Misplaced Pages

#45954

66-427: Manipulator is a person who uses devious means to exploit, control, or otherwise influence others to their advantage. Manipulator may also refer to: Manipulation (psychology) Manipulation differs from general influence and persuasion . Manipulation, unlike persuasion, typically involves exploiting the vulnerabilities of an individual. Non-manipulative influence is generally perceived to be harmless and it

132-456: A SUD than those without ASPD. This population also faces increased risks for mood disorders, including a fourfold likelihood of experiencing major depressive disorder , as well as heightened risks for suicidal ideation and behaviors. Anxiety disorders , particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder , are also common comorbidities, affecting up to 50% of individuals with ASPD. These comorbidities often exacerbate

198-660: A baby's stress system on high alert. An environment of intermittent care punctuated by total abandonment may be the worst of all worlds for a child." Parenting styles can directly affect how children experience and develop in their youth, and can have an impact on a child's diagnosis of ASPD. The four parenting styles demonstrate the main approaches to raising children and their outcomes that lead into adulthood. Authoritarian - Authoritarian parenting styles involve stricter rules than any other parenting style, with greater consequences if rules are disobeyed. Authoritarian parents set high expectations for their children that may cause

264-558: A child to be diagnosed with this disorder, the behavior must be consistent for at least 12 months. Factitious disorder is a mental illness in which individuals purposely fake having symptoms of some condition, physically or psychologically. Fabricating illnesses allows individuals to feel a thrill and receive free aid in hospital admissions and treatment. Feelings of persistence, abuse in early childhood, and excessive thoughts were common for these individuals who connected to Borderline Personality Disorder. Histrionic personality disorder

330-424: A combination and interaction of genetics and environmental influences . People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are considered to be at higher risk of developing ASPD. Fire-setting and cruelty to animals during childhood are also linked to the development of an antisocial personality disorder, along with being more common in males and among incarcerated populations. Although the causes listed correlate to

396-615: A consequence of their tendency towards addiction. In addition, sufferers are more likely to abuse substances or develop an addiction at a young age. Due to ASPD being associated with higher levels of impulsivity, suicidality , and irresponsible behavior , the condition is correlated with heightened levels of aggressive behavior, domestic violence , illegal drug use, pervasive anger, and violent crimes. This behavior typically has negative effects on their education, relationships, and/or employment. Alongside this, sexual behaviors of risk such as having multiple sexual partners in

462-598: A disruption of the standard development of the central nervous system , which can generate a release of hormones that can change normal patterns of development. One of the neurotransmitters that has been discussed in individuals with ASPD is serotonin, also known as 5HT. A meta-analysis of 20 studies found significantly lower 5-HIAA levels (indicating lower serotonin levels), especially in those who are younger than 30 years of age. While it has been shown that lower levels of serotonin may be associated with ASPD, there has also been evidence that decreased serotonin function

528-603: A façade of superficial charm , others do so through intimidation and violence. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder may deliberately show irresponsibility, have difficulty acknowledging their faults and/or attempt to redirect attention away from harmful behaviors. ASPD presents high comorbidity rates with various psychiatric conditions, particularly substance use and mood disorder . Individuals diagnosed with ASPD are significantly more prone to develop substance use disorder (SUDs), with studies showing that they are approximately 13 times more likely to be diagnosed with

594-546: A history of incarceration. Additionally, children raised by parents with ASPD may be at greater risk of delinquency and mental health issues themselves. Although ASPD is a persistent and often lifelong condition, symptoms may diminish over time, particularly after age 40, though only a small percentage of individuals experience significant improvement. Many individuals with ASPD have co-occurring issues such as substance use disorders , mood disorders , or other personality disorder . Research on pharmacological treatment for ASPD

660-416: A means to control them, while gaslighting involves manipulators causing their victim to doubt themself and their beliefs through distortion of reality. Another tactic is love-bombing, where manipulators may escalate affection at an unreasonable rate in an attempt to better control their victim through forming trust. Several behavioral red flags can help identify manipulation, including inconsistencies where

726-539: A pattern of disregard for the rights of others, with potential overlap in traits associated with psychopathy and sociopathy . Due to tendencies toward recklessness and impulsivity, patients with ASPD are at a higher risk of drug and alcohol abuse. ASPD is the personality disorder most likely to be associated with addiction. Individuals with ASPD are at a higher risk of illegal drug usage, blood-borne diseases , HIV , shorter periods of abstinence , misuse of oral administrations , and compulsive gambling as

SECTION 10

#1733106647046

792-491: A perfectly intact theory of mind , or the ability to understand one's mental state, but have an impaired ability to understand how another individual may be affected by an aggressive action. These factors might contribute to aggressive and criminal behavior as well as empathy deficits. Despite this, they may be adept at social cognition , or the ability to process and store information about other people, which can contribute to an increased ability to manipulate others. ASPD

858-512: A predisposition of ASPD and interact with other delinquent children are likely to later be diagnosed with ASPD. Research into genetic associations in antisocial personality disorder suggests that ASPD has some or even a strong genetic basis. The prevalence of ASPD is higher in people related to someone with the disorder. Twin studies , which are designed to discern between genetic and environmental effects, have reported significant genetic influences on antisocial behavior and conduct disorder. In

924-424: A psychiatrist must ignore; and in his words, "play it safe". While antisocial personality disorder is a mental disorder diagnosed in adulthood, it has its precedent in childhood. The DSM-5's criteria for ASPD require that the individual have conduct problems evident by the age of 15. Persistent antisocial behavior, as well as a lack of regard for others in childhood and adolescence, is known as conduct disorder and

990-503: A short period of time, seeing prostitutes , inconsistent use of condoms , trading sex for drugs, and frequent unprotected sex are also common. Patients with ASPD have been documented to describe emotions with ambivalence and experience heightened states of emotional coldness and detachment. Individuals with ASPD, or who display antisocial behavior, may often experience chronic boredom . They may experience emotions such as happiness and fear less clearly than others. It

1056-499: Is a mental disorder defined by a chronic pattern of behavior that disregards the rights and well-being of others. People with ASPD often exhibit behavior that conflicts with social norms, leading to issues with interpersonal relationships, employment, and legal matters. The condition generally manifests in childhood or early adolescence, with a high rate of associated conduct problems and a tendency for symptoms to peak in late adolescence and early adulthood . The prognosis for ASPD

1122-441: Is a personality disorder characterized by dramatic and attention seeking behavior. Individuals with the personality disorder exhibit inappropriate alluring tactics, and irregular emotional patterns. Histrionic symptoms include "seeking reassurance, switching emotional, and feeling uncomfortable." Histrionic and Narcissistic Personality Disorders overlap because decisions are sporadic and unreliable. Narcissistic personality disorder

1188-511: Is a popular and widely used psychological measure of manipulative and deceptive behavior. The emotional manipulation scale is a ten-item questionnaire developed in 2006 through factor analysis , primarily to measure one's tendency to use emotions to their advantage in controlling others. At the time of publication, emotional intelligence assessments did not specifically examine manipulative behavior and were instead predominantly focussed on Big Five personality trait assessment. The "Managing

1254-558: Is also a significant correlation with parental overprotection and people who develop ASPD. Studies have shown that non-abused (especially in childhood) individuals are less likely to develop ASPD. Those with ASPD may have experienced any of the following forms of childhood trauma or abuse: physical or sexual abuse, neglect, coercion, abandonment or separation from caregivers, violence in a community, acts of terror, bullying, or life-threatening incidents. Some symptoms can mimic other forms of mental illness, such as: The comorbidity rate of

1320-434: Is also possible that they may experience emotions such as anger and frustration more frequently and clearly than other emotions. People with ASPD may have a limited capacity for empathy and can be more interested in benefiting themselves than avoiding harm to others. They may have no regard for morals , social norms, or the rights of others. People with ASPD can have difficulty beginning or sustaining relationships. It

1386-466: Is an important part of empathy . Different measures of manipulativeness focus on different aspects or expressions of manipulation and tend to paint slightly different pictures of its predictors. Features such as low empathy, high narcissism, use of self-serving rationalizations, and an interpersonal style marked by high agency (dominance) and low communion (i.e. cold-heartedness) are consistent across measures. Manipulative behaviors typically exploit

SECTION 20

#1733106647046

1452-495: Is characterized by a belief of superiority, exhibitionism, self-centeredness and a lack of empathy. Individuals with NPD can be charming but also show exploitive behaviors in the interpersonal domain. They are motivated by success, beauty, and may have feelings of entitlement. Those with this disorder often engage in assertive self enhancement and antagonistic self-protection. All of these factors can lead an individual with narcissistic personality disorder to manipulate others. Under

1518-448: Is common for the interpersonal relationships of someone with ASPD to revolve around the exploitation and abuse of others. People with ASPD may display arrogance , think lowly and negatively of others, have limited remorse for their harmful actions, and have a callous attitude toward those they have harmed. People with ASPD can have difficulty mentalizing , or interpreting the mental state of others. Alternately, they may display

1584-523: Is complex, with high variability in outcomes. Individuals with severe ASPD symptoms may have difficulty forming stable relationships, maintaining employment, and avoiding criminal behavior, resulting in higher rates of divorce, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. In extreme cases, ASPD may lead to violent or criminal behaviors, often escalating in early adulthood. Research indicates that individuals with ASPD have an elevated risk of suicide , particularly those who also engage in substance misuse or have

1650-626: Is counteracted by cortisol , which facilitates the cognitive control of impulsive tendencies. Arson and the destruction of others' property are also behaviors commonly associated with ASPD. Alongside other conduct problems, many people with ASPD had conduct disorder in their youth, characterized by a pervasive pattern of violent, criminal, defiant, and anti-social behavior. Although behaviors vary by degree, individuals with this personality disorder have been known to exploit others in harmful ways for their own gain or pleasure, and frequently manipulate and deceive other people. While some do so with

1716-470: Is highly correlated with impulsiveness and aggression across a number of different experimental paradigms. Impulsivity is not only linked with irregularities in 5HT metabolism but may be the most essential psychopathological aspect linked with such dysfunction. Correspondingly, the DSM classifies "impulsivity or failure to plan ahead" and "irritability and aggressiveness" as two of seven sub-criteria in category A of

1782-464: Is highly prevalent among prisoners. People with ASPD tend to be convicted more, receive longer sentences, and are more likely to be charged with almost any crime , with assault and other violent crimes being the most common charges. Those who have committed violent crimes tend to have higher levels of testosterone than the average person, also contributing to the higher likelihood for men to be diagnosed with ASPD. The effect of testosterone

1848-519: Is known as the "adolescent-onset type" and occurs when conduct disorder develops after the age of 10 years. Compared to the childhood-onset type, less impairment in various cognitive and emotional functions are present, and the adolescent-onset variety may remit by adulthood. In addition to this differentiation, the DSM-5 provides a specifier for a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, which reflects characteristics seen in psychopathy and are believed to be

1914-428: Is known as the "childhood-onset type" and occurs when conduct disorder symptoms are present before the age of 10. This course is often linked to a more persistent life course and more pervasive behaviors, and children in this group express greater levels of ADHD symptoms, neuropsychological deficits, more academic problems, increased family dysfunction, and higher likelihood of aggression and violence. The second course

1980-414: Is limited, with no medications approved specifically for the disorder. However, certain psychiatric medications, including antipsychotics , antidepressants , and mood stabilizers , may help manage symptoms like aggression and impulsivity in some cases, or treat co-occurring disorders. The diagnostic criteria and understanding of ASPD have evolved significantly over time. Early diagnostic manuals, such as

2046-420: Is not seen as unduly coercive to the individual's right of acceptance or rejection of influence. Persuasion is the ability to move others to a desired action, usually within the context of a specific goal. Persuasion often attempts to influence a person's beliefs, religion, motivations, or behavior. Influence and persuasion are neither positive nor negative, unlike manipulation which is strictly negative. While

Manipulator - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-506: Is specifically included, and whether one is referring to the general population or in clinical contexts. Antisocial personality disorder features deceit and manipulation of others as an explicit criterion. This runs the gamut of deception, from lying and superficial displays of charisma to frequent use of aliases and disguises, and criminal fraudulence. The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) in Section III of DSM-5 requires

2178-541: Is still considered an open question if the anatomical abnormality causes the psychological and behavioral abnormality, or vice versa. Cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) is a marker for limbic neural maldevelopment, and its presence has been loosely associated with certain mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder . One study found that those with CSP had significantly higher levels of antisocial personality, psychopathy, arrests and convictions compared with controls. Many studies suggest that

2244-451: Is the precursor of ASPD. About 25–40% of youths with conduct disorder will be diagnosed with ASPD in adulthood. Conduct disorder (CD) is a disorder diagnosed in childhood that parallels the characteristics found in ASPD. It is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated by the child. Children with

2310-399: Is the rate of failure when diagnosing ASPD. He contends that the possibility of diagnosing and coercing a patient into prescribing medication to someone without ASPD, but is diagnosed with ASPD, could be potentially disastrous. But the possibility of not diagnosing ASPD and seeing a patient go untreated because of a lack of sufficient evidence of cultural or environmental influences is something

2376-421: Is thought to lead to underdevelopment of the part of the child's brain that deals with emotion, empathy, and ability to connect to other humans on an emotional level. According to Dr. Bruce Perry in his book The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog, "the infant's developing brain needs to be patterned, repetitive stimuli to develop properly. Spastic, unpredictable relief from fear, loneliness, discomfort, and hunger keeps

2442-470: Is unique in the grouping as "borderline" manipulation is characterized as unintentional and dysfunctional manipulation. Marsha M. Linehan has stated that people with borderline personality disorder often exhibit behaviors which are not truly manipulative, but are erroneously interpreted as such. According to Linehan, these behaviors often appear as unthinking manifestations of intense pain, and are often not deliberate as to be considered truly manipulative. In

2508-474: The DSM-V , manipulation was removed as a defining characteristic of borderline personality disorder. Conduct disorder is the appearance of antisocial behavior occurring in children and adolescents. Individuals with this disorder are characterized by a lack of empathy, a low sense of guilt, and shallow emotionality. Aggression and violence are two factors that characterize individuals with this disorder. In order for

2574-603: The ICD-11 's dimensional model of personality pathology, deceitful, manipulative and exploitative behaviors are cardinal expressions of the lack of empathy domain of the Dissociality trait. Many have proposed ways for potential victims to identify manipulation attempts and take action to prevent victimization. Manipulation can be identified through several established tactics and behavioral signs. Guilt tripping occurs when manipulators can evoke unjustified guilt in their victims as

2640-461: The 2R and 3R alleles of the promoter region ) have associations with aggressive behavior in men. This association is also influenced by negative experiences early in life, with children possessing a low-activity variant (MAOA-L) who have experienced negative circumstances being more likely to develop antisocial behavior than those with the high-activity variant (MAOA-H). Even when environmental interactions (e.g. emotional abuse) are taken out of

2706-505: The DSM-I in 1952, described “sociopathic personality disturbance” as involving a range of antisocial behaviors linked to societal and environmental factors. Subsequent editions of the DSM have refined the diagnosis, eventually distinguishing ASPD in the DSM-III (1980) with a more structured checklist of observable behaviors. Current definitions in the DSM-5 align with the clinical description of ASPD as

Manipulator - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-478: The Emotions of Others Scale" (MEOS) was developed in 2013 through factor analysis to measure the ability to change emotions of others. The survey questions measure six categories: mood (or emotional state ) enhancement, mood worsening, concealing emotions, capacity for inauthenticity, poor emotion skills, and using diversion to enhance mood. The enhancement, worsening and diversion categories have been used to identify

2838-821: The ability and willingness of manipulative behavior. The MEOS has also been used for assessing emotional intelligence, and has been compared to the HEXACO model of personality structure , for which the capacity for inauthenticity category in the MEOS was found to correspond to low honesty-humility scores on the HEXACO. Manipulative tendencies may derive from cluster B personality disorders such as narcissistic personality disorder , antisocial personality disorder , and borderline personality disorder . Manipulative behavior has also been related with one's level of emotional intelligence . Discussion of manipulation may vary depending on which behavior

2904-415: The behavioral tendencies of many individuals with ASPD. While the rise reported may be in part a byproduct of the widening use (and abuse) of diagnostic techniques, given Eric Berne 's division between individuals with active and latent ASPD – the latter keeping themselves in check by attachment to an external source of control like the law, traditional standards, or religion – it has been suggested that

2970-1030: The children to later develop rebellious behavior, low self-esteem, aggression, and resentfulness. Permissive - Permissive parenting styles involve a more relaxed attitude towards rules that are less enforced than any other parenting style. Permissive parents tend to allow more freedom for children to make their own decisions which can lead to impulsivity, lack of self-control, and a lack of acknowledgment of boundaries later in life. Neglectful - Neglectful parenting styles tend to have little to no rules for children to follow, and may even withhold basic needs required for child development . Parents who display neglectful behavior are less involved than any other parenting style and can cause children to develop mental health issues, withdrawal from emotions, and delinquent behavior. Authoritative - Authoritative parenting styles involve guidelines and expectations as well as support and understanding. Authoritative parents tend to have more balance within their parenting style compared to

3036-441: The community help to ensure more positive behavior for children and an overall decrease in ASPD symptoms. ASPD is highly comorbid with emotional and physical abuse in childhood. Physical neglect also has a significant correlation to ASPD. The way a child bonds with its parents early in life is important. Poor parental bonding due to abuse or neglect puts children at greater risk for developing antisocial personality disorder. There

3102-498: The diagnostic criteria of ASPD. Some studies have found a relationship between monoamine oxidase A and antisocial behavior, including conduct disorder and symptoms of adult ASPD, in maltreated children. Antisocial behavior may be related to a number of neurological defects, such as head trauma. Antisocial behavior is associated with decreased grey matter in the right lentiform nucleus , left insular , and frontopolar cortex . Increased volumes of grey matter have been observed in

3168-428: The disorder may also engage in substance use. CD is distinct from oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in that children with ODD do not commit aggressive or antisocial acts against other people, animals, or property, though many children diagnosed with ODD are subsequently re-diagnosed with CD. Two developmental courses for CD have been identified based on the age at which the symptoms become present. The first course

3234-415: The disorder often display impulsive and aggressive behavior, may be callous and deceitful, may repeatedly engage in petty crime (such as stealing or vandalism), or get into fights with other children and adults. This behavior is typically persistent and may be difficult to deter with either threat or punishment. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in this population, and children with

3300-454: The equation, a small association between MAOA-L and aggressive and antisocial behavior remains. The gene that encodes for the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), a gene that is heavily researched for its associations with other mental disorders, is another gene of interest in antisocial behavior and personality traits. Genetic association's studies have suggested that the short "S" allele is associated with impulsive antisocial behavior and ASPD in

3366-435: The erosion of collective standards may serve to release the individual with latent ASPD from their previously prosocial behavior. There is also a continuous debate as to the extent to which the legal system should be involved in the identification and admittance of patients with preliminary symptoms of ASPD. Controversial clinical psychiatrist Pierre-Édouard Carbonneau suggested that the problem with legal forced admittance

SECTION 50

#1733106647046

3432-432: The following vulnerabilities: Harriet B. Braiker identified the following ways that manipulators control their victims: According to Braiker, manipulators exploit the following vulnerabilities (buttons) that may exist in victims: Manipulators can have various possible motivations, including but not limited to: According to psychology author George K. Simon , successful psychological manipulation primarily involves

3498-485: The inmate population. However, research into psychopathy find that the long "L" allele is associated with the Factor 1 traits of psychopathy, which describes its core affective (e.g. lack of empathy, fearlessness) and interpersonal (e.g. grandiosity, manipulativeness) personality disturbances. This is suggestive of two different forms of the disorder, one associated more with impulsive behavior and emotional dysregulation, and

3564-1280: The manipulator's actions and words do not align, excessive flattery that manifests as unwarranted praise and excessive compliments, and isolation attempts where the manipulator tries to separate the victim from friends and family. The establishment of healthy boundaries requires two primary components: verbal communication for boundary definition and respect parameters, and assertiveness training for non-aggressive position maintenance. Emotional awareness monitoring consists of systematic self-reflection procedures and mindfulness exercise implementation for emotion recognition and processing. Building self-esteem involves practicing self-compassion during challenging times and using positive affirmations to boost confidence. Seeking support can include professional therapy and engaging supportive social networks to manage manipulative influences. Learning about manipulation involves studying related methodologies and participating in educational workshops to develop protective skills. When manipulation escalates to harassment or abuse, legal consultation may become necessary for pursuing appropriate protective measures. Books Academic papers Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder , often abbreviated to ASPD,

3630-472: The manipulator: Techniques of manipulators may include: Kantor advises in his 2006 book The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: How Antisocial Personality Disorder Affects All of Us that vulnerability to psychopathic manipulators involves being too: Manipulativeness is a primary feature found in the Machiavellianism construct. The MACH-IV , conceptualized by Richard Christie and Florence Geis,

3696-416: The motivations for manipulation are mostly self-serving, certain styles of social influence can be intended to be to the benefit of others. Manipulation can be defined as the use of strategies to further personal driven goals at the expense of others and is usually considered antisocial behavior. Pro-social behavior is a voluntary act intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals and

3762-484: The other parenting styles, and parent in a way that lets children understand not only what the rules are, but why they are important. Individuals who were raised by authoritative parents tend to be more self-confident, responsible, successful, and have a greater chance of developing positive coping skills. Having a healthy, safe, stable/consistent, understanding, and attentive parenting style in an environment with positive role models and influences at home as well as out in

3828-497: The other with predatory aggression and affective disturbance. Various other gene candidates for ASPD have been identified by a genome-wide association study published in 2016. Several of these gene candidates are shared with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, with which ASPD is often comorbid. The study found that those who carry four mutations on chromosome 6 are 50% more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder than those who do not. Traumatic events can lead to

3894-493: The precursors to antisocial personality disorder. People that exhibit antisocial behavior tend to demonstrate decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, and is more apparent in functional neuroimaging as opposed to structural neuroimaging. Some investigators have questioned whether the reduced volume in prefrontal regions is associated with antisocial personality disorder, or whether they result from co-morbid disorders, such as substance use disorder or childhood maltreatment. It

3960-490: The presence of manipulative behaviour for a diagnosis of ASPD, with two symptoms (deceitfulness and manipulativeness) reflecting such tendencies out of the seven listed, with six being required for diagnosis (the others are impulsivity, irresponsibility, risk-taking, callousness and hostility). The related syndrome of psychopathy also features pathological lying and manipulation for personal gain, as well as superficial charm, as cardinal features. Borderline personality disorder

4026-485: The previously listed disorders with ASPD tend to be much higher. The sociocultural perspective of clinical psychology views disorders as influenced by cultural aspects; since cultural norms differ significantly, mental disorders (such as ASPD) are viewed differently. Robert D. Hare suggested that the rise in ASPD that has been reported in the United States may be linked to changes in cultural norms, serving to validate

SECTION 60

#1733106647046

4092-486: The problems of those with ASPD, leading to more severe symptoms, complex treatment needs, and poorer clinical outcomes. When combined with alcoholism , people may show frontal brain function deficits on neuropsychological tests greater than those associated with each condition. Alcohol use disorder is likely caused by lack of impulse and behavioral control exhibited by antisocial personality disorder patients. Personality disorders are generally believed to be caused by

4158-539: The right fusiform gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, right cingulate gyrus , and post-central cortex. Intellectual and cognitive ability is often found to be impaired or reduced in the ASPD population. Contrary to stereotypes in popular culture of the "psychopathic genius", antisocial personality disorder is associated with reduced overall intelligence and specific reductions in individual aspects of cognitive ability. These deficits also occur in general-population samples of people with antisocial traits and in children with

4224-605: The risk of developing ASPD, one factor alone is unlikely to be the only cause associated with ASPD and relating to a listed cause does not necessarily mean that a person should identify or be identified as having ASPD. According to professor Emily Simonoff of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , there are many variables that are consistently connected to ASPD, such as: childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder, criminality in adulthood, lower IQ scores, and reading problems. Additionally, children who grow up with

4290-426: The social and home environment contribute to the development of ASPD. Parents of children with ASPD may display antisocial behavior themselves, which are then adopted by their children. A lack of parental stimulation and affection during early development can lead to high levels of cortisol with the absence of balancing hormones such as oxytocin . This disrupts and overloads the child's stress response systems, which

4356-426: The specific genes that may be involved, one gene that has shown particular promise in its correlation with ASPD is the gene that encodes for Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine . Various studies examining the gene's relationship to behavior have suggested that variants of the gene resulting in less MAO-A being produced (such as

#45954