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38-706: In the United States, the Manhattan Prong of the New England Uplands is a smaller belt of ancient rock in southern New York (including Manhattan , the Bronx , and segments of Brooklyn and Staten Island ), parts of Westchester County , and upland portions of southwestern Connecticut . The bedrock underlying much of Manhattan consists of three rock formations: Fordham gneiss , Manhattan schist , and Tuckahoe marble (Inwood marble) , which are well suited for

76-640: A southwest–northeast trending direction for nearly 225 kilometers (140 miles), from southeastern Pennsylvania near Reading to southwestern Connecticut near Danbury , where it joins the Taconic Mountains and Housatonic Highlands of the New England Uplands plateau. The Hudson River cuts a deep gorge through the Highlands in New York in the stretch of river between Peekskill on the south and Newburgh on

114-757: Is often considered the southernmost part of the Great Valley. These southern portions of the Great Valley are sometimes grouped into two parts, the Valley of Virginia and the Tennessee Valley . The southern Great Valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge physiographic province, which includes, from north to south, South Mountain in Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Blue Ridge of Virginia, Holston Mountain in Tennessee, and

152-590: The Allegheny Front , Powell Mountain , the Cumberland Mountains , Walden Ridge , and the Cumberland Plateau . The Cumberland Gap connects the Great Valley region with Kentucky and Tennessee lands to the west. Massanutten Mountain lies in the middle of the Valley of Virginia portion of the Great Valley. The Valley of Virginia is a region of karst , with sinkholes and caverns . The climate of

190-552: The Battles of Chattanooga in Tennessee; and the Gettysburg Battlefield and Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania. Today, the main thoroughfares occupying the southern Great Valley are: In the northern valley, the thoroughfares vary. Heading northeast from Harrisburg, I-81 traces the valley to Swatara Gap , then swings north across Blue Mountain and leaves the valley en route to Scranton . I-78 then continues

228-620: The Cumberland Gap and led to Kentucky and Tennessee , including the fertile Bluegrass region and Nashville Basin . Another branch at Roanoke, called the Carolina Road , led into the Piedmont regions of North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . The various gaps connecting the Great Valley to lands to the east and west have played important roles in American history. On the east side,

266-574: The Delaware River between Easton, Pennsylvania , and the Delaware Water Gap . In New Jersey and New York, the valley gradually bends from the northeast to the north, and starting near Newburgh just beyond the Hudson Highlands , I-87 runs much of the valley's length into Canada, passing Poughkeepsie , Albany , and Glens Falls . In an east–west section of the valley, I-90 traverses

304-916: The Delaware River passes into the Lehigh Valley along the border between New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and many gaps in Pennsylvania, including the Pennsylvania Wind Gap , the Lehigh River Gap north of Allentown , the Schuylkill River Gap, the Swatara Gap , the Susquehanna River Gap, and others. In its southern section, the Great Valley is bounded to the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains , which extend north into Maryland and Pennsylvania as South Mountain . Regional names of

342-698: The Hudson River of the Great Valley and the Mohawk Valley gap. The Great Valley, especially Shenandoah Valley, played an important role during the American Civil War , including its Blue Ridge gaps and nearby Piedmont area and its northward extension to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania , where the bloodiest and most influential Civil War battle was fought in the Battle of Gettysburg from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg resulted in over 50,000 casualties, but

380-462: The Kittatinny Mountain from about 10,000 years ago to present. The gap is more than 400 feet (120 m) below the top of the mountain. Lenape Native Americans used the gap to hunt and trade on both sides of the mountain. Early settlers from Pennsylvania used the water drop from Culvers Lake to Branchville for a wide assortment of mills. Turnpikes followed the route of Lenape trails through

418-674: The Mohawk Valley towards Utica . North of Glens Falls, I-87 runs west of the valley through the Adirondack Mountains , though it descends back into the valley near Plattsburgh . At the Canada–US border, I-87 becomes Autoroute 15 and continues north to Montreal . No interstate highway crosses the rugged section of the valley east of Lake George or passes through the agriculturally rich Champlain Valley running north to Burlington, Vermont . Heading north from Burlington, however, along

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456-515: The New England Uplands section is that of a maturely-dissected plateau with narrow valleys, and the entire area is greatly modified by glaciation . It is the most widespread of the geomorphic sections in the New England Province , extending from Canada through New England down to the Seaboard section and extending southwestward through New York and New Jersey as two narrow upland projections,

494-724: The Ramapo Mountains . Another belt of ancient metamorphic and igneous rock crops out along the southern margin of the Newark Basin south and west of Trenton , New Jersey . In this region, the rocks are referred to as part of the Trenton Prong . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from The Highlands Province . United States Geological Survey . 40°50′17″N 73°56′10″W  /  40.838°N 73.936°W  / 40.838; -73.936 New England Uplands The topography of

532-522: The Reading Prong and the Manhattan Prong . Numerous hills and mountains rise above the general level of the upland; except in the presence of mountains, the horizon of the regional landscape is fairly level. Glaciation has resulted in the erosion and rounding off of the bedrock topography and numerous rock basin lakes. Glacial drift is thin, patchy, and stony, and ice-contact features such as kames , kame terraces, and eskers are abundant. The surface of

570-736: The Taconic Mountains and its foothills, and by the Reading and Manhattan Prongs that extend southwestward from the New England states. Although geologists refer to the larger of these extensions as the Reading Prong , in this region it is more commonly known as the New York - New Jersey Highlands , and locally as the Hudson Highlands, the New Jersey Highlands, the Ramapo Mountains , or simply

608-678: The Taconic Mountains of Vermont, New York , Massachusetts , and Connecticut , the Reading Prong , which includes the New York–New Jersey Highlands , also known as the Hudson Highlands , Schunemunk Mountain , and Ramapo Mountains , and South Mountain in Pennsylvania beyond Harrisburg . There is a wide gap between the Reading Prong and South Mountain at Harrisburg, through which the Susquehanna River passes, connecting

646-605: The Unaka Range and the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina . A gap in these mountains exists near Roanoke, Virginia . Other gaps of note in the Blue Ridge of Virginia, connecting the Piedmont region with the Great Valley, include Thornton Gap , Swift Run Gap , and Rockfish Gap . Another series of mountains bounds the southern Great Valley to the west, including North Mountain and Great North Mountain ,

684-672: The Union Army victory under the command of Major General George Meade over General Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army forces turned the war in the Union 's favor. Civil War-era sites and events in this region include Harpers Ferry, West Virginia ; Antietam, Maryland ; Chambersburg, Pennsylvania ; the Valley Campaign of Northern Virginia ; the Valley Campaigns of 1864 , also in Virginia;

722-644: The Carolina Road. During the 1750s, the stream of migrants traveling south through the valley and into the Carolina Piedmont grew into a flood. At the time, the Carolina Piedmont region offered some of the best land at the lowest prices. A string of towns appeared, including Salisbury , Salem , and Charlotte in North Carolina. In the decades before the American Revolution , the Piedmont "upcountry" of

760-582: The Carolinas was quickly settled, mostly by recent immigrants who migrated from the north to the south via the Great Valley. Many of these immigrants were Scots-Irish , Germans from the Rhineland-Palatinate area, and Moravians . This upcountry population soon surpassed the older and more established lowcountry population near the Atlantic coast, causing serious geopolitical tensions in the Carolinas during

798-541: The Great Valley in Pennsylvania and were rapidly migrating and settling southwards into the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia . The entire region between southeast Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley soon became famous as a breadbasket, the most productive mixed farming region in America (Meinig, 1986:134). The road from Philadelphia west to the valley and then south through it became very heavily used and known variously as

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836-409: The Great Valley is generally Warm- or Hot-summer Humid continental in the northern third and Humid subtropical from Pennsylvania southward. The first weather box is from the temperate portion and the second subtropical portion of the valley. Routes through the valley were first used by Native Americans . In pre-colonial and the early colonial era , a major Indian pathway through the Great Valley

874-462: The Great Valley with the Piedmont region of southeast Pennsylvania. This gap is often considered the dividing point between the northern and southern sections of the Great Valley. To the west or continental side, a series of more impenetrable mountain regions border the northern Great Valley. The northernmost is the Adirondack Mountains , a southern extension of the Canadian Shield , which reach

912-637: The Great Wagon Road, the Philadelphia Wagon Road, and the Valley Road. The Conestoga wagon was developed around 1725 in the area of the wide opening between Philadelphia and the Great Valley. The Conestoga wagon became the main vehicle for transportation through the Great Valley until the railroad era. Culver Gap near Culver's Lake in Sussex County, New Jersey , was an important route through

950-416: The Highlands. The Highlands are bounded on the southeast and on the northwest by the lowlands of the Piedmont and Great Valley provinces, respectively. The mountains and valleys that make up the Highlands are part of a relatively long, linear, and narrow regional geological feature that averages 16 to 32 kilometers (9.9 to 19.9 miles) in width, with a maximum width of 40 kilometers (25 miles), and extends in

988-457: The New England Uplands slopes southeast from maximum inland altitudes around 670 meters (2,200 feet), excluding the other mountainous sections of the province, to about 122 to 152 meters (400 to 499 ft) along its seaward edge at the narrow coastal Seaboard section, which goes down to sea level. In the New York Bight watershed, the New England Uplands section is represented by a portion of

1026-522: The east side of Lake Champlain , I-89 runs through the valley's northernmost stretches to the Canada–US border, where it becomes Quebec Route 133 and Autoroute 35 , which trace the route of the Richelieu River in its southern section, where the Great Valley finally dissipates into the plain of the Saint Lawrence River to the east of Montreal. (The Richelieu River continues northward across

1064-651: The first folds of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians border the valley, in the form of a continuous ridge (heading south) and known as the Shawangunk Ridge in New York, Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey , and Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania . This long ridge is broken by several narrow and dramatic gaps, known as wind and water gaps , including Culver's Gap in New Jersey, the Delaware Water Gap , where

1102-455: The foundations of Manhattan's skyscrapers . The Manhattan Prong and the Reading Prong are separated by the Newark Basin in the south, but the two features merge at the northern terminus of the Newark Basin in the vicinity of Peekskill , New York . A band of mountains that rise nearly one thousand feet along the northwestern margin of the Newark Basin in New York and New Jersey are called

1140-540: The gap. By the 1750s, the Great Valley was well-settled to the southern end of the Shenandoah Valley. Immigrants continued to travel from the Philadelphia area south through the Great Valley beyond Shenandoah, to the vicinity of present-day Roanoke, Virginia . There is a wide gap in the Blue Ridge near Roanoke. A branch of the Great Wagon Road began there, crossing through the gap east into the Piedmont region of North Carolina and South Carolina . This road became known as

1178-568: The late 18th century (Meinig, 1986: 291–293). On the west side, the Cumberland Gap became the main route for migration west from the southern Great Valley to Kentucky and Tennessee . In the north, the Mohawk Valley became a major route for westward expansion, especially after the construction of the Erie Canal , which linked New York City in the east to the Great Lakes region in the Midwest via

Geology of Manhattan Prong - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-534: The north. Great Appalachian Valley The Great Valley marks the eastern edge of the Ridge and Valley physiographic province . There are many regional names of the Great Valley, such as the Shenandoah Valley. From a large perspective the Great Valley can be divided into a northern section and a southern section. In its northern section, the Great Valley includes the Champlain Valley around Lake Champlain and

1254-457: The route through the valley parallel to the southern slopes of Blue Mountain, connecting Harrisburg with Lebanon , Kutztown , and Allentown . At Allentown, I-78 then swings away south into the hills of the Reading Prong en route to New York City . From Allentown into New Jersey and southern New York, the valley is not traced by an interstate highway, though it is traversed at length (and at oblique angles) by both I-80 and I-84 , as well as by

1292-688: The southern Great Valley include Hagerstown Valley in Maryland , Winchester Valley, and Shenandoah Valley in Virginia and West Virginia , the upper valley of the James River , Roanoke Valley , and New River Valley in Virginia, the Holston River Valley in Virginia and Tennessee , and the East Tennessee Valley extending from Virginia through Tennessee to Alabama . The Coosa River Valley

1330-661: The upper Richelieu River that drains it into the Saint Lawrence , the Hudson River Valley , Newburgh Valley , and Wallkill Valley , and the Kittatinny Valley , Upper Delaware River Valley , Lebanon Valley , and Cumberland Valley . A series of mountains bounds the northern half of the Great Valley on both sides. To the east or coastward side, these include, from north to south, the Green Mountains of Vermont ,

1368-400: The valley along the shores of Lake Champlain and Lake George . To their south, beyond the Mohawk Valley and Albany, New York , the Catskill Mountains , which form the northeastern terminus of the Allegheny Plateau , border the valley in the form of the dramatic Catskill Escarpment , which overlooks the middle reaches of the Hudson River and Hudson Valley . Just south of the Catskills,

1406-404: The wide gap in southeast Pennsylvania became the main route for colonization of the Great Valley. By the 1730s, the Pennsylvanian Great Valley west of South Mountain was open to settlement after treaty cessions and purchases from the Indians. The region drew a steady and growing stream of immigrants and became known as "the best poor man's country". European immigrants ultimately thoroughly settled

1444-418: Was known as the Great Indian Warpath , Seneca Trail, and various other names. For European colonists, the Great Valley was a major route for settlement and commerce in the United States along the Great Wagon Road , which began in Philadelphia . In the Shenandoah Valley, the road was known as the Valley Pike . The Wilderness Road branched off from Great Wagon Road in present-day Roanoke, Virginia , crossed

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