Misplaced Pages

#788211

18-545: Malassay appears to refer to a military rank or warrior in Afar and Harari languages. According to Dr. Duri Mohammed , Malassay in ancient times referred to Harari soldiers, however in the present day it refers to a brotherhood or member of a fraternity. According to Harari scholar Abdurrahman Qorram and others, Malassay derives from the root Harari terms "mälä" (idea/solution) and "say" (wealth/prosperity).” Early Ge'ez and Portuguese texts indicate Muslim soldiers were known as

36-514: A 50Kw transmitter on channel 5. This station, without any production infrastructure, was designed for the rebroadcast of programs from French radio and television channels, produced in France . A small percentage of its television programming was in French and supplied from the mainland, with the rest in the three local languages; for radio, French was the dominant language. In 1977, upon its independence ,

54-637: A rented station from Bulgaria via shortwave . RTD operates a powerful medium wave transmitter that broadcasts the Arabic-language US-governmental program Radio Sawa for all of East Africa . The channel began broadcasting in the 1940s, during the colonial period in French Somaliland . In April 1967, Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF) set up a regional overseas television station in Djibouti City , broadcasting on

72-480: A strengthening of human resources was undertaken. Between 1985 and 1990, the number of television stations increased, in percentage, from 16.7% to 21%. Radio Television of Djibouti is a general news and entertainment channel. The broadcasting schedule is composed of news, cultural programs, series, entertainment and variety. Through Badr-4 satellite, the station's transmission can be received in North Africa, Europe,

90-620: A translated version of the Eritrean constitution. In education, however, Afar speakers prefer Arabic – which many of them speak as a second language – as the language of instruction. In the Afar Region of Ethiopia, Afar is also recognized as an official working language. Since 2020, Afar is one of the five official working languages of Ethiopia. The consonants of the Afar language in the standard orthography are listed below in angle brackets (preceded by

108-664: Is further categorized in the Lowland East Cushitic sub-group, along with Saho and Somali . Its closest relative is the Saho language. The Afar language is spoken as a mother tongue by the Afar people in Djibouti , Eritrea , and the Afar Region of Ethiopia . According to Ethnologue , there are 2,600,000 total Afar speakers. Of these, 1,280,000 were recorded in the 2007 Ethiopian census, with 906,000 monolinguals registered in

126-654: Is the national broadcaster of Djibouti . The station is based in Djibouti city and the only media outlet of the country. RTD broadcasts in Arabic , French , Afar and Somali . The in-house band of RTD is Groupe RTD . In addition to RTD, the country's government does not allow any other broadcasters. According to Reporters Without Borders , RTD is used for government propaganda. The opposition broadcaster La Voix de Djibouti broadcast for ten years as an online radio from Belgium , in June 2020 it resumed terrestrial broadcasting on

144-606: The Republic of Djibouti focused on this sector to strengthen national unity and help the development of the country. The staff was poorly trained and the equipment rather outdated. It was in 1983, with the help of West German cooperation, that a broadcasting transmission center was set up in Doraleh, near city of Djibouti. This center had the capacity to broadcast radio on medium wave (1,539 kHz with 20 kW), short wave (4,780 kHz with 20 kW) and frequency modulation throughout

162-556: The Somali under their Harari moniker Tumur had deserted thus Manfred Kropp argues the Malassay were of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Under the seventeenth century Emirate of Harar , the entire army was commanded by a Garad who had several militias under him labeled the Malassay. In the contemporary era, the term Malassay survives as a subgroup of the Harari people. According to Umar, Malga-Gello

180-472: The 1994 census. In Djibouti, Afar is a recognized national language. It is also one of the broadcasting languages of the Radio Television of Djibouti public network. In Eritrea, Afar is recognized as one of nine national languages which formally enjoy equal status although Tigrinya and Arabic are by far of greatest significance in official usage. There are daily broadcasts on the national radio and

198-654: The Adal Sultanate. In the sixteenth century the main troops of Adal Sultanate's leader Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi were the Malassay during the invasion of Abyssinia. A few notable Malassay were Amir Husain bin Abubaker the Gaturi and Alus the Hegano . According to sixteenth century Adal writer Arab Faqīh , the Malassay participated in the conquest of Abyssinia at the decisive Battle of Shimbra Kure . Emperor Lebna Dengel chronicles states

SECTION 10

#1732844946789

216-530: The IPA notation): Voiceless stop consonants which close syllables are released, e.g., [ʌkʰˈme] . Sentence final vowels of affirmative verbs are aspirated (and stressed), e.g. Sentence final vowels of negative verbs are not aspirated (nor stressed), e.g. Sentence final vowels of interrogative verbs are lengthened (and stressed), e.g. Otherwise, stress in word-final. Possible syllable shapes are V, VV, VC, VVC, CV, CVV and CVVC. As in most other Cushitic languages,

234-674: The Malassay alongside Qecchin were the Muslim enemy that invaded. According to Mohammed Hassen the Malassay under Ahmed consisted of the Harla and Harari ethnic groups. Ethiopian historian Merid Wolde Aregay associated the Malassay with Semitic speakers. In the reign of Emperor Sarsa Dengel , the Hadiya Kingdom was supported by 500 Malassay donning cuirass who had arrived from Harar territory to battle Ethiopia. Sarsa Dengel chronicles mentions Malassay rebels of Elmag (an unidentified group) and

252-606: The Malassay. In the thirteenth century the Malassay appear to back the Amhara rebel Yekuno Amlak in his conflict with the Zagwe dynasty . Historians have identified the Gafat regiments of the Malassay played a key role in founding the Christian Solomonic dynasty . Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was originally a Malassay serving under a Garad named Abun Adashe prior to becoming leader of

270-524: The basic word order in Afar is subject–object–verb . In Ethiopia, Afar used to be written with the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script). Since around 1849, the Latin script has been used in other areas to transcribe the language. Additionally, Afar is also transcribed using the Arabic script . In the early 1970s, two Afar intellectuals and nationalists, Dimis and Redo, formalized the Afar alphabet. Known as Qafar Feera ,

288-587: The country, and produce radio broadcasts. In 1986, a television broadcasting network in the main towns of the interior regions was installed. With these improvements made to the RTD, the studios and equipment became insufficient for the production of programs, it only produced 20% of the programs broadcast. To remedy this situation, the Japanese government financed a project to extend a production center with high-performance equipment. Alongside this policy of increasing resources,

306-567: The forefather of the Siltʼe people 's clan Ulbareg was a captain of the Malassay. Afar language Afar (Afar: Qafaraf ; also known as ’Afar Af , Afaraf , Qafar af ) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken by the Afar people inhabiting Djibouti , Eritrea and Ethiopia . Afar is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. It

324-801: The orthography is based on the Latin script. Officials from the Institut des Langues de Djibouti, the Eritrean Ministry of Education, and the Ethiopian Afar Language Studies and Enrichment Center have since worked with Afar linguists, authors and community representatives to select a standard orthography for Afar from among the various existing writing systems used to transcribe the language. Radio Television of Djibouti Radio Television of Djibouti ( RTD ) ( Arabic : إذاعة وتلفزيون جيبوتي , French : Radiodiffusion télévision de Djibouti )

#788211