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25-538: It was not sampled by the Apollo program, so a precise age has not been determined. However, geological mapping indicates that it is intermediate in age between the Imbrium and Nectaris Basins, suggesting an age of about 3.9 billion years. The Humorum basin is filled with a thick layer of mare basalt , believed to exceed 3 kilometers in thickness at the center of the basin. A mass concentration (mascon), or gravitational high,

50-618: A map of the Moon that names Mare Imbrium "Regio Magna Orientalis" (the Large Eastern Region). Michael van Langren 's 1645 map named it "Mare Austriacum" (the Austrian Sea). Mare Imbrium is visible to the naked eye from Earth. In the traditional ' Man in the Moon ' image seen on the Moon in Western folklore, Mare Imbrium forms the man's right eye. On 17 November 1970 at 03:47 Universal Time,

75-466: A proto-planet from the asteroid belt collided with the Moon during the Late Heavy Bombardment . The impact is dated to approximately 3922 ± 12 million years ago, based on radiometric dating techniques. Ejecta from the impact covers large areas of the near side of the Moon. With a diameter of 1145 km, Mare Imbrium is second only to Oceanus Procellarum in size among the maria, and it

100-509: Is compositionally distinct from the Apollo and Luna landing sites. Montes Carpatus Montes Carpatus is a mountain range that forms the southern edge of the Mare Imbrium on the Moon . The selenographic coordinates of this range are 14.5° N, 24.4° W, and the formation has an overall diameter of 361 km (224 mi). They were named by astronomer Johann Heinrich von Mädler after

125-550: Is submerged under the mare's basalt, resulting in only isolated peaks remaining in some areas, such as Mons Pico and Mons La Hire . Numerous estimates of the depth of the mare material have been made using various methods. These include analyses of gravity, seismic, and radar data; studies of craters partially filled with basalt and those that have completely penetrated the mare; and comparisons of lunar basins filled with mare deposits to unfilled basins. These studies have yielded depth estimates ranging from 2 km to 5 km in

150-598: Is the largest mare associated with an impact basin. The Imbrium Basin is surrounded by three concentric rings of mountains, uplifted by the colossal impact event that excavated it. The outermost ring of mountains has a diameter of 1300 km and is divided into several different ranges; the Montes Carpatus to the south, the Montes Apenninus to the southeast, and the Montes Caucasus to the east. At their highest,

175-530: The Apennine Mountains . Commander David Scott and Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin spent three days on the surface of the Moon, including 18½ hours outside the spacecraft on lunar extra-vehicular activity . Command Module Pilot Alfred Worden remained in orbit and acquired hundreds of high-resolution photographs of Mare Imbrium (and other regions of the Moon) as well as other types of scientific data. The crew on

200-551: The Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe . This rugged range generally stretches from west to east. Its western end starts near the crater T. Mayer , with a few low ridges curving northwards towards Euler crater . At the eastern extreme, there is a wide gap where Mare Imbrium in the north meets Mare Insularum to the south. East of this gap, the Montes Apenninus , forming another mountainous range that curves towards

225-581: The " Sea of Showers " or " Sea of Rains ") is a vast lava plain within the Imbrium Basin on the Moon and is one of the larger craters in the Solar System . The Imbrium Basin formed from the collision of a proto-planet during the Late Heavy Bombardment . Basaltic lava later flooded the giant crater to form the flat volcanic plain seen today. The basin's age has been estimated using uranium–lead dating methods to approximately 3.9 billion years ago, and

250-712: The 17th century astronomer Pierre Gassendi had named it Anticaspia ('opposite to the Caspian', referring to Mare Crisium , which he had named after the Caspian Sea ), and Michael van Langren had labelled it the Mare Venetum (" Venetian Sea") in his 1645 map. Johannes Hevelius called it Sinus Sirbonis ("Bay of Serbonis", after the lake of Serbonis , now Lake Bardawil , in Egypt ) in his 1647 map. Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium / ˈ ɪ m b r i ə m / ( Latin imbrium ,

275-417: The Moon's entire lithosphere . At the region of the Moon's surface exactly opposite Imbrium Basin, there is a region of chaotic terrain (the crater Van de Graaff ) which is thought to have been formed when the seismic waves of the impact were focused there after travelling through the Moon's interior. Mare Imbrium is about 750 miles (1,210 km) wide. A mass concentration (mascon), or gravitational high,

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300-472: The Moon's surface by large projectiles blasted out of the basin at low angles, causing them to skim across the lunar surface ploughing out these features. The sculpture pattern was first identified by Grove Karl Gilbert in 1893. Furthermore, a Moon-wide pattern of faults which run both radial to and concentric to the Imbrium basin were thought to have been formed by the Imbrium impact; the event literally shattered

325-503: The Soviet spacecraft Luna 17 made a soft landing in the mare, at latitude 38.28 N, and longitude 35.00 W. Luna 17 carried Lunokhod 1 , the first robotic rover to be deployed on the Moon or any extraterrestrial body. Lunokhod 1, a remote-controlled rover, was successfully deployed and undertook a mission lasting several months. In 1971, the crewed Apollo 15 mission landed in the southeastern region of Mare Imbrium, between Hadley Rille and

350-500: The Yutu rover 7 hours and 24 minutes later. Chang'e 3 mission attempted to perform the first direct measurement of the structure and depth of the lunar soil down to a depth of 30 m (98 ft), and investigate the lunar crust structure down to several hundred meters deep. The rover's ground penetrating radar found evidence of at least nine distinct rock layers , indicating that the area had surprisingly complex geological processes and

375-457: The central part of the mare. It is thought that the original crater left by the Imbrium impact was as much as 100 km deep, but that the floor of the basin bounced back upwards immediately afterwards. Surrounding the Imbrium Basin is a region blanketed by ejecta from the impact, extending roughly 800 km outward. Also encircling the basin is a pattern of radial grooves called the "Imbrium Sculpture", which have been interpreted as furrows cut in

400-407: The diameter of the impactor has been estimated to be 250 ± 25 km. The Moon's maria (plural of mare ) have fewer features than other areas of the Moon because molten lava pooled in the craters and formed a relatively smooth surface. Mare Imbrium is not as flat as it would have originally been when it first formed as a result of later events that have altered its surface. Mare Imbrium formed when

425-496: The mare may be "The Shrine of Hecate "; Plutarch records that the Ancient Greeks gave this name to the largest of the "hollows and deeps" on the Moon, believing it to be the place where the souls of the deceased were tormented. Ewen A. Whitaker argues that this likely refers to Mare Imbrium, "the largest regular-shaped dark area unbroken by bright patches" that can be seen with the naked eye. Around 1600, William Gilbert made

450-421: The northeast. Most of this range consists of a series of peaks and rises, separated by valleys that have been penetrated by lava flows. None of the peaks have received individual names, unless one includes Mons Vinogradov to the west of the crater Euler. The surface to the north of the range is nearly level lunar mare , broken only by the occasional wrinkle ridge or minor impact crater. The region south of

475-535: The outer ring of mountains rise more than 5 km above the surface of Mare Imbrium. The ring mountains are not as well developed to the north and west, and it appears they were simply not raised as high in these regions by the Imbrium impact. The middle ring of mountains forms the Montes Alpes and Montes Archimedes . The innermost ring, with a diameter of 650 km, is defined by Montes Recti , Montes Teneriffe , and possibly Montes Spitzbergen . Much of this ring

500-530: The partially flooded Doppelmayer , and the smaller Puiseux . To the east are Hippalus crater and Promontorium Kelvin . To the west are the Rimae Doppelmayer and the Rupes Liebig, which are cliffs near Liebig itself which is just west of the mare. Like most of the other maria on the Moon, Mare Humorum was named by Giovanni Riccioli , whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. Previously,

525-547: The range is somewhat rougher, although still covered by lava flows. About 100 kilometers south of the mountains is the well-known ray crater Copernicus , and the irregular outer ramparts of this crater stretch almost to the foothills of the Carpatus range. Also of note is the smaller crater Gay-Lussac , which is attached to the southern part of the range. Montes Carpatus contains a variety of volcanic landforms: lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, rilles, and others. Lavas are formed as

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550-504: The rille wall. On 17 March 2013, an object hit the lunar surface in Mare Imbrium and exploded in a flash of apparent magnitude 4. The resulting crater was 18 meters wide. This was the brightest impact recorded since NASA's lunar impact team began monitoring in 2005. Chang'e 3 landed on 14 December 2013 on Mare Imbrium, about 40 km south of the 6 km diameter Laplace F crater, at 44.1260°N 19.5014°W. The lander deployed

575-429: The surface explored the area using the first lunar rover and returned to Earth with 77 kilograms (170 lb) of lunar surface material. Samples were collected from Mons Hadley Delta , believed to be a fault block of pre-Imbrian ( Nectarian or Pre-Nectarian ) lunar crust, including the " Genesis Rock ." This was also the only Apollo mission to visit a lunar rille, and to observe outcrops of lunar bedrock visible in

600-423: Was identified in the center of Mare Humorum from Doppler tracking of the five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in 1968. The mascon was confirmed and mapped at higher resolution with later orbiters such as Lunar Prospector and GRAIL . On the north edge of Mare Humorum is the large crater Gassendi , which was considered as a possible landing site for Apollo 17 . To the south are the floor-fractured Vitello crater,

625-451: Was identified in the center of Mare Imbrium from Doppler tracking of the five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in 1968. The Imbrium mascon is the largest on the Moon. It was confirmed and mapped at higher resolution with later orbiters such as Lunar Prospector and GRAIL . Like most of the other maria on the Moon, Mare Imbrium was named by Giovanni Riccioli , whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. The earliest known name for

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