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34-553: The honour, proposed by and named after Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim , was introduced after the Winter War on 16 December 1940. Associated with the Order of the Cross of Liberty , the decoration was awarded to soldiers for exceptional bravery, for the achievement of crucially important objectives by combat, or for especially successfully conducted operations. Unlike other awards associated with

68-531: A bigger chief out of me." Mannerheim was also initially concerned that as field marshal was not an official rank, he was no longer in the Defence Forces service, but Mannerheim was then assured that he remained in the Finnish Army officer lists as a general of cavalry ( ratsuväenkenraali , his substantive rank since 1918). Mannerheim received the field marshal's title three days after the 15th anniversary of

102-464: A little ultrademocratic country it could seem quite pretentious to indulge in the luxury of a field marshal", but also admitted that it was "not so frightful when the marshal costs the state nothing". It is not known why field marshal never became a substantive rank rather than honorary one, but this distinction caused Mannerheim some consternation at the time. He had to pay a substantial stamp duty of 4,000 Finnish marks . Mannerheim's secretary at

136-418: A new rank insignia consisting of the three heraldic lions of a full general and crossed marshal's batons. On Mannerheim's 75th birthday, 4 June 1942, he was bestowed the title of Marshal of Finland (Finnish: Suomen marsalkka , Swedish: Marskalk av Finland ) that has been specially created for him, although it was fully symbolic title and his rank insignia remained the same. At the time when Finland

170-411: A set of similar white gowns for pallbearers which remained in the church. If a funeral occurs, pallbearers could come from the fields and swap them with their work clothes. Carriages were built specially made for pallbearers so that 6 people can proceed comfortably or two closed carriages would be used. The 2 leading pallbearers, funeral director and clergyman, would be in the first carriage. The rest of

204-542: A small clasp, consisting of two crossed marshal's batons , to be worn above the cross. The first recipient of the Mannerheim Cross 1st Class was its namesake, Field Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim , who accepted it together with a Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class from President of the Republic Risto Ryti on 7 October 1941 after all the previous awardees had requested him to accept the award. The only other recipient of

238-424: Is possible that some would be chosen from each of these societies. The leaders of each society should be informed of the plan, in order to properly appoint their members. There is a tradition in a couple of places where trained pallbearers were chosen by funeral directors. When this happens, pallbearers acknowledge their duties and position, and are not required to go into details on the subject during that time. If

272-554: The Finnish Defence Forces , Field Marshal ( Finnish : sotamarsalkka , lit.   'War Marshal', Swedish : fältmarskalk ) is officially not an active military rank but an honorary rank that can be bestowed upon 'especially distinguished generals '. So far the only holder of this title has been Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim , then Chairman of the Defence Council, who received it on 19 May 1933 by

306-506: The Ministry of Justice assenting to the founding and accepting the rules of the foundation on 8 March 1954. The purpose of the foundation, as laid out in its rules, is to support activities intended to keep up the nationalistic spirit of sacrifice and the national defensive will, while also supporting the Knights of the Mannerheim Cross and their relatives. Field Marshal (Finland) In

340-466: The 19th century. Another way to indulge in funeral ceremonies included objects such as golden palls, royal horses, and expensive wax tapers. The funeral van with the coffin-bearers holding the corners of the pall follows, with the pallbearers beneath the pall actually supporting the casket. In the 19th century, white was worn in the British countryside for mourning. For example, the village of Piddington had

374-432: The 2nd class cross is worn on the chest. The award was associated with a monetary prize in 1943. Originally planned to be a lifetime pension, the prize was eventually set at 50,000 Finnish marks , approximately equivalent to a lieutenant 's annual salary. The Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class has been awarded to 191 persons. The first cross was awarded to Colonel Ruben Lagus on 22 July 1941. The first private to be awarded

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408-420: The Defence Council, the then Lieutenant Colonel Aksel Airo , tried to make the Defence Forces or Ministry of Defence foot the bill. It is customary that the organization that has originally put a person forward for the title, pays the stamp duty that comes with it. But in this case no such payer could be found and finally Airo had to present the bill to Mannerheim, who commented wryly: "It's good they didn't make

442-611: The King is alive or dead. Pallbearers in the US and Canada most commonly carry a casket by the handles, and at around waist height. In the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and most countries in Asia, the coffin is often carried on the shoulders. There are typically 6 to 8 pallbearers depending on the size and weight of the coffin. In Scandinavia, the casket is carried by three straps, which go under

476-456: The Mannerheim Cross 1st Class is General of Infantry Erik Heinrichs , who received it on 31 December 1944, following an earlier Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class on 5 February 1942. The awardees of the Mannerheim Cross were predominately young, with 72 % of the awardees being 35 years of age or younger. Only 7 of the recipients were 51 or older, with the oldest recipient being Mannerheim himself. The crosses were awarded primarily to personnel from

510-468: The Mannerheim Cross 1st Class ranks 5th and the Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class ranks 9th. A recipient of the cross is called "Knight of the Mannerheim Cross". Like the crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty , the design of the Mannerheim Cross displays the Old Scandinavian Fylfot , albeit in different colors and with added decorative elements. The 1st class cross is worn as a necklet , while

544-460: The Order of the Cross of Liberty, the awarding of either class of the Mannerheim Cross was not influenced by the military rank of the recipient. The cross is awarded as either Mannerheim Cross of Liberty 1st Class or as Mannerheim Cross of Liberty 2nd Class. No special requirements differing from 2nd class were laid out for The Mannerheim Cross 1st Class. Within the order of precedence of Finnish awards,

578-441: The army, with 159 recipients in the infantry. Five crosses were awarded to navy personnel, and a further 19 to air force personnel. Crosses were rarely awarded posthumously, with only six citations noting that the award was posthumous. Starting from the presidency of Martti Ahtisaari , all surviving recipients of the Mannerheim Cross were invited annually on 6 December to Finland's Independence Day Reception . By tradition they were

612-435: The casket has been lowered, the pallbearers on the right side of the casket (the heart of the deceased) then pull the straps off. Further, chief mourners and attendants such as pallbearers and canopy usually wore mourning gowns with hoods. The act of putting on of particular mourning clothing, along with offering food, and burial banquet were ancient practices preserved by European Renaissance burial traditions that lasted till

646-404: The casket; the pallbearers on each side take their side of the strap over their shoulders and the casket itself is suspended by the straps on knee height. The advantage of this method is that the weight of the casket is distributed on the shoulders of the pallbearers, and the casket can be lowered immediately to the grave, as the pallbearers will simply walk lengthwise on each side of the grave. Once

680-405: The church path is narrow and the turns are sharp which may be hard to go past with pallbearers, a coffin carriage might be used. Otherwise the coffin can be lifted to the altar and placed down by the pallbearers. Unless the state of the street is that the coffin cannot be removed from the hearse standing near the curbing, it would not be backed up at either the church or house. Allocated seating for

714-712: The cross was Vilho Rättö , who was awarded his cross on 3 August 1941 for destroying four enemy tanks with a sightless anti-tank gun taken from the enemy, by aiming the gun through its bore. The last cross was awarded to Lieutenant Colonel Viljo Laakso  [ fi ] on 7 May 1945. A total of four persons have been awarded the Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class twice. Both General Major Aaro Pajari and Colonel Martti Aho received their second crosses on 16 October 1944. They were followed by Lentomestari Ilmari Juutilainen and Captain Hans Wind , who both received their second awards on 26 June 1944. These double-awardees were given

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748-415: The dead. Thus, this leads up to the ‘ending’ ritual on the last day. In every tradition of Buddhism, there seem to be spiritualist who communicates with the dead at the request of the pallbearer. Usually, the primary reason is to make sure that there has been sufficient merit produced by the deceased's family to prevent an unwanted rebirth. The arrangement for Princess Louisa 's funeral during 1768, held

782-403: The deceased. This type of pallbearer is most often a gentleman in the profession of the deceased who has achieved significant merit within their position. A pall is a heavy cloth that is draped over a coffin . Thus the term pallbearer is used to signify someone who "bears" the coffin which the pall covers. In Roman times, a soldier wore a cape or cloak called the pallium. In medieval times

816-687: The decision of the State Council . Baron Gustaf Mannerheim (1867–1951) served as Regent (1918–1919) and President of the Republic (1944–1946). Lieutenant General Mannerheim had commanded the White Army in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, and his promotion to field marshal had already been suggested in 1928, the 10th anniversary of the end of the War. Back then the proposal was rejected as 'too warlike'–and there

850-495: The end of the Civil War, choosing not to receive the title on the anniversary on 16 May, because he did not want to aggravate the wounds of the War. On this occasion Mannerheim was also given a new, official marshal's baton , but he still preferred to use the old, unofficial one, because it was lighter. In practice, field marshal was treated like a military rank. Mannerheim, in co-operation with artist and author Aarno Karimo, designed

884-521: The first announcement that women were to be utilised as contributors of the pall at the funeral. Garter King of Arms then promptly notified the Lord Chamberlain that ladies had only gone into a funeral process by mourning or attendants under the chief mourners. To hold the ends of the pall draped over casket or to transport the coffin was a tremendous honour. The ability of pallbearers to come towards royalty which only few were allowed to, be it whether

918-463: The first guests to enter and greet the president. Tuomas Gerdt , the last living Knight of the Mannerheim Cross, died on 1 November 2020. The first gathering of the Knights for the funeral of Mannerheim on 4 February 1951, where eight knights acted as pallbearers , resulted in a founding of the Foundation of the Knights of the Mannerheim Cross. The founding documents were signed on 5 March 1954, with

952-434: The funeral service and during then the casket would be carried. Thirdly, pallbearers are carrying the casket to one's final resting area after the funeral. Depending on the tradition, pallbearers would either carry the coffin on their shoulders or by their waist. At times additional pallbearers, known as honorary pallbearers, walk either behind or directly in front of the casket in a showcase of supplemental distinction towards

986-517: The pallbearers would take the second carriage. Honorary pallbearers are arranged in a similar manner following the active pallbearers. Pallbearers’ carriages would leave a specific place at a certain time in case those who wish to ride to the church or house could meet at that area. If the dead was a member of a fraternity or other societies, the family could likely select that entire group. At Masonic funerals, pallbearers are usually selected from that order. If there are more than one organisation, it

1020-432: The roles of pallbearers and casket bearer. The former is a ceremonial position, carrying a tip of the pall or a cord attached to it. The latter do the actual heavy lifting and carrying. There may otherwise be pallbearers only in the symbolic sense if the casket is on an animal or vehicle. In Western cultures , the pallbearers are usually male family members, close friends, or colleagues of the deceased. A notable exception

1054-534: The term pallium was shortened to pall. Christians would use a pall to cover their loved ones when burying them. In Ancient Indian Buddhist cultural traditions of grieving, often requires pallbearers to consume a vegetarian diet which excludes garlic, onions, leek and chives. They tend to also abstain from alcohol for at least 49 days after passing. This is thought to be the maximum duration likely between death and rebirth . Hence, acts might be performed frequently during this duration in order to produce merit for

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1088-467: Was also fears that such promotion would prove politically controversial–but Mannerheim was nevertheless given an unofficial marshal's baton by the Civil War's White veterans. Five years later the political climate was more favourable, and the State Council decided to bestow Mannerheim the rank of field marshal. The decision was kept in secret, and came as a pleasant surprise to Mannerheim. He observed "In

1122-496: Was the funeral of Lee Harvey Oswald , in which reporters, pressed into service to carry the coffin, outnumbered the mourners. In some African cultures , pallbearers are not family members but are staffs of professional funeral agencies who are paid for their services. The first duty of a pallbearer is to appear at least thirty minutes before the funeral begins as the funeral director can then provide directions. Secondly, they will also be notified on where they are able to sit during

1156-467: Was under Swedish rule (before the War of Finland in 1808–1809), a number of Finnish-born men reached the corresponding rank of Fältmarskalk . Pallbearer A pallbearer is one of several participants who help carry the casket at a funeral . They may wear white gloves in order to prevent damaging the casket and to show respect to the deceased person. Some traditions distinguish between

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