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28-733: It comprises Manitoulin Island primarily, as well as a number of smaller islands surrounding it, such as Barrie , Cockburn , and Great La Cloche islands. Previously it included the municipality of Killarney on the mainland, until this was transferred to Sudbury District in the late 1990s. Subsequently, more mainland portions were added to Killarney and these, together with Unorganized Mainland Manitoulin District , were also transferred to Sudbury District in 2006, about 1,600 square kilometres (600 sq mi) in all. The district has an area of 3,107.13 square kilometres (1,199.67 sq mi), making it

56-489: A change of 5.1% from its 2016 population of 13,255 . With a land area of 3,073.54 km (1,186.70 sq mi), it had a population density of 4.5/km (11.7/sq mi) in 2021. Like the other districts of Northern Ontario, the Manitoulin District does not have a county or regional municipality tier of government. All services in the district are provided either by the individual municipalities or directly by

84-510: Is characterized by long stretches of marked seasonal differences. The island has two incorporated towns ( Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands and Gore Bay ), eight townships ( Assiginack , Billings , Burpee and Mills , Central Manitoulin , Dawson , Gordon/Barrie Island , Robinson and Tehkummah ) and six Anishinaabe reserves ( M'Chigeeng , Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Aundeck Omni Kaning, Wiikwemkoong and Zhiibaahaasing ). During

112-406: Is located on Manitoulin Island near the underwater cave where legend has it that the spirit dwells. The modern Odawa name for Manitoulin Island is Mnidoo Mnis , meaning "Spirit Island". Manitoulin Island contains a number of lakes of its own. In order of size, its three most prominent lakes are Lake Manitou , Lake Kagawong and Lake Mindemoya . These three lakes in turn have islands within them,

140-690: Is the largest island in a lake on an island in a lake in the world. Motors are prohibited on boats on Nameless Lake . The island also has four major rivers: the Kagawong , Manitou River , Blue Jay Creek in Michael's Bay and Mindemoya rivers, which provide spawning grounds for salmon and trout . The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association was formed in 2000 and incorporated in 2007. The organization rehabilitates streams, rivers and creeks on Manitoulin Island to improve water quality and

168-683: The First Nations community radio station CHYF-FM , and the Elliot Lake -based commercial radio station CKNR-FM . It is otherwise primarily served by media from Sudbury , including the Sudbury Star and CTV Northern Ontario . Manitoulin Island Manitoulin Island ( / ˌ m æ n ə ˈ t uː l ɪ n / MAN -ə- TOO -lin ) is an island in Lake Huron , located within

196-619: The Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, dating at least to 10,000 BC and possibly to 30,000 years ago. Additional studies were undertaken by a team he led from the National Museum of Canada in succeeding years. Popular interest in the finds was so high that it contributed to Ontario's passing legislation in 1953 to protect its archaeological sites. A team performed excavations again in the early 1990s, applying new methods of analysis from botany and other scientific disciplines. They concluded

224-625: The War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. They ceded the island to the British Crown in 1836; the government set aside the land as a refuge for Natives. In 1838 Jean-Baptiste Proulx re-established a Roman Catholic mission . The Jesuits took over the mission in 1845. In 1862, the government opened up the island to settlement by non-Native people by the Manitoulin Island treaty. As

252-590: The Wikwemikong chief did not accept this treaty, his people's reserve was held back from being offered for development. That reserve remains unceded. On August 7, 1975, the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve reasserted their claim to sovereignty over the islands off the east end of Manitoulin Island, declaring, "Wikwemikong Band has jurisdiction over its reservation lands and surrounding waters." The province erected an Ontario Historical Plaque on

280-428: The escarpment , provides a lookout over the island. Manitoulin Island experiences a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with moderation from Lake Huron . The island experiences warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Manitoulin Island has a comparable climate to that of Hokkaido, Japan ( hemiboreal climate), despite being on the same latitude as Lugano, Switzerland , which has a temperate climate . The island

308-624: The fur trade with the French. As part of what was called the Beaver Wars , the Iroquois drove the Anishinaabe people from the island by 1650. According to Anishinaabe oral tradition, to purify the island from disease, the people burned their settlements as they left. The island was mostly uninhabited for nearly 150 years. Native people ( Odawa , Ojibwe , Potawatomi ) began to return to the island following

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336-536: The borders of the Canadian province of Ontario , in the bioregion known as Laurentia . With an area of 2,766 km (1,068 sq mi), it is the largest lake island in the world, large enough that it has over 100 lakes itself. In addition to the historic Anishinaabe and European settlement of the island, archaeological discoveries at Sheguiandah have demonstrated Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures dating from 10,000 BC to 2,000 BC. The current name of

364-581: The fisheries resource. The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association has conducted enhancement strategies for the Manitou River and Blue Jay Creek. The association has rehabilitated 17 major sites on the Manitou River and three major sites on Blue Jay Creek; it has completed work on Bass Lake Creek and Norton's Creek. The organization plans to start work on the Mindemoya River in 2010. Although culturally and politically considered part of Northern Ontario ,

392-635: The grounds of the Assiginack Museum to commemorate the Manitoulin Treaties' role in Ontario's history. Assiginack Assiginack ( / ə ˈ s ɪ ɡ ɪ n æ k / ) is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario , located on Manitoulin Island . An Ontario Historical Plaque was built on the grounds of the Assiginack Museum by the province to commemorate the Manitoulin Treaties' role in Ontario's heritage. The principal community in

420-429: The island and Border Patrol clearance. As of 2016 , the population was 13,255. Ethnic groups Religious groups The most common first languages on Manitoulin Island in 2016 were English (80.8%), Ojibwe (11.2%), French (2.8%), German (0.8%), and Odawa (0.8%). In 1952 archaeologist Thomas E. Lee discovered Sheguiandah on the island, a prehistoric site. During excavation, he found artefacts of

448-541: The island is physiographically part of Southern Ontario , an "eastward extension of the Interior Plains, a region characterized by low relief and sedimentary underpinnings". The island consists mainly of dolomite as it is a continuation of the Bruce Peninsula and Niagara Escarpment . This geological rock formation runs south into Niagara Falls and continues into New York . The "Cup and Saucer Trail", which climbs

476-550: The island is the English version, via French , of the Ottawa or Ojibwe name Manidoowaaling (ᒪᓂᑝᐙᓕᓐᒃ), which means "cave of the spirit". It was named for an underwater cave where a powerful spirit is said to live. By the 19th century, the Odawa "l" was pronounced as "n". The same word with a newer pronunciation is used for the town Manitowaning (19th-century Odawa "Manidoowaaning"), which

504-523: The island's trademark hawberries . These berries are so distinctive that people born on the island are referred to as " Haweaters ". Each year on the August long weekend , the island hosts the Haweater Festival. The festival attracts numerous tourists; it features parades, firework shows, craft shows, and rural competitions such as horse pulls. Year-round motor-vehicle access to the island is available via

532-550: The larger part of Lake Huron to its south and west from Georgian Bay to its east and the North Channel to the north. Manitoulin Island itself has 108 freshwater lakes, some of which have their own islands; in turn several of these "islands within islands" have their own ponds. Lake Manitou , at 104 km (40 sq mi), is the largest lake in a freshwater island in the world, and Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya

560-526: The largest of these being Lake Mindemoya's 33-hectare (82-acre) Treasure Island , located in the centre of Mindemoya. The island is the site of the administrative office of the band government of the Sheshegwaning First Nation . The island has an area of 2,766 km (1,068 sq mi), making it the largest freshwater island in the world, the 174th largest island in the world and Canada's 31st largest island . The island separates

588-744: The one-lane Little Current Swing Bridge , which crosses the North Channel at Little Current . From late May to early October, a daily passenger-vehicle ferry, the MS ; Chi-Cheemaun ( Ojibwe for "Big Canoe"), travels between Tobermory on the tip of the Bruce Peninsula and South Baymouth . Winter ice prevents ferry service during that season. There are two airports on the island. Gore Bay-Manitoulin Airport , and Manitoulin East Municipal Airport , which opened in 1988. Both allow small planes access to

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616-842: The provincial government. Services are provided jointly with the Sudbury District from its district seat in Espanola . The district is served by two weekly community newspapers, the Manitoulin Expositor in Little Current and the Manitoulin West Recorder in Gore Bay; the papers are sister publications both owned and operated by the McCutcheon family. The district is served by the commercial radio stations CFRM-FM and CHAW-FM ,

644-512: The route used by the French colonial voyageurs and coureurs des bois to reach Lake Superior . The first known European to settle on the island was Father Joseph Poncet , a French Jesuit , who set up a mission near Wiikwemkoong in 1648. The Jesuits called the island "Isle de Ste-Marie". In addition, the Five Nations of the Iroquois began raiding the island and area to try to control

672-624: The site was at least 9500 years old, making it one of the most significant in Ontario. Manitoulin means spirit island in Anishinaabemowin ( Ojibwe language ). The island is considered sacred by the Native Anishinaabe people, who identify as the "People of the Three Fires ." This loose confederation is made up of the Ojibwe , Odawa and Potawatomi tribes. The North Channel was part of

700-483: The smallest district in Ontario. It is in the northern part of Lake Huron , separated from the mainland by the North Channel to the north and by the Georgian Bay to the east. Islands included within the district are: As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the Manitoulin District had a population of 13,935 living in 6,144 of its 9,302 total private dwellings,

728-521: The summer, the population (12,600 permanent residents) on the island grows by more than a quarter due to tourists coming for boating and other activities in scenic surroundings. The island, along with several smaller neighbouring islands, constitutes the Manitoulin District census division of Ontario. Manitoulin Island's soil is relatively alkaline , which precludes the growth of common Northern Ontario flora such as blueberries , but allows for

756-474: The township is Manitowaning . Smaller communities in the township include Bass Creek, Bidwell, Clover Valley, Eagles Nest, Hilly Grove, The Slash, Squirrel Town and Vanzant's Point. Manitowaning is the administrative centre of Assiginack township. The town was founded in 1836 as a centre of the island's Aboriginal education. Manitowaning Bay is a natural harbour , and the community has a marina with good docking facilities. From its early history, Manitowaning

784-773: Was a regular port of call for schooners and steamboats from many points on the Great Lakes . Manitowaning was the first and last scheduled stop on Manitoulin Island for the ships of the Owen Sound Transportation Company Limited . The old steamboat wharf is now part of the community's Museum Heritage Complex, home of the SS Norisle . The town is home to the De-ba-jeh-mu-jig Creation Centre. Cardwell Street in Manitowaning continues east of

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