In language , an archaism is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a historical epoch beyond living memory, but that has survived in a few practical settings or affairs. Lexical archaisms are single archaic words or expressions used regularly in an affair (e.g. religion or law ) or freely; literary archaism is the survival of archaic language in a traditional literary text such as a nursery rhyme or the deliberate use of a style characteristic of an earlier age—for example, in his 1960 novel The Sot-Weed Factor , John Barth writes in an 18th-century style. Archaic words or expressions may have distinctive emotional connotations —some can be humorous ( forsooth ), some highly formal ( What say you? ), and some solemn ( With thee do I plight my troth ). The word archaism is from the Ancient Greek : ἀρχαϊκός , archaïkós , 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately ἀρχαῖος , archaîos , 'from the beginning, ancient'.
31-505: Mambajao , officially the Municipality of Mambajao , is a 3rd class municipality and capital of the province of Camiguin , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 41,094 people making it the most populous town in the province. Mambajao is from Visayan mambahaw (archaic form of mamahaw ), meaning "to eat breakfast"; from the root word bahaw , "leftover rice from [last night]". On January 4, 1855, Mambajao
62-531: A city. First, a bill must be passed in Congress , then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the resulting plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities. Republic Act (RA) No. 11964, otherwise known as the “Automatic Income Classification of Local Government Units Act”,
93-574: A fire after it was spread to its second floor. Mambajao is politically subdivided into 15 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Mambajao was 41,094 people, with a density of 460 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,200 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Mambajao Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The Camiguin Sports Complex (Also known as Cong. Pedro Palarca-Romualdo Tourism and Sports Complex )
124-411: A form of jargon. Some phraseologies , especially in religious contexts, retain archaic elements that are not used in ordinary speech in any other context: "With this ring I thee wed." Archaisms are also used in the dialogue of historical novels to evoke the flavour of the period. Some may count as inherently funny words and are used for humorous effect. A type of archaism is the use of thou ,
155-516: A generation of British citizens who lived through the Second World War ; but in recent years the term has been repurposed as a non-archaic term for wifi and cell-phone technology. A similar desire to evoke a former age means that archaic place names are frequently used in circumstances where doing so conveys a political or emotional subtext, or when the official new name is not recognised by all (for example: 'Madras' rather than 'Chennai'). So,
186-499: A municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch: their judiciary is the same as that of the national government. According to Chapter II, Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 , a municipality shall mainly have a mayor ( alkalde ), a vice mayor ( ikalawang alkalde / bise alkalde ) and members ( kagawad ) of the legislative branch Sangguniang Bayan alongside
217-422: A restaurant seeking to conjure up historic associations might prefer to call itself Old Bombay or refer to Persian cuisine in preference to using the newer place name. A notable contemporary example is the airline Cathay Pacific , which uses the archaic Cathay for China . Archaisms are frequently misunderstood, leading to changes in usage. One example is the phrase "odd man out", which originally came from
248-633: A secretary to the said legislature. The following positions are also required for all municipalities across the Philippines: Depending on the need to do so, the municipal mayor may also appoint the following municipal positions: As mentioned in Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160, the municipal mayor is the chief executive officer of the municipal government and shall determine guidelines on local policies and direct formulation of development plans. These responsibilities shall be under approval of
279-524: Is a local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines . It is distinct from city , which is a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays (formerly barrios ) – villages . As of June 30, 2024 , there are 1,493 municipalities across the country. A municipality is the official term for, and
310-650: Is a sports complex located in Mambajao, and hosts to the 2016 Northern Mindanao Regional Athletic Meet, and Lanzones Festival events. The main campus of the Camiguin Polytechnic State College is located in Mambajao. Municipality of the Philippines A municipality ( Tagalog : bayan / munisipalidad / munisipyo / puweblo ; Hiligaynon : banwa ; Cebuano : lungsod ; Pangasinan : baley ; Kapampangan : balen / balayan ; Central Bikol : banwaan ; Waray : bungto ; Ilocano : ili )
341-521: Is widely used by dictionaries. An archaic word or sense is one that still has some current use but whose use has dwindled to a few specialized contexts, outside which it connotes old-fashioned language. In contrast, an obsolete word or sense is one that is no longer used at all. A reader encounters them when reading texts that are centuries old. For example, the works of Shakespeare are old enough that some obsolete words or senses are encountered therein, for which glosses (annotations) are often provided in
SECTION 10
#1732858092612372-514: The set phrase vim and vigor ). An outdated form of language is called archaic. In contrast, a language or dialect that contains many archaic traits (archaisms) relative to closely related languages or dialects spoken at the same time is called conservative . Archaisms are most frequently encountered in history , poetry , fantasy literature , law , philosophy , science , technology , geography and ritual writing and speech. Archaisms are kept alive by these ritual and literary uses and by
403-506: The Philippines started during the Spanish rule , in which the colonial government founded hundreds of towns and villages across the archipelago modeled after towns and villages in Spain . They were then grouped together along with a centralized town center called cabecera or poblacion where the ayuntamiento , or town hall, was located; the poblacion served as the nucleus of each municipality. Only
434-542: The Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor ( bise-alkalde ) shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury. Being presiding officer of the Sangguniang Bayan ( English : Municipal Council), he can as well appoint members of the municipal legislature except its twelve (12) regular members or kagawad who are also elected every local election alongside the municipal mayor and vice mayor. In circumstances where
465-432: The communities that were permanently settled under the reduccion system, and have fully Christianized, are allowed to form municipalities, while others that have not yet been fully converted are to be subdued until conditions permitted for them to be incorporated as municipalities. As time passed, municipalities were created out of already existing ones, leading to them becoming smaller in area over time. Each municipality
496-463: The current official term for such type of settlements . During the American administration , the municipal system put in place by the preceding Spanish authorities was preserved and at the same time reformed with greater inclusiveness among all Filipinos. Municipal districts, which were in essence unincorporated areas presided over by local tribal chiefs set up by American authorities, were created for
527-588: The first time in 1914. More municipalities were created during this time, especially in Mindanao where there was a massive influx of settlers from the Luzon and the Visayas. After a while the independent Republic of the Philippines was declared in 1946, all municipal districts were dissolved and were absorbed into or broken into municipalities. The latest guidelines in the creation of new municipalities were introduced in 1991 with
558-793: The issuance of the Local Government Code. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 . They have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and can tax. They are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises
589-425: The local government to make sure that they do not violate national law. Local Governments have their own executive and legislative branches and the checks and balances between these two major branches, along with their separation, are more pronounced than that of the national government. The Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as
620-427: The margins. Archaisms can either be used deliberately (to achieve a specific effect) or as part of a specific jargon (for example in law ) or formula (for example in religious contexts). Many nursery rhymes contain archaisms. Some archaisms called fossil words remain in use within certain fixed expressions despite having faded away in all other contexts (for example, vim is not used in normal English outside
651-414: The mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While the vice mayor presides over the legislature, she or he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises. Laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances. If the mayor neither vetoes nor approves
SECTION 20
#1732858092612682-415: The official local equivalent of, a town , the latter being its archaic term and in all of its literal local translations including Filipino . Both terms are interchangeable. A municipal district is a now-defunct local government unit; previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. The era of the formation of municipalities in
713-406: The phrase "to find the odd man out", where the verb "to find out" has been split by its object "the odd man", meaning the item which does not fit. The object + split verb has been reinterpreted as a noun + adjective, such that "out" describes the man rather than any verb. The pronominal adverbs found in the writing of lawyers (e.g. heretofore , hereunto , thereof ) are examples of archaisms as
744-477: The proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten (10) days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan. The latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds (2 / 3) of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching certain requirements (such as minimum population size, and minimum annual revenue) may opt to become
775-477: The second-person singular pronoun that fell out of general use in the 17th century, while you or ye , formerly only used to address groups, and then also to respectfully address individuals, is now used to address both individuals and groups. Thou is the nominative form; the oblique / objective form is thee (functioning as both accusative and dative ), and the possessive is thy or thine . Though thou hast ever so many counsellors, yet do not forsake
806-434: The study of older literature. Should they remain recognised, they can potentially be revived. Because they are things of continual discovery and re-invention, science and technology have historically generated forms of speech and writing which have dated and fallen into disuse relatively quickly. However, the emotional associations of certain words have kept them alive, for example the archaic 'wireless' rather than 'radio' for
837-519: The virtue of Act No. 951 , issued by the Philippine Commission on October 21, 1903, which reduced the number of municipalities in the then-undivided Misamis (Camiguin's mother province) from 24 to 10, Catarman , Sagay , and Mahinog became part of Mambajao. In 1942, the Japanese forces landed in the town of Mambajao. On November 19, 2018, the old municipal hall of Mambajao was destroyed by
868-519: Was governed by a capitan , usually a member of native principalia of the town, who have the task of remitting revenues to the central government in Manila . Ever since its inception to the present day, the term "municipality" holds the same definition as "town" when the first towns grew in size under the Spanish pueblo system ( pueblo meaning "town" in Spanish language) to be granted municipal charters, hence
899-432: Was separated from Catarman , and by July 6 that year it was proclaimed as a town, with Fr. Valero Salvo as its first parish priest. On July 17, 1864, tremors were felt across the town, which were signs of an ongoing activity within an undersea volcano near Catarman. By May 1, 1871, the volcano erupted, decimating the town of Catarman, which lead to almost all of its inhabitants moving to Mambajao. In January 1872, Barrio Agojo
930-498: Was signed by the Philippine President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. on October 26, 2023. The law classifies municipalities into five (5) classes, according to their income ranges, based on the average annual regular income for three fiscal years preceding a general income reclassification. The classifications are as follows: Archaism A distinction between archaic and obsolete words and word senses
961-493: Was transferred from Guinsiliban to Mambajao. The town's principal crop in the 19th century was abaca , while coffee and cacao were mostly produced for local consumption. Sporadic fires were started from April 13, 1865, until 1881 by people attempting to burn down the town. By the 1880s, the town had become cosmopolitan, for its population then included Spaniards , Tagalogs , Cebuanos , Leyteños , Samareños , Ilocanos , and others in addition to Camigueños and Boholanos . By