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70-551: The Manila Grand Opera House ( Filipino : Marangal na Bahay-Opera ng Maynila , abbreviated MGOH ) was a theater and opera house located in the district of Santa Cruz in Manila on the intersection of Rizal Avenue and Doroteo Jose Street. It was the Philippines ' premiere entertainment venue during the Spanish and American colonial periods and the most popular theater in the 1900s. It

140-542: A "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace

210-507: A common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through the Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language

280-577: A common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to

350-596: A leading Manila theater, the Teatro Zorilla , would promote some of these visiting vaudeville troupes as "Novelties in Manila". During these early years of vaudeville in the Philippines, most of the featured entertainers were non-Filipinos. By the middle of the 1910s, a few Filipino performers would begin to appear in vaudeville acts as well. The zarzuela star Atang de la Rama was among the first of such performers, as well as

420-618: A resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of

490-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of

560-510: Is a language under the Austronesian language family . It is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of the Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila ,

630-784: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among

700-462: Is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from

770-402: Is an indigenized form of vaudeville , introduced in the Philippines around the turn of the 20th century. It featured a hodgepodge of musical numbers, short-form comedy and dramatic skits, and even magic acts, often staged inside the theaters of Manila . Bodabil proved the vehicle for the popularization of musical trends and musicians, performance genres and performers. At the beginning of

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840-590: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered

910-401: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This

980-479: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);

1050-414: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of

1120-627: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino

1190-474: The American colonial period , English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as

1260-574: The American occupation of the Philippines at the turn of the 20th century, stage entertainment in the Philippines was dominated by the Spanish-influenced comedia (" komedya " in the Filipino vernacular) and the newly emergent zarzuela (" sarswela " in the Filipino vernacular). In order to entertain American troops stationed in the Philippines, vaudeville acts from outside the Philippines were brought in to provide entertainment. As early as 1901,

1330-666: The Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of

1400-530: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by

1470-685: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it

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1540-455: The 1950s were Pilita Corrales , Elizabeth Ramsey , Bayani Casimiro , and Bobby Gonzales. The theater's decline by the late 1960s has been attributed to the rise of television and cinema. Ownership of the complex shifted from the heirs of Teodoro to former Philippine Ambassador to Laos Antonio Cabangon Chua in the 1960s, by which then the MGOH had become a cinema. Part of Cabangon Chua's plan for

1610-459: The 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of

1680-512: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain

1750-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with

1820-493: The Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as

1890-479: The National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows the trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that

1960-576: The Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to

2030-470: The Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating

2100-832: The Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of

2170-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It

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2240-715: The chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted

2310-562: The complex include the construction of a hotel at the complex. As economic activity shifted from the Avenida area to Makati in the 1970s, the MGOH was converted into what was then dubbed the largest nightclub in Manila: Chicks O'Clock , catering to the working class near the Avenida area. The continued slump in Avenida eventually forced the closure of the club and the demolition of the theater. Partially fulfilling Cabangon Chua's vision for

2380-567: The concert was to raise funds for the building of the Philippine Constabulary Orchestra's music library. Two important performances in Manila Grand Opera are Claro M. Recto 's award-winning dramas La ruta de Damasco and Solo entre las sombras. Another key event is the convention organized by the socialist and communist parties of the Philippines on November 7, 1938 where both parties officially merged as one, taking

2450-461: The delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of

2520-570: The impending return of "Mang Arturo", an allusion to General MacArthur 's promise, "I shall return." Even guerilla members attended bodabil shows, and when word reached the performers that the Kempetai were due to arrive, they'd break out into a special song that served as code to the guerillas to leave the premises. Following the end of World War II, film production in the Philippines resumed, and many of bodabil ' s stars either returned or shifted to cinema. Bodabil however remained popular for

2590-403: The late 1950s, singers such as Nora Aunor , Elizabeth Ramsey , Pilita Corrales and Sylvia La Torre also plied the bodabil circuit. Bodabil had also started to incorporate burlesque numbers into its routines. By the 1960s, bodabil had to compete with the rise of commercial television broadcasts in the Philippines. It underwent a swift decline, and by the late 1960s, the form drew on

2660-498: The latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During

2730-460: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at

2800-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino

2870-478: The limited market for its burlesque routines. The emergence of bomba films around 1969–1970, which killed off burlesque, also marked the end of bodabil . After martial law was declared in 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos attempted to revive a sanitized form of bodabil . Theaters such as the Manila Grand Opera House featured bodabil routines, with slogans praising martial law rule piped into

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2940-527: The mid-19th century as a circular wooden structure with a nipa roof known as the H.T. Hashim's National Cycle Track, the complex served as the center of Philippine culture and the primary theater for the viewing of plays, movies and zarzuelas in Manila prior to the construction of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in the 1960s. The complex had undergone several incarnations and name changes before being demolished. A hotel has since been constructed on

3010-431: The name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and

3080-470: The name “ Communist Party of the Philippines ,” which was later renamed Communist Party of the Philippines-1930 (PKP-1930), in order to avoid confusion with the splinter group of the same name . The theater served as the home for theater productions, operas and zarzuelas in the Manila area until the onset of World War II . Toribio Teodoro, then referred to as the "shoe king of the Philippines," acquired

3150-447: The next two decades. A large credit to bodabil' s continued popularity can be attributed to Lou Salvador, Sr. , a performer with the stage name "Chipopoy" who shifted to production after the war. Salvador would become the most successful stage show impresario in the '40s and '50s. He organized several bodabil troupes and discovered a new generation of bodabil performers, such as the comedians Chiquito , Cachupoy and German Moreno ,

3220-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,

3290-663: The original theater and its conversion to an opera house in time for the visit of an Italian opera company in 1902, after the American takeover of the Philippines, and was used as the location of the inauguration of the members of the First Philippine Assembly on October 16, 1907. It was in Manila Grand Opera House where the Philippines' pioneer symphonic group, the Manila Symphony Society , performed its first concert on January 22, 1926. The purpose of

3360-549: The other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led

3430-482: The other. The Japanese invasion of the Philippines in late 1941 led to a halt in film production in the country, at the insistence of the Japanese who were not keen to allow Western influences to persist within the country. Bodabil however was permitted, and it became the predominant form of entertainment in the country. Many film actors whose careers had been stalled became regular performers in bodabil shows. Among

3500-814: The peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan. Bodabil Bodabil

3570-584: The performers whose careers were jumpstarted during this period were Panchito Alba , Anita Linda , Rosa Mia , the tandem of Pugo and Togo , and Dolphy , who started under the stage name "Golay" as a comic dance partner of Bayani Casimiro. Many bodabil shows during the war incorporated subtle anti-Japanese and pro-American messages. Pugo and Togo had a popular routine where they portrayed Japanese soldiers wearing multiple wristwatches on both of their arms, and they were soon briefly incarcerated for that spoof. There were comedic and dramatic skits that referred to

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3640-463: The primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of

3710-501: The property in 1942 and used the MGOH as his residence during the Japanese occupation and the Second Philippine Republic , at which his house and shoe factory were seized by Japanese forces. Floods and a fire damaged the theater in 1943 and 1944, respectively, with reconstruction efforts commencing after the war. By the 1950s, the theater, equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for both theatrical and cinematic productions,

3780-501: The same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with

3850-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista

3920-610: The same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year,

3990-472: The singer Katy de la Cruz , who first appeared on Manila stages aged 7. The routines they would perform were featured as intermission numbers in between sarswelas. These intermission numbers were sometimes called "jamborees". In 1920, a Filipino entertainer named Luis Borromeo returned from North America, who performed under the stage name "Borromeo Lou", and organized what became the first Filipino bodabil company. The main showcase of Borromeo's company

4060-541: The singers Diana Toy and Miami Salvador ; the dancer Bayani Casimiro , and the magician and Chaplin -imitator Canuplin . Many leading lights of Philippine cinema began their entertainment careers in bodabil during this period, such as Rogelio de la Rosa , Leopoldo Salcedo , Dely Atay-Atayan and Chichay . Bodabil thrived despite the emergence of Filipino film productions. Many movie theaters featured bodabil performances in between screenings, and many film and bodabil stars frequently crossed over from one genre to

4130-464: The singers Pepe Pimentel , Diomedes Maturan , and Eddie Peregrina . Bodabil continued to capitalize on the latest trends in Western entertainment. It featured popular Latin dances such as the mambo and cha-cha, or the boogie , which was popularized by Chiquito. When rock and roll emerged in the 1950s, bodabil showcased Eddie Mesa , who became known as the " Elvis Presley of the Philippines". In

4200-899: The site and as a contribution to the revival of the Avenida area, the Manila Grand Opera Hotel was constructed on the site of the former MGOH. The eight-storey hotel opened in August 2008, with its second building opening sometime in 2009. It will be the only hotel with a direct connection to the LRT Line 1 , connecting to Doroteo Jose station , which is also rumored to be constructed on the MGOH grounds. 14°36′19.73″N 120°58′53.63″E  /  14.6054806°N 120.9815639°E  / 14.6054806; 120.9815639 Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] )

4270-556: The site on where the theater once stood. The Manila Grand Opera House was built in the mid-19th century as the H.T. Hashim's National Cycle Track, a circular wooden structure with a nipa roof. In 1890, the name was changed to the Teatro Nacional (National Theater), where the Russian Circus and some American theater companies performed. The name was subsequently changed to the Manila Grand Opera House after an extensive expansion of

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4340-485: The theaters in between numbers. These efforts proved unpopular. In the 1980s, activist groups within the University of the Philippines also tried to utilize the bodabil format, using the medium to promote socially-conscious themes. While bodabil was undoubtedly popular and somewhat indigenized from vaudeville, it was hardly indigenous to the Philippines and seen as indicative of the pervasiveness of American culture in

4410-513: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created

4480-548: Was also the site of historically significant political meetings. It could entertain crowds of more than 200 people. It hosted performances by musicians Katy de la Cruz , Bobby Gonzales, Diomedes Maturan , Sylvia La Torre , Pilita Corrales , Elizabeth Ramsey , Bayani Casimiro , the Reycards Duet , and comedy acts Bentot , Chiquito , Lupito, and Pugo and Tugo and Tugak. Plays directed by Lamberto Avellana and Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero were also performed here. First built in

4550-507: Was an orchestral band, which played what he called "Classical-Jazz Music", and variety acts in between. Borromeo's band is credited as having popularized jazz in the Philippines. It was also Borromeo who dubbed the emerging form as "vod-a-vil", which soon became popularly known by its Filipinized name, bodabil . In 1923, there were three theaters in Manila that were exclusively devoted to bodabil . By 1941, there were 40 theaters in Manila featuring bodabil shows. The popularity of bodabil

4620-402: Was dubbed its famous title "The Theater with a History." It provided daily entertainment for Manila residents, charging 85 centavos for admission to one theatrical production and one movie. In addition to plays and movie showings, balagtasan , operas, concerts and bodabil (vaudeville) performances were occasionally staged in the complex. Among the entertainers who performed at the theater in

4690-443: Was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with the Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into

4760-485: Was not confined to Manila stages. Bodabil routines were also staged in town fiestas and carnivals. The typical bodabil shows would feature a mixture of performances of American ballads , torch songs and blues numbers; dance numbers featuring tap dancers and chorus girls and jitterbug showcases; and even the occasional kundiman . Within that period, established performers such as Katy de la Cruz and Borromeo continued to thrive. New stars also emerged, such as

4830-458: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it

4900-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only

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