally. Small-scale farming, which

2784-468: The state's industry. In 2012, the export basket of Espírito Santo was based on iron ore (52.49%), crude oil (10.87%), chemical pulp made of soda or sulphate wood (10.01%), stone or construction (5.58%), and coffee (4.42%). Espírito Santo exports iron produced in Minas Gerais. In the mineral extractive industry, in 2019, Rio de Janeiro was the largest producer of oil and natural gas in Brazil, with 71% of

2842-628: The states of São Paulo , Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro . It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), the state of Bahia (N), the state of Minas Gerais (N and W), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (S). Espírito Santo's main cities (outside the Greater Vitória region) are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim , Colatina , Linhares , São Mateus and Aracruz . The main river serving the state is the Doce (English: Sweet River). Other important river basins include

2900-410: The total national coffee production (first place), Espírito Santo accounted for 19.7% (second place) and São Paulo, 9.8% (third place). Brazil is the world's biggest productor of sugarcane, with 672 million tons/year. In 2020, Espírito Santo harvested almost 3 million tons. Espírito Santo was the seventh-largest national producer of bananas in 2018, with 408 thousand tons. Brazil was already

2958-456: The total volume produced. São Paulo comes in second place, with an 11.5% share of total production. Espírito Santo was the third-largest producer state, with 9.4%. In recent years, Espírito Santo has stood out in the production of oil and natural gas. With several discoveries made, mainly by Petrobras, the state left the fifth position in the Brazilian ranking of reserves, in 2002, to become one of

SECTION 50

#1733105963283

3016-584: Was inaugurated on 7 June 1891. During the Vargas Era , state governors were indirectly elected by Congress . A short period of democracy existed during the Second Brazilian Republic ; Carlos Monteiro Lindenberg was elected governor. However, after the 1964 coup d'état , governors were once again chosen by the national assembly. After Cristiano Dias Lopes, Arthur Carlos Gerhard Santos, Élcio Álvares , and Eurico Rezende were chosen in this fashion,

3074-522: Was 72.7 inhabitants per square kilometer (188/sq mi). Urbanization: 82.2% (2006); Population growth : 2% (1991–2000); Houses: 1,056,000 (2006). The precolonial Amerindians groups in Espírito Santo were the Tupiniquim , Temininó , Aymoré , Puri , and Botocudo . They have largely been absorbed into the Portuguese-Brazilian civilization, and few live in reservations or tribes. Especially in

3132-471: Was later named Vitória Island. In 1556, after the arrival of European missionaries, the cities Serra, Nova Almeida , and Santa Cruz were founded. The captaincy remained under the influence of Coutinho's family for 140 years. It was elevated to province status in 1821, following the 1815 elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves , prompted by

3190-407: Was still to play a significant part in the Brazilian abolitionist movement in the guise of its slave rebellion of 1848–1849, which required the intervention of imperial troops. Slavery began to lose its economic importance in Espírito Santo after that event. Pinning down the exact numbers of immigrants of several ethnic groups from Europe is difficult. Many of these groups came to Espírito Santo under

3248-539: Was the usual term for a farm of any size in the southern parts of British North America , with, as Noah Webster noted, "farm" becoming the usual term from about Maryland northward. The enslavement of people was the norm in Maryland and states southward. The plantations there were forced-labor farms. The term "plantation" was used in most British colonies but very rarely in the United Kingdom itself in this sense. There it

3306-487: Was used mainly for tree plantations , areas artificially planted with trees, whether purely for commercial forestry , or partly for ornamental effect in gardens and parks, when it might also cover plantings of garden shrubs. Among the earliest examples of plantations were the latifundia of the Roman Empire , which produced large quantities of grain, wine, and olive oil for export. Plantation agriculture proliferated with

3364-627: Was widespread. But due to the rising input costs of agriculture, many farmers have done teak and bamboo plantations, which require very little water (only during the first two years). Teak and bamboo have legal protection from theft. Bamboo, once planted, gives output for 50 years till flowering occurs. Teak requires 20 years to grow to full maturity and fetch returns. These may be established for watershed or soil protection. They are established for erosion control, landslide stabilization, and windbreaks. Such plantations are established to foster native species and promote forest regeneration on degraded lands as

#282717