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35-549: Gitana 16 , her name when launched, is an IMOCA 60 monohull sailing yacht , designed by VPLP and Guillaume Verdier and constructed by Multiplast in France . She was later known as Malizia II . The yacht's hull has a tumblehome shape and is equipped with foils, which were upgraded in 2016 and again in 2020. The boat was commissioned for the Gitana Sailing Team founded by French banker Benjamin de Rothschild . Her first skipper

70-410: A hook. Snatch blocks may be used to change direction or increase the pulling power and a variety of specialized hooks may be attached to the main hook, including hooks which attach to specific parts of the car. J-hooks, which look somewhat like blunt meat hooks are used to hook around axles. Mini-J hooks can be used if there is a tow loop provided, and R and T hooks are designed to hook into slots cut by

105-539: A line on a sailboat , the crew member turns the winch handle with one hand, while tailing (pulling on the loose tail end) with the other to maintain tension on the turns. Some winches have a "stripper" or cleat to maintain tension. These are known as "self-tailing" winches. The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars ( Histories 7.36), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten

140-521: A race is limited by most race regulations. Two rudders and one keel are mandatory. The keel is allowed to be tilted up to 38 degrees to either side. The rudders are not allowed to have any appendages that provide lift. Certain rudder designs such as the inverted V-shape on Charal 2 are able to provide some lift. Additionally, two more appendages are allowed. Typically these are either hydrofoils or daggerboards . Both types of appendages are typically able to be (partially) retracted. The rake/angle of

175-413: A synthetic fibre cable, attached at the other end to the glider. The cable is released at a height of about 400 to 700 m (1,300 to 2,300 ft) after a short, steep climb. Search and Rescue helicopters are often equipped with winches to avoid having to get the helicopter dangerously close to obstacles, or into ocean troughs, allowing rescue teams to be lowered and evacuees to be extricated while

210-451: A transmission. Lever winches are winches that use self-gripping jaws instead of spools to move rope or wire through the winch. Powered by moving a handle back and forth, they allow one person to move objects several tons in weight. This is a vertical spool with a ratchet mechanism similar to a conventional winch, but with no crank handle or other form of drive. The line is wrapped around the spool and can be tightened or reeled in by pulling

245-462: Is 5,85 m . A maximum of four ballast tanks is allowed. Each of them has a limit in size. The hull of the IMOCAs have typically a very wide hull compared to yachts designed for coastal races. This is supposed to give more stability in wilder sea states. The mid 2000s boats had mostly a very streamlined hull optimized to create very few turbulences, thus reducing resistance. With the introduction of foils

280-430: Is referred to as a "hidden winch" as the hook and fairlead hides behind a flip-up front number plate, the winch itself is not visible. The snubbing winch is used to pull vehicles out of mud, snow, sand, rocks, and water, and to pull vehicles through or over obstacles. The winch is made of cable made up of a braided synthetic rope, or a steel cable wrapped around a motorized drum. Each is controlled electronically, allowing

315-494: The 2016–2017 Vendée Globe with French Skipper Sébastien Josse but did not finish the race, due to a foil shaft problem. In 2016, Pierre Casiraghi , Vice-President of the Yacht Club de Monaco, worked with his friend Boris Herrmann of Germany and others to create Team Malizia. The yacht was renamed and competed for the team under the name Malizia II, with the sail number MON 10, flagged by Seaexplorer-Yacht Club de Monaco for

350-463: The 2020-2021 Vendée Globe . In March 2020, Romain Attanasio of France bought the yacht, following a repair and refit, with the intention of competing in the 2024-2025 Vendée Globe . With skipper Boris Herrmann the boat competed in the 2020–2021 Vendée Globe finishing 5th after having to reduce its speed close to Les Sables due to a collision with a fishing vessel which caused extensive damage to

385-555: The Kite balloons used during the First World War for artillery spotting are usually tethered with a winch, which can be used to lower the balloon, either to relocate it, or to bring it down quickly to prevent it being shot down by enemy aircraft. Larger man carrying kites often used winches to raise and lower them. Towed gunnery targets, used to train anti-aircraft gunners , and both fighter pilots and aircraft gunners, are run out behind

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420-408: The fishing nets . The main feature that legally distinguishes a tow truck from a conventional truck in many jurisdictions is the presence of a winch, which is used to either extract disabled or immobilized vehicles, or to load them onto flatbed/tilt and load type tow trucks. These may be electrically or hydraulically powered from a power take-off , and is wound with a wire cable and equipped with

455-432: The tension of a rope or wire rope (also called "cable" or "wire cable"). In its simplest form, it consists of a spool (or drum) attached to a hand crank . Traditionally, winches on ships accumulated wire or rope on the drum; those that do not accumulate, and instead pass on the wire/rope (see yacht photo above), are called capstans . Despite this, sailboat capstans are most often referred to as winches. Winches are

490-544: The OSCAR system, a system to detect unknown floating objects. The data provided by the sensors allow the autopilot to steer the boat with the best wind angle and to avoid boat-breaking loads. Evolution of autopilot : Hydraulic control of the adjustment of the sails and the foils. For reasons of cost and maturity of technology, this track is still excluded from all the rules. However, on flying sailboats that are increasingly akin to aircraft in mechanical terms, it seems inevitable that

525-497: The Open 60s appeared was the 1986 BOC Challenge . The first boats were only limited by their length, up to 15 tons heavy and mostly constructed from aluminium. Major milstones in the history of the IMOCA 60s: (nautical miles) Other races with IMOCA 60 participation: Winch A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind out) or otherwise adjust

560-505: The automated servo-controls already developed and generalized in aviation will be adapted to the world of foiling boats. T-Rudders : Elevators in the back of the boat have been discussed. The IMOCA general assembly has voted against the introduction, most recently in October 2023. Mast : Due to the increasing loads to the mast due to foiling, changes to the one design mast are under discussion. The first major sailing competition in which

595-407: The average speed significantly. The first IMOCAs had a fully open cockpit where winches and ship's wheel (s) were located. With progressing development the work area got more and more protected by a roof open to the back, sometimes also called cave. The ship's wheels were mostly replaced by different versions of tillers as autopilots took over more of the steering. In boats of the 2020 generation

630-407: The basis of such machines as tow trucks , steam shovels and elevators . More complex designs have gear assemblies and can be powered by electric, hydraulic , pneumatic or internal combustion drives. It might include a solenoid brake and/or a mechanical brake or ratchet and pawl which prevents it unwinding unless the pawl is retracted. The rope may be stored on the winch. When trimming

665-416: The boarder in at a speed ranging from 25 to 40 kilometres per hour (16 to 25 mph). The winch may be mounted to a vehicle, set into the ground by stakes, or tied to a tree. The cable may also be run through pulleys mounted offshore so that it pulls the person away from where the winch is located, and multiple pulleys may be used to multiply the force applied by a small but high revving motor instead of using

700-747: The cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 BCE. Winches may have been employed even earlier in Assyria . By the 4th century BCE, winch and pulley hoists were regarded by Aristotle as common for architectural use ( Mech . 18; 853b10-13). The yacht Reliance , American defender of the 1903 America's Cup , was the first racing boat to be fitted with modern winches below decks. The Reliance's competitors relied on muscle power using topside mounted capstans and windlasses , which would soon be replaced in most applications by winches, including on fishing boats , where they are used to bring in

735-411: The early years of the class a self righting capability was introduced. Each boat must be able to self-right itself at any time. Every boat must prove this capability in a 90 degree or 180 degree test. Design restrictions include the hull length to be between 59 and 60 feet (18 m) and maximum draft of 4.5 metres (15 ft). The length including the bowsprit may not exceed 20.12 m. The max beam

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770-408: The first fully enclosed cockpits appeared; these allow the skippers to stay dry most of the time. The mast of IMOCA, which is held in place by several stays is able to turn with the main sail, typically it has about 180 m . The area of the main sail can be adjusted by lowering it towards the boom, its bottom attachment. The main sail is fully battened. To improve the performance of the mainsail

805-414: The foils can be changed up to 5 degrees. Each boat is equipped with an autopilot that keeps the boat going constantly to allow the skipper to turn to other tasks. The autopilot uses sensors that allow it to take into account sudden variations in apparent wind, speed, load on the foils and sails. Automated obstacle avoidance, whether it is the other ships detected by radar, AIS , or obstacles detected by

840-436: The gap between boom and hull/cockpit might be closed. Charal 2 implemented this first. Forward of the mast, most boats have at least four forestays which can carry headsails. Three of these are usually attached to the deck and, as well as bracing the mast, can carry jibs. The fourth stay runs from the mast to the tip of the bowsprit and is used for gennaker or spinnaker sails. The number of headsails that can be taken into

875-471: The helicopter hovers overhead. Helicopter winches are also used for heli-logging and for airlifting oversized cargo, such as vehicles and other aircraft, although the winch in these cases is only used to reduce the hazards to flying with a loose cable hanging below the helicopter. Stationary balloons, such as the barrage balloons used during the Second World War to discourage marauding aircraft, and

910-420: The manufacturer in the underside of the frame on many cars. Axle straps may also be used, when there are few other places to attach. Off-road vehicles may be equipped with recovery tools such as winches on the front and back bumpers, usually mounted to a winch bar or frame mounted metal bumper. Less commonly it is mounted on a specialised metal plate "hidden winch mount" behind the vehicle's stock bumper, this

945-448: The operator to control the winch speed. Modern vehicles typically use electric winches running off the car's 12V starter or 24V secondary battery. The winch is either controlled with a detachable cable, a button inside the car or wireless remote. Older vehicles may have a PTO winch, controlled via the car's transmission , a secondary clutch maybe used so the vehicle does not need to be moving while winching. Some winches are powered by

980-533: The pressure generated in the hydraulic steering system . The high lift jack or come-along is used for manual winching. Gliders are often launched using a winch mounted on a trailer or heavy vehicle. This method is widely used at many European gliding clubs, as an inexpensive alternative to aerotowing. The engine is usually a gas/petrol, LPG or diesel , though hydraulic fluid engines and electrical motors are also used. The winch pulls in 1,000 to 1,600 m (3,300 to 5,200 ft) of high-tensile steel wire or

1015-403: The stage floor and used to move large set pieces on and off. Wakeskate winching is a sport where a person on a waterski or snowboard is propelled across the water with a winch. The winch consists of a gas-powered engine, spool, rope, frame, and sometimes a simple transmission. The person being towed walks (or swims) away from the winch, while extending the rope. When the winch is engaged, it pulls

1050-583: The starboard foil and side. Herrmann helped with the rescue of Kevin Escoffier after his boat sank. In August 2019, the Malizia II took Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg across the North Atlantic Ocean from Plymouth to New York City without producing any carbon dioxide during the voyage; however, France 24 reported that several crew flew to New York to sail the yacht back to Europe. The trip

1085-434: The stresses the hull is expected to sustain changed. For one on the points where the foils are attached, secondly the contact point between hull and waves moved further back. As a result older boats retrofitted with foils often needed also a strengthened hull. To increase performance in heavy seas scow-bows were introduced in the class. First introduced on L'Occitane these are supposed to reduce nose diving, which are lowering

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1120-473: The tail line. The winch takes the load once the pull is stopped with little operator tension needed to hold it. These also allow controlled release of the tension by the operator using the friction of the line around the ratcheted spool. They are used on small sailing boats and dinghies to control sheets and other lines, and in larger applications to supplement and relieve tension on the primary winches. An air winch, sometimes known as an air hoist or air tugger,

1155-495: The target tug aircraft for practice, and winched in for take-off and landing. Before advances were made in antennas in the 1950s, radio aerials were quite long, and needed to be winched out for use, and winched back in for landing. Failure to do so would then damage the aerial, as happened to Amelia Earhart on one of the legs of her last flight. Winches are frequently used as elements of backstage mechanics to move scenery in large theatrical productions. They are often embedded in

1190-406: Was Sébastien Josse who was later replaced by Boris Herrmann . The yacht does not use any fossil fuel for power. In 2019, solar panels with an output of 1.3kw were installed, and power is also generated by two hydro-electric generators at the stern that can be raised and lowered as needed. The yacht was commissioned for the Gitana Sailing Team, founded by Benjamin de Rothschild . She competed in

1225-470: Was led by Boris Herrmann . Thunberg's crossing of the Atlantic started on 14 August 2019 and she arrived on 28 August. IMOCA 60 The class is of "open" design, this means the boat is measurement controlled and therefore designers have freedom within the rules. Several parts including the mast, boom and the canting keel ram and fin are one design for safety reasons. After several severe incidents in

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