106-663: The Manhattan Beach Pier is a pier located in Manhattan Beach, California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The pier is 928 feet (283 m) long and located at the end of Manhattan Beach Boulevard . An octagonal Mediterranean-style building sits at the end of the pier and houses the Roundhouse Aquarium . Surfers usually can be seen below the pier. The pier is popular with locals, tourists, photographers, and artists and for fishing. It offers sunsets and vantage points from
212-426: A heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably larger than the ventral portion. This is because the shark's vertebral column extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment. This allows more efficient locomotion among these negatively buoyant cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a homocercal caudal fin. Tiger sharks have
318-415: A cell similar to hair cells present in the vertebrate ear that interact with the surrounding aquatic environment. This helps sharks distinguish between the currents around them, obstacles off on their periphery, and struggling prey out of visual view. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz . Shark lifespans vary by species. Most live 20 to 30 years. The spiny dogfish has one of
424-418: A constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species are obligate ram ventilators and would presumably asphyxiate if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species. The respiratory and circulatory process begins when deoxygenated venous blood travels to
530-495: A few known exceptions, such as the bull shark and the river sharks , which can be found in both seawater and freshwater, and the Ganges shark , which lives only in freshwater. Sharks have a covering of dermal denticles that protects their skin from damage and parasites in addition to improving their fluid dynamics . They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth. Several species are apex predators , which are organisms that are at
636-530: A five-member City Council. City Council members are elected every four years. The office of the Mayor of Manhattan Beach rotates every nine months among the members of the City Council, so that each City Council member serves one term as Mayor. A City Manager is appointed by the City Council. An elected City Treasurer serves a four-year term. The Beach Cities Health District , provides health and wellness services to
742-512: A laboratory and pharmacy. The Aviation Corridor is located along Aviation Boulevard (the city's eastern boundary), south of Rosecrans Avenue, and north of Marine Avenue. Aviation High School was located at the intersection of Manhattan Beach Boulevard and Aviation until it closed in the early 1980s. The zone includes several major entertainment and aerospace complexes, including the Manhattan Beach Studios Media Campus and
848-423: A large upper lobe , which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the porbeagle shark , which hunts schooling fish such as mackerel and herring , has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly, such as
954-438: A long surface area, requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested, when remaining waste products pass into the cloaca . A few sharks appear fluorescent under blue light, such as the swell shark and the chain catshark , where the fluorophore derives from a metabolite of kynurenic acid . Sharks have keen olfactory senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between
1060-514: A mixed-use center. The Metlox site includes a luxury boutique hotel, spa, restaurants, shops and underground parking. North Manhattan Beach business district is located near the intersection of Rosecrans and Highland and has restaurants and shops. The district is defined as covering "32nd Street to 45th Street and consist[s] of over 80 businesses". The Rosecrans corridor is located on the south side of Rosecrans Avenue, east of Sepulveda , and west of Aviation . The Manhattan Beach Country Club,
1166-427: A pier completed until 1920. Engineer A.L. Harris developed the concept of the circular end for less exposure and damage to the pilings by the waves. The pier was completed and dedicated on July 5, 1920. It was a cement pier with a rounded end and it was 928 feet (283 m) long. Octagonal house that now holds a lunch restaurant was completed in 1922. In 1928 the pier was extended out 200 feet (61 m) (at no cost to
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#17328557343611272-528: A population of 35,135. The population density was 8,914.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,442.0/km ). The racial makeup of Manhattan Beach was 29,686 (84.5%) White (79.3% Non-Hispanic White), 290 (0.8%) Black or African American (U.S. Census), 59 (0.2%) Native American , 3,023 (8.6%) Asian , 49 (0.1%) Pacific Islander , 409 (1.2%) from other races , and 1,619 (4.6%) from two or more races. There were 2,440 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (6.9%). The Census reported that 35,107 people (99.9% of
1378-445: A row behind the head. A modified slit called a spiracle lies just behind the eye, which assists the shark with taking in water during respiration and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks. While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as "ram ventilation". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure
1484-671: A sandy beach. The McMartin preschool trials , an example of day care sex abuse hysteria , started with investigations of a Manhattan Beach preschool in 1983. The trials ran from 1987 to 1990 and resulted in no convictions. HBO dramatized this case in the Emmy -winning Indictment: The McMartin Trial , which was partially filmed in Manhattan Beach. Manhattan Beach benefits from ocean breezes that provide clean air and summer temperatures that are 10 to 20 °F (5.6 to 11.1 °C) cooler than
1590-526: A score of 926 on the 2010 California Academic Performance Index. Each individual school also ranks at the top of its respective category. Manhattan Beach is currently ranked as one of the best suburbs in Los Angeles Country for its high-earning and well educated residents. Manhattan Beach's top performing school district is currently ranked as the third best in the state of California, behind only Palo Alto and South Pasadena. and Forbes Magazine ranked
1696-405: A similar mechanism for maintaining an elevated body temperature. Larger species, like the whale shark, are able to conserve their body heat through sheer size when they dive to colder depths, and the scalloped hammerhead close its mouth and gills when they dives to depths of around 800 metres, holding its breath till it reach warmer waters again. In contrast to bony fish, with the exception of
1802-555: A single type of cone photoreceptor sensitive to green and, seeing only in shades of grey and green, are believed to be effectively colorblind. The study indicates that an object's contrast against the background, rather than colour, may be more important for object detection. Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey from many miles away. The hearing sensitivity for most shark species lies between 20 and 1000 Hz. A small opening on each side of their heads (not
1908-472: A ten-year period. The beach is approximately 2.1 miles long and 400 feet wide. In the early part of the last century, the beach was narrow (approximately 150 feet) and sloping. From 1938 to 1989, it more than doubled in width when large quantities of sand were placed on beaches to the north during construction of the Hyperion Treatment Plant , Marina del Rey , and Scattergood Power Plant. The sand
2014-400: A tissue called tapetum lucidum . This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger nocturnal adaptations. Many sharks can contract and dilate their pupils , like humans, something no teleost fish can do. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because
2120-405: A youth swim team and adult swim club. Bruce's Beach (formerly Culiacan Park) is north of downtown. For over 50 years, the city of Manhattan Beach hosts an annual Hometown Fair at Live Oak Park in downtown Manhattan Beach. Popular among community residents, the fair features food and drink, live music, games and booths to raise funds for local causes. The city of Manhattan Beach is governed by
2226-593: Is 244 feet high, and it is located in the city's southwest region. The only remaining exposed sand dune is at Sand Dune Park , where sand resembling the original landscape can also be found. In the late 1920s, excess sand from Manhattan Beach was purchased by Hawaiʻian developers, who negotiated a deal with the Kuhn Brothers Construction Company to ship the sand across the Pacific Ocean from Manhattan Beach via Los Angeles Harbor to Waikiki Beach over
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#17328557343612332-550: Is considered the first surf shop. The Catalina Classic Paddleboard Race to Catalina Island begins here. A sculpture of Duke Kahanamoku flanked by a male knee paddler and a female prone paddler commemorating the race was installed in 2023. Manhattan Beach, California Manhattan Beach is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California , United States, on the Pacific coast south of El Segundo , west of Hawthorne and Redondo Beach , and north of Hermosa Beach . As of
2438-492: Is considered the heart of the city. The area runs along Manhattan Beach Boulevard and the streets perpendicular to the Manhattan Beach Pier and Valley Drive. There are Zagat-rated casual fine-dining restaurants, specialty boutiques and retailers that create a pedestrian-friendly, mixed-use downtown center. The Metlox site, where the pottery factory once stood for decades, was closed in the early 1990s and redeveloped into
2544-648: Is debated. Some believe that electro- and chemoreception are more significant, while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important, since presumably the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant. The use of sight probably varies with species and water conditions. The shark's field of vision can swap between monocular and stereoscopic at any time. A micro-spectrophotometry study of 17 species of sharks found 10 had only rod photoreceptors and no cone cells in their retinas giving them good night vision while making them colorblind . The remaining seven species had in addition to rods
2650-668: Is divided into the superorders Galea (or Galeomorphii ), and Squalea (or Squalomorphii ). The Galeans are the Heterodontiformes , Orectolobiformes , Lamniformes , and Carcharhiniformes . Lamnoids and Carcharhinoids are usually placed in one clade , but recent studies show that Lamnoids and Orectoloboids are a clade. Some scientists now think that Heterodontoids may be Squalean. The Squaleans are divided into Hexanchiformes and Squalomorpha. The former includes cow shark and frilled shark , though some authors propose that both families be moved to separate orders. The Squalomorpha contains
2756-409: Is high, species of sharks from the family Carcharhinidae have smaller olfactory bulbs. Sharks found in deeper waters also have larger olfactory bulbs. Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril. This is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound. They are more attracted to the chemicals found in
2862-581: Is limited, so sharks employ dynamic lift to maintain depth while swimming. Sand tiger sharks store air in their stomachs, using it as a form of swim bladder. Bottom-dwelling sharks, like the nurse shark , have negative buoyancy, allowing them to rest on the ocean floor. Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the nose, enter a natural state of tonic immobility . Researchers use this condition to handle sharks safely. Like other fish, sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills . Unlike other fish, shark gill slits are not covered, but lie in
2968-407: Is located at the end of the pier, and is free to the public. The Aquarium includes a shark tank, tide pool touch tank with animals common to Southern California , tanks with lobsters , and baby sharks as well as brightly colored, non-native fish and invertebrates . During the summer, the aquarium is open from 2PM to 5PM on weekdays and 10AM to sunset on weekends. During the rest of the year, it
3074-524: Is now focused on real estate development and opened AdventurePlex, a Manhattan Beach fitness center for kids and their families, in 2002. Filled with mazes , tunnels, outdoor rock climbing walls, complex ropes courses , and an indoor gym , AdventurePlex challenges children physically and intellectually in health-focused recreational activities . Manhattan Beach is in the Second Supervisorial District of Los Angeles County. Holly Mitchell
3180-434: Is observed in the cookiecutter shark . Tooth shape depends on the shark's diet: those that feed on mollusks and crustaceans have dense and flattened teeth used for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as mammals have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as
3286-482: Is open from 2 p.m. to 8 p.m. on weekdays and 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. on weekends. In January 2018, the aquarium was closed and construction began on a major renovation project. The sealife was relocated to a temporary structure near the entrance to the pier during the renovations. The aquarium reopened on November 5, 2018 with an all-new interior. The octagonal building includes a Spanish tile roof and large gooseneck reflectors to improve lighting. According to Pierfishing.com
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3392-553: Is part of the County of Los Angeles Public Library system, and includes Internet-accessible computers, WiFi, and access to the six million items in the county library collection. The new $ 19 million, 20,000 square foot, two-story facility featuring a glass exterior was completed in 2015. In the California State Legislature , Manhattan Beach is in the 24th Senate District , represented by Democrat Ben Allen , and in
3498-486: Is provided by the Manhattan Beach Unified School District , which oversees five elementary schools (Grand View, Meadows, Pacific, Pennekamp, Robinson), one middle school (Manhattan Beach Middle School), and one high school ( Mira Costa High School ). The Manhattan Beach Unified School district is ranked as the third-best-performing school district in the state of California. The district received
3604-434: Is sometimes referred to as the "Bird Section." The "Hill Section" is known for its high-priced homes; many of the residences are remodeled or newly constructed. The steep hills allow panoramic ocean and city views. The "Sand Section" has quiet walk-street neighborhoods adjacent to the ocean. Oceanfront homes stretch along the bike path and walking lane of "The Strand". "The Strand" section of Manhattan Beach includes some of
3710-492: Is still evidential in several species termed " dogfish ," or the porbeagle . The etymology of the word shark is uncertain. The most likely etymology states that the original sense of the word was that of "predator, one who preys on others" from the Dutch schurk , meaning 'villain, scoundrel' ( cf. card shark , loan shark , etc.), which was later applied to the fish due to its predatory behaviour. A now disproven theory
3816-736: Is that it derives from the Yucatec Maya word xook ( pronounced [ʃoːk] ), meaning 'shark'. Evidence for this etymology came from the Oxford English Dictionary , which notes that shark first came into use after Sir John Hawkins ' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and posted " sharke " to refer to the large sharks of the Caribbean Sea . However, the Middle English Dictionary records an isolated occurrence of
3922-478: Is the District Supervisor. The county collects taxes on properties in Manhattan Beach and maintains property assessment rolls. Los Angeles County maintains the beach and provides daily cleaning and grooming. The county also maintains the bike path at the eastern edge of the beach. The Manhattan Beach County Library is located downtown on Highland Avenue two blocks north of Manhattan Beach Boulevard. The library
4028-729: Is the city's main north–south highway. The area includes the Manhattan Village Mall , which is located east of Sepulveda Boulevard between Marine and Rosecrans Avenues. The mall, built in the early 1980s, was remodeled in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The Manhattan Village Mall is executing a multimillion-dollar redevelopment which adds both outdoor and enclosed retail and restaurant space. There are several medium-size hotels, large automobile dealerships, automotive repair shops, restaurants, multi-story office buildings, medical buildings, pharmacies, banks, and small shopping centers along this corridor. Kaiser Permanente 's medical offices include
4134-468: Is the second highest mean household income neighborhood in Los Angeles County, with Beverly Park ranking first and Beverly Hills (the 90210 section) ranking third, respectively. The current median residential home price is $ 2.2 million according to a November 23, 2014, Los Angeles Times article, and land values in Manhattan Beach rank among the highest per square foot in the nation. Land values on
4240-667: The Daily Breeze , the Los Angeles Times, and the Beach Reporter . Shark Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton , five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head , and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii ) and are the sister group to the Batoidea ( rays and kin). Some sources extend
4346-613: The 2020 census , the population was 35,506. Together with Hermosa Beach and Redondo Beach , it forms the three Beach Cities within the South Bay region of Los Angeles County. The community is known for a long beach stretching approximately 2.1 miles (3.4 km) and roughly 450 feet (140 m) wide. The climate is moderate because of Manhattan Beach's proximity to the Pacific Ocean, with an average year-round high temperature of 69.1 °F (20.6 °C) and an average year-round low of 56.4 °F (13.6 °C). The sandy coastal area
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4452-571: The 66th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Al Muratsuchi . In the United States House of Representatives , Manhattan Beach is in California's 36th congressional district , represented by Democrat Ted Lieu . According to US Census data, Manhattan Beach holds the ranking as the second most educated city in Los Angeles County and the fifth most educated city in the state of California. Public education in Manhattan Beach
4558-665: The Devonian . Anachronistidae , the oldest probable representatives of Neoselachii, the group containing modern sharks (Selachimorpha) and rays (Batoidea) to the exclusion of most extinct elasmobranch groups, date to the Carboniferous . Selachiimorpha and Batoidea are suggested by some to have diverged during the Triassic . Fossils of the earliest true sharks may have appeared during the Permian , based on remains of " synechodontiforms " found in
4664-674: The Early Jurassic around 200 million years ago , with the oldest known member being Agaleus , though records of true sharks may extend back as far as the Permian . Sharks range in size from the small dwarf lanternshark ( Etmopterus perryi ), a deep sea species that is only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus ), the largest fish in the world, which reaches approximately 12 metres (40 ft) in length. They are found in all seas and are common to depths up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). They generally do not live in freshwater, although there are
4770-600: The Homestead Act of 1862). Burnett returned to Scotland. Freeman moved his wife and three children onto the ranch and started growing various crops. On May 4, 1885, Freeman bought the ranch from Burnett for $ 140,000. At some point after this the location was informally called "Shore Acres." Shortly thereafter, in 1888 the area's first freight and passenger railroad tracks were built by the Santa Fe Railroad company. The tracks ran through today’s Manhattan Beach and spanned all
4876-642: The Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden , as well as a small lake, open-air concert amphitheater, playground equipment, picnic tables, restrooms, and a fenced dog exercise area. It is also the site of the Manhattan Beach Historical Society Red Cottage, which is home to the city's collection of historical artifacts. Marine Avenue Park, west of Aviation Boulevard on Marine, has several lighted ball fields, basketball courts, and an indoor racket ball facility. A small skate park
4982-607: The Northrop Grumman Space Park Complex. Manhattan Beach Media Campus has production for movies and entertainment including the Marvel Studios motion pictures Thor (2011) and Iron Man 2 (2010) and both sequels to James Cameron 's Avatar movie. The studio complex has large photovoltaic solar panel rooftop installations in the area which generates approximately 1 megawatt of power. The 2010 United States Census reported that Manhattan Beach had
5088-526: The Palos Verdes Peninsula ; Redondo Beach ; Hermosa Beach ; Manhattan Beach; and Torrance . In 1863, a Scottish immigrant, Sir Robert Burnett, purchased Rancho Sausal Redondo and Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela from Avila 's heirs for $ 33,000. Ten years later in 1873, Burnett leased the ranch to a Canadian, Daniel Freeman (not the American of the same name , who was the first to file a claim under
5194-704: The Squaliformes and the Hypnosqualea. The Hypnosqualea may be invalid. It includes the Squatiniformes , and the Pristorajea, which may also be invalid, but includes the Pristiophoriformes and the Batoidea . There are more than 500 species of sharks split across thirteen orders , including several orders of sharks that have gone extinct: Shark teeth are embedded in the gums rather than directly affixed to
5300-463: The bull shark , which has developed a way to change its kidney function to excrete large amounts of urea. When a shark dies, the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria, causing the dead body to gradually smell strongly of ammonia. Research in 1930 by Homer W. Smith showed that sharks' urine does not contain sufficient sodium to avoid hypernatremia , and it was postulated that there must be an additional mechanism for salt secretion. In 1960 it
5406-504: The clade Selachimorpha in the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes . The Elasmobranchii also include rays and skates ; the Chondrichthyes also include Chimaeras . It was thought that the sharks form a polyphyletic group: some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks, but current molecular studies support monophyly of both groups of sharks and batoids. The clade Selachimorpha
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#17328557343615512-441: The coelacanth , the blood and other tissue of sharks and Chondrichthyes is generally isotonic to their marine environments because of the high concentration of urea (up to 2.5% ) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in osmotic balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in freshwater, and they are therefore confined to marine environments. A few exceptions exist, such as
5618-461: The cranium . The jaw's surface (in comparison to the shark's vertebrae and gill arches) needs extra support due to its heavy exposure to physical stress and its need for strength. It has a layer of tiny hexagonal plates called " tesserae ", which are crystal blocks of calcium salts arranged as a mosaic. This gives these areas much of the same strength found in the bony tissue found in other animals. Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae, but
5724-452: The electric fields they produce. Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the Earth also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation. This system is found in most fish, including sharks. It is a tactile sensory system which allows the organism to detect water speed and pressure changes near by. The main component of the system is the neuromast,
5830-414: The great white shark ) are homeothermic and maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water. In these sharks, a strip of aerobic red muscle located near the center of the body generates the heat, which the body retains via a countercurrent exchange mechanism by a system of blood vessels called the rete mirabile ("miraculous net"). The common thresher and bigeye thresher sharks have
5936-536: The ocean floor . It supported a narrow wooden deck and wave motor to generate power for the Strand lighting system, but sources disagree about whether the system worked. Part of the wave motor may still be buried in the sands at the shore end of the present pier. This "old iron pier", as it was called, was destroyed by a major storm in 1913. Lack of money, lawsuits, storms, World War I and debates about when and where to build another pier delayed Manhattan Beach from having
6042-1036: The Early Permian of Russia, but if remains of "synechodontiformes" from the Permian and Triassic are true sharks, they only had low diversity. Modern shark orders first appeared during the Early Jurassic, and during the Jurassic true sharks underwent great diversification. Selachimorphs largely replaced the hybodonts , which had previously been a dominant group of shark-like fish during the Triassic and Early Jurassic. Batoidea [REDACTED] Heterodontiformes [REDACTED] Orectolobiformes [REDACTED] Carcharhiniformes [REDACTED] Lamniformes [REDACTED] Hexanchiformes [REDACTED] Squatiniformes [REDACTED] Pristiophoriformes [REDACTED] Squaliformes [REDACTED] Sharks belong to
6148-414: The Manhattan Beach "Strand" are routinely around $ 10 million for a 3,000-square-foot (280 m ) piece of land. The wide sandy beaches attract over 3.8 million visitors annually. Beach volleyball, swimming, body boarding and surfing are popular activities among residents and visitors. Popular surf spots include the pier and El Porto, the northern end of the beach. Lifeguard stations are located along
6254-481: The Manhattan Beach elementary school district formed. Residents attended Redondo Union High School until 1950, when Mira Costa High School opened. Residents were within, in addition to the elementary district, the South Bay Union High School District until 1993, when the latter dissolved. MBUSD formed in 1993. Manhattan Beach is served by Easy Reader-Manhattan Beach , Beach Magazine ,
6360-603: The San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles Basin , San Fernando Valley, Monterey Bay, and San Francisco Bay. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded Rancho San Pedro , a tract of over 75,000 acres (300 km ), to soldier Juan José Domínguez. It included what is today the entire Port of Los Angeles ; San Pedro, Los Angeles ; Harbor City, Los Angeles ; Wilmington, Los Angeles ; Carson ; Compton ; the Dominguez Hills ; Lomita ;
6466-479: The Strand paths. An area known Veteran's Parkway is a pedestrian walkway that runs adjacent to Valley Drive and Ardmore Avenue near downtown Manhattan Beach. Nearly 20 acres (8.1 ha) and 3 miles (4.8 km) long and extending into Hermosa Beach, the wood-chip walkway is a popular trail for runners and dog-walkers. Polliwog Park is the largest and most popular park. Located on Manhattan Beach Boulevard, two blocks west of Aviation Boulevard, Polliwog Park includes
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#17328557343616572-417: The anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater. The size of the olfactory bulb varies across different shark species, with size dependent on how much a given species relies on smell or vision to find their prey. In environments with low visibility, shark species generally have larger olfactory bulbs. In reefs, where visibility
6678-568: The basking shark are small and non-functional. Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates . Sharks and other cartilaginous fish ( skates and rays ) have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue . Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet is about half the normal density of bone. This reduces the skeleton's weight, saving energy. Because sharks do not have rib cages, they can easily be crushed under their own weight on land. The jaws of sharks, like those of rays and skates, are not attached to
6784-422: The bay are considered safe to eat. A variety of baits are utilized. The pier played a significant role in the history of surfing . The pier was a popular spot for Southern California surfers in the 1940s, the early days of modern surfing. Dale Velzy , the first commercial surfboard shaper , started his business building and repairing boards under the pier before renting a nearby storefront in 1949, starting what
6890-416: The body then flows through the posterior cardinal veins and enters the posterior cardinal sinuses . From there venous blood re-enters the heart ventricle and the cycle repeats. Most sharks are "cold-blooded" or, more precisely, poikilothermic , meaning that their internal body temperature matches that of their ambient environment. Members of the family Lamnidae (such as the shortfin mako shark and
6996-543: The city of Manhattan Beach to the state. During the next four decades the pier would remain a focus of beachfront activity, but Mother Nature and old age took their toll and by the 1980s the pier was in sad shape and in need of renovation. Restoration took place in the early 1990s with a focus on retention of the old-time appearance, much like Pier 7 in San Francisco . The original pier had to be fixed as old age and decay required extensive repair, and in fact made it unsafe by
7102-449: The city used eminent domain to seize the land from the Black property owners under the pretense of building a park. Bruce's attorney noted that there was a lot of vacant property located on both sides of Bruce's Beach that could have been used for a public park, and that the city's insistence in seizing Bruce's property was a ruse to carry out the city's racist objection to Black people using
7208-603: The city's school district, MBUSD, as the sixth best school district in the United States. Private schools located in Manhattan Beach include American Martyrs Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles ), Manhattan Academy, Montessori School of Manhattan Beach and Journey of Faith Christian School. Residents of Manhattan Beach were in the Wiseburn School District until 1913, when
7314-520: The city) when a Captain Larsen of Redondo Beach offered to pay for an extension in exchange for the rights to run a shoreboat between the pier and his barge Georgina. On January 9, 1940, 90 feet (27 m) of the extension was ripped away during a winter storm. The extension was never repaired and the remaining section was swept away in February 1941. In 1946 the pier and adjoining beach were deeded over from
7420-424: The entire length of the beach and the beach is cleaned and groomed daily by crews from LA County Beaches and Harbors Department. Along the Strand at the eastern edge of the beach is a concrete bike path for bicycles. The bikeway extends north to Santa Monica and south to Torrance. A separate 2.1-mile (3.4 km) pedestrian walkway runs alongside the bike path. Restrooms and shower facilities are provided adjacent to
7526-1168: The horny keratin in hair and feathers. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction. Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complex dermal corset made of flexible collagenous fibers and arranged as a helical network surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy. Their dermal teeth give them hydrodynamic advantages as they reduce turbulence when swimming. Some species of shark have pigmented denticles that form complex patterns like spots (e.g. Zebra shark ) and stripes (e.g. Tiger shark ). These markings are important for camouflage and help sharks blend in with their environment, as well as making them difficult for prey to detect. For some species, dermal patterning returns to healed denticles even after they have been removed by injury. Tails provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape. Caudal fin shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess
7632-410: The inland regions of Southern California. The city has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10 km ). Manhattan Beach features 2.1 miles (3.4 km) of ocean frontage. A majority of the land in Manhattan Beach was once exposed sand dunes, which now lie beneath the city's buildings and streets. The underlying dunes afford residents ocean views throughout western portions of the city. The tallest hill
7738-418: The inner ear has been lost. The ampullae of Lorenzini are the electroreceptor organs. They number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce. This helps sharks (particularly the hammerhead shark ) find prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting
7844-402: The intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as nurse sharks , have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey. Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates , including similar lenses , corneas and retinas , though their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment with the help of
7950-451: The jaw, and are constantly replaced throughout life. Multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward in comparison to a conveyor belt ; some sharks lose 30,000 or more teeth in their lifetime. The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8 to 10 days to several months. In most species, teeth are replaced one at a time as opposed to the simultaneous replacement of an entire row, which
8056-453: The jaws of large specimens, such as the bull shark, tiger shark, and the great white shark, have two to three layers or more, depending on body size. The jaws of a large great white shark may have up to five layers. In the rostrum (snout), the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts. Fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling
8162-507: The late 1980s (when a jogger was injured by falling concrete). The pier was restored to its 1920s appearance and a dedication ceremony was held in 1992. In 1995, the pier was declared a state historic landmark. It is the oldest standing concrete pier on the West Coast. It is managed by the County of Los Angeles, Department of Beaches and Harbors. California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 1018 at
8268-538: The longest lifespans at more than 100 years. Whale sharks ( Rhincodon typus ) may also live over 100 years. Earlier estimates suggested the Greenland shark ( Somniosus microcephalus ) could reach about 200 years, but a recent study found that a 5.02-metre-long (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old (i.e., at least 272 years old), making it the longest-lived vertebrate known. Unlike most bony fish , sharks are K-selected reproducers, meaning that they produce
8374-855: The most common ancestries in 2000. Canada and the United Kingdom were the most common foreign places of birth. According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Residential prices in Manhattan Beach are among the highest in the state of California. In 2013, the Dataquick study reported that more homes exceeding $ 1 million were sold in Manhattan Beach than any other city in California. Pacific Palisades , Beverly Hills , La Jolla , Malibu, Bel-Air, Orinda, Atherton, Montecito, and other high end cities in California ranked behind Manhattan Beach. The Higley 100 Census survey found that The Hill Section of Manhattan Beach
8480-497: The most expensive real estate per square foot in the United States. Since 2010, new property developments in Manhattan Beach cannot exceed two lot parcels. Size and appearance restrictions were enacted by the Manhattan Beach City Council to preserve the appearance of the beachfront community after three lots were joined to create a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m ) oceanside home in 2008. "Downtown" Manhattan Beach
8586-635: The pier, yields small tom cod (white croaker) and herring (queenfish), jacksmelt, yellowfin croaker and an occasional halibut. Action at the end of the pier is improved by the surrounding artificial reef which is located about 65 feet (20 m) from the end. Fish at the deepest water end include bonito, Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel, barracuda, an occasional white seabass or even yellowtail, and reef visitors like kelp bass, sand bass and sculpin (scorpionfish). The resident species in Santa Monica Bay may be dangerous to eat, but those that migrate in and out of
8692-639: The population) lived in households, 28 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 14,038 households, out of which 4,735 (33.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,583 (54.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 892 (6.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 438 (3.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 695 (5.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 85 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 3,627 households (25.8%) were made up of individuals, and 1,078 (7.7%) had someone living alone who
8798-458: The public beach. In 2021, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed legislation authorizing the transferring of the property to descendants of the family. The land in Manhattan Beach was formerly sand dunes. During the 1920s and 1930s, Kuhn Brothers Construction Company leveled uneven sandy sites and some excess sand was sold and shipped to Waikiki, Hawaii , to convert their reef and rock beach into
8904-412: The residents of Hermosa Beach , Manhattan Beach, and Redondo Beach . It is funded partially by over $ 3 million annually from property taxes. The voters of the three beach cities elect the 5-member Board of Directors to 4-year terms. One of 78 California Health Districts, it was created in 1955 as South Bay Hospital which no longer exists and took on its current name in 1993. Beach Cities Health District
9010-421: The sandy beach area yields the normal surf species; barred surfperch, croakers, small rays and guitarfish (shovelnose shark). The pier is known for barred surfperch fishing. At times, anglers catch hundreds of them within an hour of time, using mainly small jigs and sand crabs. The area around the pilings yields pileperch, walleye surfperch, silver surfperch, and other common pier species. Mid-pier, casting away from
9116-403: The shark's two-chambered heart . Here, the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral aorta where it branches into afferent branchial arteries . Gas exchange takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the efferent branchial arteries, which come together to form the dorsal aorta . The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from
9222-616: The shore and hillside. The pier includes the Volleyball Walk of Fame, featuring plaques dedicated to past winners of the Manhattan Beach Open beach volleyball tournament. In 1897, the Potencia Company was incorporated to develop land in the area and proposed a seaside resort with wharves and piers. The area was named Potencia, but the city of Manhattan was incorporated in 1912 with the word "Beach" being added in 1927. The name
9328-663: The site reads: NO. 1018 MANHATTAN BEACH STATE PIER - Designed by City Engineer A.L. Harris, this pier was constructed by the City of Manhattan Beach during the years 1917-1920. The roundhouse building was added a year later. Harris' innovative design featured a rounded end to the pier, which helped it withstand the pounding of the Pacific. Although the roundhouse was reconstructed in 1989, the pier itself survives as Southern California's oldest remaining example of early reinforced concrete pier construction. The Roundhouse Marine Studies Lab and Aquarium
9434-413: The spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. The lateral line shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores . This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into
9540-414: The stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth. One of the biggest differences between the digestive systems of sharks and mammals is that sharks have much shorter intestines. This short length is achieved by the spiral valve with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube-like intestine. The valve provides
9646-423: The surrounding water cleans their eyes. To protect their eyes some species have nictitating membranes . This membrane covers the eyes while hunting and when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior
9752-588: The term "shark" as an informal category including extinct members of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) with a shark-like morphology, such as hybodonts . Shark-like chondrichthyans such as Cladoselache and Doliodus first appeared in the Devonian Period (419–359 million years), though some fossilized chondrichthyan-like scales are as old as the Late Ordovician (458–444 million years ago). The earliest confirmed modern sharks (selachimorphs) are known from
9858-403: The thresher shark's usage of its powerful, elongated upper lobe to stun fish and squid. Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders for buoyancy. Instead, sharks rely on a large liver filled with oil that contains squalene , and their cartilage, which is about half the normal density of bone. Their liver constitutes up to 30% of their total body mass. The liver's effectiveness
9964-456: The top of their food chain . Select examples include the bull shark , tiger shark , great white shark , mako sharks , thresher sharks , and hammerhead sharks . Sharks are caught by humans for shark meat or shark fin soup . Many shark populations are threatened by human activities. Since 1970, shark populations have been reduced by 71%, mostly from overfishing . Until the 16th century, sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs". This
10070-459: The way to Redondo Beach with a substation constructed in later years at Center Street, which today is Manhattan Beach Boulevard. George H. Peck owned the land that became part of the north section of Manhattan Beach. A coin flip decided the town's name. Around 1902, the beach suburb was named "Manhattan" after developer Stewart Merrill's home, the New York City borough of Manhattan . "Beach"
10176-457: The westdrift Manhattan Beach Hotel and Golf Course, retail stores, restaurants, supermarkets, multi-story office buildings, and shopping centers border the Rosecrans corridor between Sepulveda and Aviation Boulevards. The Rosecrans corridor is adjacent to The Point and Plaza El Segundo off Sepulveda Blvd, which features additional retailers. The Sepulveda Corridor occupies the commercial zone, and
10282-541: The word shark (referring to a sea fish) in a letter written by Thomas Beckington in 1442, which rules out a New World etymology. The oldest total-group chondrichthyans, known as acanthodians or "spiny sharks", appeared during the Early Silurian , around 439 million years ago. The oldest confirmed members of Elasmobranchii sensu lato (the group containing all cartilaginous fish more closely related to modern sharks and rays than to chimaeras ) appeared during
10388-614: Was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.3%. 25,587 people (72.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 9,520 people (27.1%) lived in rental housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, Manhattan Beach had a median household income of $ 139,259, with 3.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line. Many high-profile individuals in the sports and entertainment industry live in Manhattan Beach due to its oceanfront desirability, top performing school district, and commuting distance to Los Angeles. According to Mapping L.A. , German and English were
10494-746: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50. There were 8,913 families (63.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.10. There were 8,725 people (24.8%) under the age of 18, 1,740 people (5.0%) aged 18 to 24, 9,532 people (27.1%) aged 25 to 44, 10,681 people (30.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,457 people (12.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males. There were 14,929 housing units at an average density of 3,787.9 units per square mile (1,462.5 units/km ), of which 9,420 (67.1%) were owner-occupied, and 4,618 (32.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate
10600-399: Was added to Marine Avenue Park in 2017 after a 16-year battle over its location. Live Oak Park in the downtown area has ball fields, batting cages, playground equipment, basketball courts, tennis courts, and picnic tables. Additionally, Begg pool offers comprehensive swimming programs year around for both adults and children including instruction, recreational swimming, water aerobics, and even
10706-582: Was appended to the city's name, in 1927, at the behest of the postmaster. Incorporation of the City of Manhattan Beach won in a vote held on November 26, 1912. Mrs. W. A. Bruce, a landowner of property near the coast, created the first beach resort for Black Americans in Southern California, Bruce's Beach . Bruce set up a small portable cottage with a stand in front where soda and lunches were sold. There were two dressing tents with showers, and fifty bathing suits were available for rent. Peck's land
10812-678: Was carried southward by the ocean's natural littoral flow and widened Manhattan Beach. Every August, the city hosts the Manhattan Beach Open volleyball tournament and the International Surf Festival. The city has several distinct neighborhoods, including the "Strand", "Sand Section", "Hill Section", "Tree Section", "Gas Lamp Section", "Manhattan Village", "Manhattan Heights", "East Manhattan Beach" (Manhattan Village, Manhattan Heights, Liberty Village), "The Poet's Section" (Shelley, Tennyson, Longfellow, Keats), and "El Porto" (North Manhattan Beach). The Roth Tract, between Herrin and Peck,
10918-465: Was chosen by land developer Stewart Merrill . A pier is believed to have been one of the first features built when the Manhattan Beach community was developed. Two wooden piers were built in 1901, one at Center Street (later renamed Manhattan Beach Boulevard) and one at Marine Avenue called Peck's Pier and Pavilion. The Center Street Pier was 900 feet (270 m) long and pylons were made by fastening three railroad rails together and driving them into
11024-553: Was discovered at the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory in Salsbury Cove, Maine that sharks have a type of salt gland located at the end of the intestine, known as the "rectal gland", whose function is the secretion of chlorides. Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get past
11130-509: Was likely inhabited by the Tongva tribe of Native Americans. Archeological work in the nearby Chowigna excavation show evidence of inhabitants as far back as 7,100 years ago. The Tongva Village of Ongovanga was located near neighboring Redondo Beach . In the mid-18th century, the Portolá expedition was the first European land exploration of present-day California. It traveled north from San Diego to
11236-532: Was located between Bruce's land and the beach itself, and Bruce erected "no trespassing signs" on his land, which required beachgoers to walk a half-mile around his land in order to go to the beach. Many beachgoers did so, which made the nearby white landowners unhappy. In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan began violently harassing the resort's visitors, the Bruce family, and four other Black families that bought lots. In 1924,
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