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109-490: Makhachkala , previously known as Petrovskoye (1844–1857) and Port-Petrovsk (1857–1921), or by the local Kumyk name of Anji , is the capital and largest city of Dagestan , Russia. The city is located on the Caspian Sea , covering an area of 468.13 square kilometres (180.75 square miles), with a population of over 623,254 residents, while the urban agglomeration covers over 3,712 square kilometres (1,433 square miles), with

218-407: A Firman that proclaimed Surkhay-khan I the ruler of Shirvan. According to Butkov, Surkhay-khan I was not subordinate to Turkish authority "as he understood his strength". Surkhay-khan I receiving the title of khan of Shirvan and Gazi-Kumukh, made Shemakha his residence, built schools, fortresses and roads. Historian Gusaynov wrote that "as early as July 1730 shah of Persia offered Surkhay-khan I

327-572: A cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk ) with warm, relatively dry summers and, cool relatively moist winters. The strong rain shadow of the Caucasus and the ability of the Siberian High to freely move westwards from its source in the Tibetan and Mongolian plateaus makes the climate quite dry, although frequently overcast throughout the winter, which is owing to the relatively low latitude and nearness to

436-422: A solar symbol above. It is supported by a golden eagle on each side, a crown on top, and crossed anchors (representing its maritime history) entangled with grapevines at the bottom. In proportions of 2:3, the flag displays the main shield of the city's coat of arms. Makhachkala is close to areas of fighting and therefore it and the surrounding region has a heavy security service presence. On November 25, 2011,

545-587: A church and a synagogue burned. The most important industrial sector is the oil refineries , as well as mechanical engineering and textile factories. Numerous administrative and educational institutions are based in the city, including a regional research centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences with around 20 research departments. The city is also the media centre of the region. Numerous newspapers are published in Makhachkala, including Dagestanskaya Pravda and

654-415: A dispute with Muhammad-khan fled to Fatali-khan. Muhammad-khan rendered his preference of the future ruler to Surkhay-bek, born from the daughter of Abdal Gani-khan. In subsequent years Fatali-khan was in conflict with utsmi of Kaitag, nutsal of Avaria and the khan of Gazi-Kumukh. A coalition was formed which included many rulers of Dagestan who undertook an invasion of Quba Khanate . A battle took place in

763-474: A few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of Dar-Ful was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants. There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population. The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S. A. Tokarev, A. I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive

872-458: A mean monthly temperature of −9.5 °C or 14.9 °F, whilst the hottest have been July 2010 and August 2014 with means of 27.1 °C or 80.8 °F each, although August 9, 2017, is the hottest day, reaching 40.2 °C or 104.4 °F. The coldest night was on February 9, 2012, when the mercury fell to −26.8 °C or −16.2 °F, beating the previous record of −26.5 °C or −15.7 °F from December 28, 1888. Makhachkala

981-634: A population of roughly 1 million residents. Makhachkala is the fourth-largest city in the Caucasus , the largest city in the North Caucasus and the North Caucasian Federal District , as well as the third-largest city on the Caspian Sea. The city is extremely ethnically diverse, with a minor ethnic Russian population. The city's historic predecessor is the port town of Anji (Andzhi), which

1090-557: A position of Persian viceroy in Shemakha but Surkhay-khan I refused". In 1733 Nader , a commander-in-chief of the Persian army, defeated the Turkish army near Baghdad . Accordingly, Turkey was transferring to Persia several provinces including Shirvan. General Nader sent his messenger to Surkhay-khan I of Shirvan and demanded him to leave. Surkhay-khan I wrote to Nader a letter saying that "Shirvan

1199-531: A pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate could not unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian Sergey Solovyov wrote: In October 1725 general-majors Kropotov and Sheremetev embarked to devastate the possessions of the Shamkhal and burned down twenty settlements, including Tarki,

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1308-399: A protest took place in Makhachkala attended by up to 3,000 people demanding an end to illegal activities perpetrated by the security services. On December 15, 2011, Gadzhimurat Kamalov , a Russian investigative journalist and founder of the independent Chernovik newspaper was shot dead in an apparent assassination. The population of Makhachkala includes (2021 Census data): The city

1417-576: A refusal. Russian 19th century general Gregory Phillipson, known for his important actions in subjugating the Adyghe and Abaza ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in Circassia , wrote: I had vague knowledge about Caucasia and the Caucasian war, although professor Yazikov on the lectures in the military geography used to tell about one and the other; and according to his words it turned out that

1526-505: A rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that: ...Kazi-mulla... used all the means to push away from us the population of the Small Chechnya and Kachkalik ridge, which however remained loyal to us only by their appearance, and namely because they didn't want to get between two fires as Kumyks did. Kumyks during

1635-415: A short visit revealed acute problems, including dirty streets, dilapidated buildings, inadequate utilities, hectic construction, lack of planning and poorly organised public transport". On April 12, 1944, a decision was made to resettle the inhabitants of Kumyk villages of Tarki, Kyakhulay and Alburikent, which owned the surrounding areas, to the settlements of the deported Chechens. Most of the released land

1744-491: A strange trick: destroying their auls [settlements] in order to force them to resettle in the mountains by depriving of living spaces. On the 24th of July he, in front of our troops, made the first experiment on Endirey village and burned down the third of it. Prince [Knyaz] Bekovich [Russian officer] at that time was burning Kumyks' bread at the slopes of the mountains... During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between

1853-569: A threat from shamkhal of Tarki. In 1722 a 110 thousand army of Peter I of Russia came to Dagestan as he invaded the Iranian domains in the region during the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) . Surkhay-khan I spoke out against the colonial policy of Russia, but avoided an armed clash with Peter. Colonel Alexander Komarov wrote that "In 1723 September 12, shah Tahmasp had ceded to Russia the whole Caspian region from Astrabad to Sulak, however Gazi-Kumukh

1962-794: Is twinned with: Kumyks They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea , areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek River . They speak the Kumyk language , which until the 1930s had been the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus . Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia ( Kumyk : Къумукъ, Qumuq ). All of

2071-521: Is an opinion that people of Kami, Kamaks, mentioned as long ago as by Ptolemaeus, are historically related to Kumyks. Their turkization started at the times of Khazars already, in the second half of the first millennium... Arrival of Cumans extended Turkic element further. That time point, marked by dissolution of the Khazar Kaghanate, is likely to be the period of the core formation for Kumyks, although some researchers (Bartold) linked their appearance to

2180-443: Is currently going through a construction boom. Makhachkala's historic predecessors were the towns of Tarki and Anji (or Andzhi, or Anji-kala), dating their history, according to some sources, back to Khazar times . Some chronicles suggest that it was the name of a citadel of Khazarian capital of Semender , which was called Anji-kala. During the first Muslim conquests of Dagestan, it was exposed to an influx of Muslims . During

2289-514: Is served by Uytash Airport , a regional airport providing connections to other Russian cities. Russian Railways via the North Caucasus Railway provides freight and passenger traffic to and from Makhachkala. The Caspian Sea International Port handles crude oil, petroleum, construction materials, grain, cargo and timber and operates 24 hours a day. The port offers communications with the rest of Russia, as well as with Belarus , Ukraine ,

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2398-680: Is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the Khazars in the 8th century and stayed afterwards. Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with Kipchaks . Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the Khazar Kaghanate . S. Tokarev wrote that: ...Kumyks have very diverse ancestry. Its ancient stratum is, undoubtedly, pre-Turkic, Japhetic . There

2507-499: Is the governor of Dagestan , stated that Morning of Dagestan participated in the riots and accused persons in Ukraine , which he called Banderovites also transliterated as Bandеrovetsy (Russian: бандеровцы ), and Ilya Ponomarev , who denied any connection to Morning of Dagestan on his facebook page, as the instigator of the pogrom . Both Maria Zakharova , who is the Director of

2616-615: The Abbasids , the struggle against the Khazars continued. This struggle, which lasted for two centuries, ended with the victory of the Muslim Arabs. In 815, Sheikh Abu Ishaq and Sheikh Mohammed al-Kindi entered Dagestan with a volunteer army of about 2000 people and tried to spread Islam. In the second half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took a part of the region under their control. Dagestan

2725-684: The Baltic states , Iran , Turkey and Central Asia. A railyard at the port connects the port to the North Caucasus Railway network. The city's main football team, FC Dynamo Makhachkala , currently plays in the Russian Premier League . They play in the 15,200 Dynamo Stadium . FC Anzhi Makhachkala , the city's former top team, played at Dynamo Stadium before moving to Anzhi Arena . Anzhi were purchased by Dagestani commodities billionaire Suleyman Kerimov in 2011, whose investments allowed

2834-830: The Persian campaign of the 1722–1723 . The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor. Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted during the Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards: If these people had a comprehension of the Military Science [Art], no other nation could take arms against them. The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took

2943-608: The Schevkal campaign . This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin , stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of Peter I . In 1649 and 1650, Nogai leader Choban-murza sought

3052-548: The Sunzha River . Shah Abbas II intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk lands. In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised

3161-561: The 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain. Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, and participated in the 1578–1590 Ottoman-Persian War . The 1560s marked

3270-573: The 19th century, during and following the Caucasian War , numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made hijra ) to the Ottoman Empire as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region. In the 1910s–1920s, during the Russian Revolution , another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among the muhajirs (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility. Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where

3379-485: The 20 thousand shooters of Khorasan and Turkestan left this world". Nevertheless, Persians overcame the defences of highlanders. By August 1741 Surkhay-khan I retreated to his fortress in Gazi-Kumukh but surrendered in a week. Muhammad-bek and Murtazali-bek with five thousand army retreated to Andalal. Ahmed-khan retreated to Andalal as well where highlanders began to gather. Murtazali-bek, the son of Surkhay-khan I, became

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3488-530: The 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the Middle Ages . In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), Circassian and Caucasus Tatars. There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks. A view close to that

3597-695: The Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains. Kumyks historically were related to the states of the Caucasian Huns , Cuman-Kipchaks , and the Golden Horde . The beginning of the Kumyk nation is often considered to be in the Khazar Kaganate era. Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and

3706-732: The British No. 221 Squadron Royal Air Force based themselves at Petrovsk. In March they were joined by No. 266 Squadron and both squadrons were involved in bombing operations against Bolshevik forces in Astrakhan and elsewhere. In August 1919 both squadrons were withdrawn from Petrovsk. The city was invaded by the Red Army in March 1920. As part of the Soviet revolution, place names relating to monarchy or religion were changed, and thus on May 14, 1921, Petrovsk

3815-583: The Caspian Sea very mild by Russian standards. Summers are sunnier but also dry as the region is exposed to steep descending vertical velocity from the Indian monsoon, and the greatest rainfall occurs in the autumn season from September to November. October 1987 with 245 millimetres or 9.65 inches has been the wettest month, whilst no precipitation occurred in February 1958, October 1974 and April 1986. The coldest month since records began in 1882 has been February 1929 with

3924-578: The Gazikumukh army and like the shamkhal of Tarki became an ally of the Shah of Persia. In 1720 the Shah of Persia, Sultan Husayn , called his allies to assist and suppress the uprising in Shirvan. Surkhay-khan I gathered the Gazi-Kumukh army and advanced to Shirvan, to help the shah. Not far from Kabala, Surkhay-khan I was stopped by the Sunni delegation of Shirvan led by Haji-Dawood who urged Surkhay-khan I to support

4033-516: The Gevdusha valley where Fatali-khan suffered a defeat and retreated to Salyan. Russia after receiving the appeal of Fatali-khan began combat actions in the Caucasus. In 1775 March 4, general Frederick Medem crossed over Terek river and invaded Derbent, Kura and Quba. Utsmi Amir-Hamza retreated from Derbent to Kaitag and Muhammad-khan from Quba to Gazi-Kumukh. In 1776 Russian army was recalled from Dagestan as "Fatali-khan reconciled his disputes with

4142-495: The Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey. According to genetic studies in 2023, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Kumyks : The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Gazikumukh Khanate Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after

4251-513: The Information and Press Department at the Russian foreign ministry , and Dmitry Peskov , who is Vladimir Putin 's personal press secretary, supported Sergey Melikov's accusations of participation from Ukrainian provacateurs for the cause of the pogrom. On June 23, 2024, unknown attackers carried out a terrorist attack in Makhachkala. Many people were killed and wounded. A priest was murdered, and

4360-601: The Islamic As-Salam . In addition, several regional television stations are based in the city. Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with eight urban-type settlements and six rural localities , incorporated as the City of Makhachkala —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Makhachkala is incorporated as Makhachkala Urban Okrug . For

4469-590: The Laks gave their ruler a popular title – khan . The council of chiefs elected Surkhay-bek (1680–1748), son of Garey-bek, son of khalklavchi Alibek II from a shamkhal family that remained in Gazi-Kumukh, a ruler. Surkhay-khan I established a Lak state with a strong central power. Public dissatisfaction in Shirvan with the Persians led to a revolt. In 1707, the population of Djaria and Tsakhur led by their elders attacked Shamakha,

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4578-624: The Ottomans, headed by a leader called the Shamkhal (originally Shawkhal, in Russian sources Shevkal ). The Kumyk polity known as the Shamkhalate of Tarki was mentioned as early as the 14th century by Timurid historians. Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality, Utamish Sultanate, Tumen Possession, Braguny Principality, Mekhtuly Khanate, Kaytag Uzminate and others. In

4687-422: The Persian throne. Turkish minister promised to support saying: "When the mentioned prince will be firmly established on the stolen throne of his ancestors, then he will give back previously under our rule states of Shirvan, Ganja, Tiflis and Yerevan". At the end of 1743 Muhammad-khan invaded Kura, Derbent and Shabran that were under Persian rule. Abdal Gani-khan Afghani, Nader-shah's general who defended Shabran,

4796-536: The Petrovskoye fortress was renamed Petrovsk-Port ( Петро́вск-Порт ), sometimes simply Petrovsk . In 1894, a railway line linked the city to Vladikavkaz (in present-day North Ossetia-Alania ) and Baku (in present-day Azerbaijan ). However, despite the development, a report from 1904 detailed the spread of malaria and unsuitable drinking water in the city. In January 1919, during the Russian Civil War ,

4905-569: The Rasht Treaty signed in 1732, and some lands between the Sulak and Kura (Kür) rivers with the 1735 treaty. After 1747, the Russians regained influence in Dagestan. In the 1840s, after Russian Empire seized the Kumyk plateau, Anji-kala became the place where fort Petrovskoye was founded. A town status was granted to the fortress in 1857. The Russian name of the city was Petrovskoye ( Петро́вское )—after

5014-521: The Russian Tsar Peter the Great , who waged war in the region in 1722 during his Persian Campaign . However, among the local Kumyks the city was still known as Anzhi-Qala , The Pearl Fortress ( Qala means fortress or a city with walls, while Anzhi / Inzhi / Inji means pearl in Kumyk ). There is also still a hill called Anji-arqa , meaning the hill of Anji . After gaining town status in 1857,

5123-481: The Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831, the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843. There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855, which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of Imam Shamil , but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands. In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877–1878, one of

5232-594: The Sunnis than the Shias. Utsmy Ahmed-khan was in alliance with Haji-Dawood against the "rafidas". Surkhay-khan I decided to support the sunnis of Shirvan. In 1721 on July 21, Surkhay-khan I and Haji-Dawood invaded the Safavid Iranian city of Shemakha , the major trading center of Shirvan , and captured it. English writer Jonas Hanway wrote that "the city was ransacked". Utsmy Ahmed-khan could take part in this campaign due to

5341-493: The Turchidag plateau. In Aymaki gorge Persian army was attacked and defeated too. French diplomat in St. Petersburg Marquis de La Chétardie wrote: "The defeat was all the more significant that Nader Shah lured himself into a trap and got into the canyon where hidden forces on both sides have made a terrible massacre of most of his army". By night of September 28 Nader-shah hastily retreated from Andalal losing 40 thousand of his army, according to I. Kalushkin. Murtazali-khan pursued

5450-416: The Turks were defeated by a strong enemy artillery. Advancing further on Nader's artillery stormed the positions of Surkhay-khan I at Koysu river for three days and arrived in Gazi-Kumukh . General-in-chief V. Y. Levashov wrote: "Surkhay was not able to resist the great gun-fire". Surkhay-khan I retreated to Andalal, according to the "Chronicle of wars of Djaria". Nader then marched against Abdullah-pasha, who

5559-441: The War gave the Caucasus many common heroes. Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil was of Kumyk descent, as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji. Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam Gazi-Muhammad Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of

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5668-477: The ancient city were destroyed and used as construction materials for the infrastructure of Makhachkala. Protests and violent police clashes occurred in Makhachkala, as was the case in other Russian cities, in response to the 2022 Russian mobilization , as well as a call-up of 110 men from the village of Endirey to be conscripted into the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine . According to the BBC, 301 Dagestani soldiers had died in Ukraine as of September 2022. This

5777-410: The attacks of Surkhay-khan II. In 1820 general Aleksey Ermolov decided to capture Gazi-Kumukh, the stronghold of anti-colonial struggle of highlanders, by a direct attack. A decisive battle took place on June 12 near Khosrekh village. General Madatov with army divisions from Shirvan, Shaki, Quba and Karabakh moved to Khosrekh. By artillery fire Russians overcame the defences of highlanders. Khosrekh

5886-422: The beginning of the 17th century, the people of Dagestan united under the leadership of Çolak Surhay Khan of the Gazikumukh Khanate , and they won a victory against Iran in 1712. In order to continue their success, he took the people of Dagestan, who asked for help from the Ottoman administration, under his protection by sending gifts to the sultans of the Sublime Porte . Although the Russians could not hold on to

5995-419: The beginning of the 19th century but were met with fierce resistance of Dagestanis. Shah Abbas II established a significant influence in Dagestan in 1639. It started to attract the attention of the Russians from the 17th century onwards. It remained the scene of a struggle for influence between Iranians, Russians and Ottomans from the beginning of the 17th century. When the Safavids began to lose their power at

6104-406: The beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from the Treaty of Gulistan ), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of [Old] Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against Russian Empire led by the Chechen leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on

6213-494: The capital of the Shamkhal, which comprised 1,000 households; the total number of destroyed households amounts to 6,110. Shamkhal, having only 3,000 troops, couldn't resist the overwhelming number of Russians, who had in their ranks 8,000 Cossacks and Kalmyks only, not counting the regular troops, and two infantry regiments and two cavalries; Adil-Girey [Shamkhal] left Tarki and together with the Turkish ambassador had sent letters to other mountaineer possessors, asking for help, but got

6322-485: The capture of the Gazi-Kumukh Khanate, Sufism as the teachings of Qizilbashes, had spread in Dagestan, that had been prevented by the war of Surkhay-khan II. In 1820 Aslan-bek was elected the ruler of Gazi-Kumukh Khanate who also inherited the Kura Khanate which was restored by Russians into an independent Khanate in gratitude to Aslan-bek for his services. Aslan-khan was elevated to the rank of Major-General. In 1826 Surkhay-khan II returned from Persia and in 1827 died in

6431-420: The club to sign players such as Brazilian World Cup winner Roberto Carlos and Cameroonian striker Samuel Eto'o who, during his time at the club, became the world's highest paid player. The club lived its golden era, finished in the Top 5 for two consecutive seasons ( 2011-12 and 2012-13 ) and qualified for the UEFA Europa League, reaching the round of 16 on both occasions. However, after 2013, due to unrest in

6540-485: The death of Catherine II, Russian troops pulled out of southern Dagestan. Ali Kayaev wrote that in 1797 Surkhay-khan II gave decisive battles in Karachay–Cherkessia . In 1803 Octobers 22, Surkhay-khan II crossed Alazani and attacked the Kabardin battalion of Tiflis regiment, under the command of Major-General Gulyakov. Gordin Y. A. wrote that "Surkhay-khan II is one of the strongest Lezgin rulers in Dagestan". In 1811 December 15, generals Guryev and Khatuntsev besieged

6649-450: The disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642. Its peoples included various Lezgin tribes and Avars. Khanate was ruled by the supreme council known as "Kat" in Lak or " Divan " where viziers, main qadis, warlords and the ruler participated in the meetings. Local governments consisted of jama'at, council of chiefs, judge and executor. Police functions were performed by the khan's noukers. The state of Laks consisted of one Lakia that

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6758-455: The early Middle Ages. It would be preferable to also identify whether Kamaks, who used to be settled in the North Dagestan in the beginning of our era, are related to Kumyks. Another prominent Russian Orientalist , V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that: Today's Kumyk Turks, who populate North Eastern part of Dagestan, along the shore, possibly come from the basic Khazar stratum, strengthened and assimilated by

6867-475: The end of 18th century Caucasian conflict erupted once again with participation of Iran, Turkey and Russia. Turkish emissaries visited the khans of Lakia and Avaria with large sums of money asking for alliance against Russia. Surkhay-khan II becomes an ally of Turkey. In 1796 Catherine II of Russia sent general Valerian Zubov for further conquest of southern Dagestan during the Persian Expedition of 1796 . General Zubov invaded Quba Khanate and Derbent. After

6976-457: The fortress of Kurakh where Surkhay-khan II resided. After the battle Surkhay-khan II retreated to Gazi-Kumukh. General Khatuntsev passed the management of Kurakh, the capital of Kura region , to Aslan-bek son of Shahmardan-bek. In May 1813 Surkhay-khan II attacked the Kurakh garrison, but was repelled by Aslan-bek. Surkhay-khan II passed the management of khanate to his son Murtazali-bek and left for Tabriz to shah Abbas-Mirza. Surkhay-khan II

7085-555: The fortress of utsmi who was forced to surrender. Nader then headed for Gazi-Kumukh. Surkhay-khan I stood not far from Gazi-Kumukh where 30 thousand army of Nader clashed with a 10 thousand army of Surkhay-khan I. "Land was red with blood as Jaihun" wrote Iranian historian Muhammed Gazim. Surkhay-khan I retreated to Andalal again. Historian Jones wrote that "the fierce sea of the conqueror’s army turned its waves on habitats and fields of Kumukh, and possessions of all people of this place were destroyed". Russian military administration in

7194-558: The head of 100 thousand army. Before the invasion Nader-shah declared that "I took under my power Hindustan, the lands of Turan and Iran. Now, I intend with enormous and countless army to conquer the kingdom of Kumukh ". Shah's historiographer Mirza-Mehdi Astarabadi wrote: "The banners that conquered the world are leaving Iran and heading to Dagestan". Persians faced battles in Bashli, Dubek, Tabasaran, Kaitag and Djengutai. Muhammed Gazim, historian of Nader-shah, wrote that "the troops of Surkhay kept on firing from guns for two hours and all

7303-441: The interior of Dagestan, they expanded their sovereignty towards the Caspian coast and could only be stopped in front of Baku with the help of the Ottoman forces under the command of Mustafa Pasha. With a treaty signed between Russia and Iran in 1724, Derbend, Baku and some other places in the region were left to Russia. As a result of his struggles against the Russians, Nadir Shah captured the south of Dagestan, Derbend and Baku with

7412-482: The khan of Kaitag, khan of Gazi-Kumukh and the ruler of Tabasaran". In 1789 after the death of Muhammad-khan, his son Surkhay-bek was elected the ruler of Gazikumukh Khanate. Ali Kayaev, a scholar from Kumukh wrote that "Surkhay-khan II was a religious scholar, who knew Qur'an by heart. He restored three mosques in Kumukh: Burhay mosque, Qadi mosque and Friday mosque". Mosque in Tpik was also reconstructed by Surkhay-khan II. Van Galen, officer and an eyewitness wrote: "This

7521-459: The khan of Laks. Murtazali-khan was married to the daughter of Muhammad-qadi of Sogratl. In 1741 at the end of August, Nader-shah approached the territory of Andalal. Sogratl became the military centre of Dagestanis. Murtazali-khan at the head of Dagestani army stood in Andalal. Four days and four nights passed in heavy battles. Persians were routed under Sogratl, Megeb, Chokh and Oboch. A decisive historical battle began on September 12 of 1741 on

7630-411: The lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate . Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and the fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the Russian Federation . Kumyks are the second largest Turkic -speaking ethnic group after Azerbaijanis in the Causasus ,

7739-420: The largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan. According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia. In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between a few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan , Republic of North-Ossetia , Chechen Republic . In

7848-424: The last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment. Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives: Kazi-mulla, trying to hold Kumyks close, came up with

7957-613: The later re-settlers from the Kipchak steppes. The final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries. Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved Golden Horde ; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated

8066-530: The latter period, when remains of Cumans defeated by Mongols fled to the lands of Dagestan. A modern interpretation was proposed that " from the Turkified Lezgins , Kumyks also emerged" . However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin: It's unlikely that Kumyks might be Turkified Dagestanians, as some claim. Rather, their ancestors are considered to be Kipchaks, Khazars and, probably, other Turks of

8175-472: The major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly. Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia, the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at

8284-458: The morning of October 30, 2023. On October 28 and 29, Morning of Dagestan , also transliterated as Utro Dagestana (Russian: «Утро Дагестана» ) began publishing false reports its Telegram channel about "refugees from Israel" who were allegedly fleeing from the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack on Israel and arriving in the North Caucasus . Later, this grew into calls for a pogrom. Sergei Melikov , who

8393-463: The most valiant and inimical to us tribe was that of the Kumyks. Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century Sheikh Mansur's insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of Kizlyar . In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself. Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at

8502-467: The name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym Kimak , or from another name for Kipchaks — Cuman . According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands. In Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia , the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from

8611-539: The north Caucasus reported that utsmi Ahmed-khan with Surkhay-khan I built ten fortifications equipped with guns. Russian officer Kalushkin at the Persian court informed the Senate in Moscow that "Surkhay-khan ransacked Derbent fortress, defeated the army of Mehdi-khan". In 1738 Ibrahim-khan marched against Dagestanis who dealt a crushing defeat to the shah's army of Ibrahim-khan. In 1741 on July 2, Nader-shah invaded Dagestan at

8720-467: The protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey, recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and Terek Cossacks seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede. In 1604–1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as

8829-452: The protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops at the Battle of Germenchik. Kumyk military success continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with Safavid forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at

8938-404: The purposes of administration, the city is divided into three city districts, from west to east: Kirovsky , Sovetsky and Leninsky . In May 2015, these three city districts were granted municipal status. The coat of arms and flag of Makhachkala were adopted on December 15, 2006. The coat of arms shows the city's historic fortress in silver on a red field, with flames coming from either tower and

9047-517: The region, the players moved to live and train in Moscow, while the local matches in Makhachkala were guarded by armed patrols. This situation, followed by severe budget cuts, made the club lose most of its key players, going on to finish bottom of the table in the 2013–14 season, and later folding in 2022 after having fallen to the third division. UFC lightweight champion Islam Makhachev was born and educated in Makhachkala Makhachkala has

9156-513: The reign of Umayyad Caliph Hisham b. Abdülmelik (724-743), the caliph's brother Maslama succeeded in establishing Islamic dominance in the region with his conquests. In the following years, one of the Umayyad commanders, Marwan b. Mohammed also organized successful raids to Dagestan. However, the Islamic domination in the region ended in 796 (180 AH) when the Khazars captured Derbend . In the early days of

9265-536: The residence of the ruler of Shirvan. In 1708, Iranian troops under the command of Imam Kuli-khan advanced from Kakheti and crushed the uprising. In 1709 in Azerbaijan, Haji-Dawood also rebelled against the Persians. Utsmy Ahmed-khan called on the people to fight the Persian shias. In 1710 an agreement was signed between Gazikumukh Khanate and Avar Khanate that proclaimed a political-military alliance. Surkhay-khan I forming

9374-581: The retreating Persians up to Derbent. Kalushkin reported that "shah was so cruelly beaten that he was forced to turn back three times to defend himself". As it was written: "Salutes were given In Istanbul. In Petersburg people could not conceal their joy". In 1743 Muhammad-bek, son of Surkhay-khan I, took over the throne of Gazikumukh Khanate. Sefi-Mirza II known as Sam-Mirza a "miraculously saved Sefevid prince" arrived from Turkey to Muhammad-khan. Some Persian nobles swore allegiance to Sam-Mirza. Muhammad-khan decided to take over Shirvan and help Sam-Mirza reach

9483-622: The same day, it became capital of the newly formed Dagestan ASSR . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the city became the capital of the Republic of Dagestan. Makhachkala is an important economic, educational, scientific, and cultural centre of the North Caucasus. The city is a major Russian seaport on the Caspian Sea, and a transport hub. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in Russia, and

9592-628: The spot. In the same year the people of Endirey joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians. In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also Kumyk plains ): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate, the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823, participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia),

9701-517: The spring of 1747 Muhammad-khan with allies invaded Kura, Derbent and Quba. Gadjiev V. writes that in 1747 "shah decided to punish Muhammad-khan by all means. However, Nader-shah was killed in a coup at the palace". As the Georgian historian Vakhushti had written: "Nader-shah was not able to defeat the Lezgins (Dagestanis) as he wished". In 1748 Surkhay-khan I died in Gazi-Kumukh. The mother of Surkhay-khan I

9810-623: The start of the numerous campaigns of the Imperial Russian Army against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the Georgians and Kabardians . Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen Khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but was conquered by Russia in 1588. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for Tarki ) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to

9919-537: The village of Sogratl in Andalal at the age of 83. His son Nukh-bek migrated to Turkey where he died in 1828. Being part of Russia highlanders ran into state organised serfdom . Russian management toughened exploitation of peasants. This situation led to a powerful social unrest and revolt. Laks were such political figures of Caucasian war as Haji Yahya-bek, Muhammad-Efendi Guyminski, Buk-Muhammad and Bashir-bek (naibs of Imam Shamil). Direct descendant of khans of Gazi-Kumukh

10028-424: Was Avar, sister of Umma-khan of Avaria. "Daughter of Surkhay-khan II, Gulandash-khanum, was married to Mustafa-khan of Shirvan, a relative of Surkhay-khan II". Ahmed-khan Sultan of Tsakhur, son of Alkhaz-bek, was married to the daughter of Surkhay-khan II. Sultan of Elisu Daniyal-bek was grandson of Surkhay-khan II. During 1796 Surkhay-khan II was an influential ruler in Dagestan having an army of 25 thousand men. At

10137-421: Was Muhammad-Amin (Imam of Abkhazia and Cherkessia 1848-1859). In 1832 Russian administration appointed Aslan-khan a temporary ruler of Avaria. Mother of Aslan-khan, Aymesey, was sister of Umma-khan of Avaria. In 1836 Nutsal Aga-bek, the eldest son of Aslan-khan, was appointed the ruler of Gazi-Kumukh. Nutsal Aga-khan arrived at the funeral of his father as a legitimate khan, appointed by Russian Tsar. Kura Khanate

10246-456: Was a remarkable man. He was tall and had a formidable appearance especially in an old age. In the mountains he was famous for extensive teachings in the Muslim spirit, and due to his ancient family had great connections throughout Dagestan and was respected by all the neighboring people". Surkhay-khan II had two wives: the first was Lak and from her there were four sons and a daughter, the second wife

10355-539: Was called Umamat, she was a sister Omar-khan of Avaria. Daughter of Surkhay-khan I was married to a son of Avar khan. Muhammad-khan had three wives. The first wife was the daughter of Khasbulat-shamkhal of Tarki, from her he had four sons. Second wife was the daughter of Tishsiz-Bammat of Kazanish, the khan of Mekhtula Khanate, and had one son from her. Third wife was Istadjalu, the daughter of Abdal Gani-khan Afghani. Soon Fatali-khan captured Kura, Derbent, Quba and Shemakha. Eldar-bek and Shahmardan-bek of Gazi-Kumukh following

10464-708: Was captured and further Gazi-Kumukh. In 1820 after 25 years of war of Surkhay-khan II, the Gazikumukh Khanate was conquered by Russian empire. Ermolov wrote after capturing Gazi-Kumukh: "Russian army appeared in this place for the first time". In August 1820 Surkhay-khan II left for Persia to Fat′h Ali-shah. Surkhay-khan II gave many battles of which the largest were at Tiflis, Derbent, Khosrekh, Chirakh, Kurakh, Kartukh, Alazani , Quba , Akhaltsikhe , Akhalkalaki , Kartli , Kakheti , fortress Surkhayli in Cherkessia, Ganja , Yerevan , Kars , Ardagan and Erzurum . After

10573-659: Was conquered by the Lezgins (Dagestani) swords and not given to him by Turkey as a gift, and that neither Sultan of Turkey nor Ahmed of Baghdad have the right to request him to hand over this territory". Surkhay-khan I reflected the will of Dagestanis and Shirvanis who were categorically against the Persian takeover of Shirvan. In 1734 on August 17 general Nader moving in different directions captured Shemakha, Qabala , Khachmaz , Derbent and Kura. Surkhay-khan I clashed with Nader in Deve-Batan, not far from Qabala, where highlanders and

10682-418: Was distributed to the Makhachkala city council (6243 out of 8166 hectares), in addition to the collective farms of the mountainous regions and industrial enterprises of Makhachkala. After the return of the Kumyk population in 1957, the lands of the collective farms were not restored, personal property was also lost, many houses were occupied by people resettled from mountainous areas. The historical monuments of

10791-454: Was divided into such territories as "Kullal", "Uri-Mukarki", "Machaymi", "Vitskhi", "Gumuchi" and "Bartki". After the transfer of the capital of shamkhalate to Tarki, in Gazi-Kumukh was ruled by the supreme council. In 1642 Alibek II, son of Tuchilav, son of Alibek I, son of Chopan-shamkhal, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected the ruler of Gazi-Kumukh, with the title "khalklavchi". In 1700,

10900-642: Was invaded by the Mongols in 1222. The Cumans (Kipchaks), who ruled in the north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus, played an important role in the Turkification of the region. Later on, the Ilkhanids , Golden Horde Khanate , Timurids , Shirvanshahs and Safavids dominated Dagestan respectively. Dagestan came under Ottoman rule between 1578 and 1606. The Safavids started operations to spread Shiism in Dagestan at

11009-483: Was killed. Muhammad-khan moved further and captured Agsu , the new capital of Shirvan. During 1743-1745 Muhammad-khan resided in Shirvan. In 1745 Nasrulla-Mirza, son of Nader-shah, led the shah's army on Muhammad-khan at Agsu. Nader-shah sent Ashur-khan Afshar, Karim-khan, Fatali-khan Afshar and prince Nasrullah-Mirza to fight with Muhammad-khan and his supporters. After the battle Muhammad-khan retreated to Gazi-Kumukh. Shah's army once again occupied Derbent and Kura. In

11118-494: Was located in Kumykia , and which was a part of possessions of Tarki state , the capital of Kumyks known from the 8th century. The city was named Petrovskoye after Peter the Great . After gaining city status in 1857, the Petrovskoye fortress was renamed Petrovsk-Port . After the Russian Revolution , Petrovsk-Port was renamed Makhachkala on May 14, 1921, after Bolshevik revolutionary Makhach Dakhadaev  [ ru ] . On

11227-523: Was not able to win over the shah. In 1816 Ermolov was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus region. In 1818 rulers of Gazikumukh, Avaria, Mekhtula, Tabasaran and Kaitag, unite against general Ermolov. In 1819 October 19 Surkhay-khan II with a 3 thousand army attacked the Chirakh garrison but didn't succeed and ordered to retreat. Major General Vrede fortified tsar's troops in Beduk, Richa and Chirag, against

11336-439: Was not included there. The merit of Gazi-Kumukh reached a high point in Dagestan". In 1724 Surkhay-khan I refused to acknowledge the extension of Ferhat-pasha treaty that passed Shirvan from Persia to Turkey . Surkhay-khan I demanded from Turkey to hand Shirvan over to his rule. Turkey refused. Surkhay-khan I, Ahmed-khan and Nutsal of Avaria ransacked Shirvan for one whole year. In 1725 (in another version in 1728) Turkey issued

11445-418: Was renamed Makhachkala, after Dagestani revolutionary Magomed-Ali 'Makhach' Dakhadaev . On the same day, it became capital of the newly formed Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . The city incurred major damage during an earthquake on May 14, 1970. The city was briefly renamed Shamilkala during the disintegration of the Soviet Union in honor of the Dagestani freedom fighter Imam Shamil . The area

11554-511: Was ruled by Garun-bek, son of Tagir-bek, brother of Aslan-khan. In 1836 Muhammad Mirza-khan was appointed the khan of Gazi-Kumukh. Muhammad Mirza-khan was promoted to the rank of colonel and got a letter of investiture from the Russian Tsar. In 1838 the ruler of the Gazi-kumukh became Ummu Kulsum-beke, the wife of Aslan-khan. Representatives of Gazi-Kumukh clergy came to Ummu Kulsum-beke with

11663-547: Was standing with Turkish forces near Erevan. Crimean Kaplan Girey-khan, by the order of Turkish sultan, removed Khazbulat-shamkhal and appointed Eldar-bek of Kazanish, an ally of Surkhay-khan I, as new shamkhal. These events triggered the second Persian invasion of Dagestan. In November 1735 Nader overcoming the resistance captured Ganja, Djaria, Sheki, Shirvan, Shemakha, and Derbent. In December Nader advanced to Madjalis where "people of Akusha stubbornly defended themselves but were defeated", noted Bakikhanov. Persians besieged

11772-560: Was ten times greater than the corresponding figure in Moscow region, which has a population five times larger than Dagestan. On August 14, 2023, a fire at a gas station in Makhachkala led to a series of explosions , causing at least 25 deaths and 66 injuries. On the evening of October 29, 2023, antisemitic riots occurred at the Makhachkala airport causing 500 police officers of the MVD to take control of it and forcing its temporary closure until

11881-630: Was used as a Soviet-era naval testing station, leaving behind a curious sea fort off nearby Kaspiysk ( 42°53′48″N 47°40′53″E  /  42.896598°N 47.681274°E  / 42.896598; 47.681274 ). A report of the International Crisis Group from 2013 describes the city as being "a city of almost one million and gained spectacular economic resources due to a construction boom, skyrocketing land prices, substantial federal funds for reconstruction, infrastructure, transport, housing, courts and administrative services. But even

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