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62-414: Maker education is an offshoot of the maker movement , which Time magazine described as "the umbrella term for independent innovators, designers and tinkerers. A convergence of computer hackers and traditional artisans, the niche is established enough to have its own magazine, Make , as well as hands-on Maker Faires that are catnip for DIYers who used to toil in solitude". Dale Dougherty, founder of

124-510: A dropper , funnel , and aluminum foil or wrapping paper . The concept of homemade and experimental instruments in music has its roots prior to the maker movement, from complicated experiments with figures such as Reed Ghazala and Michel Waisvisz pioneering early circuit bending techniques to simple projects such as the Cigar Box Guitar . Bart Hopkin published the magazine Experimental Musical Instruments for 15 years followed by

186-487: A "component car", is an automobile that is available as a set of parts that a manufacturer sells and the buyer himself then assembles into a functioning car. Car tuning can include electric vehicle conversion . Motorcycle making and conversions are also represented. As examples: Tinker Bike is an open source motorcycle kit adaptable to recycled components; NightShift Bikes is a small, Makerist project in custom, DIY electric motorcycle conversions. Bicycles , too, have

248-547: A DIY, Maker-style community. Zenga Bros ' Tall Bikes are one example. Community bike workshops are a specific type of makerspaces . MAKE (a magazine published since 2004 by O'Reilly Media ), is considered a "central organ of the Maker Movement," and its founder, Dale Dougherty , is widely considered the founder of the Movement. Other media outlets associated with the movement include Wamungo , Hackaday , Makery , and

310-594: A display of maker education themed projects, and number over 100 per year. The U.S. contains the majority of the annual School Maker Faires, but they also occur across all continents, although they are often organized by U.S. organizations such as the Nanshan School Maker Faire in China organized by SteamHead . School events are sometimes not open to public admission, but the official Maker Faire website lists all past and upcoming shows and oftentimes schools encourage

372-493: A full-fledged industry based on the growing number of DIYers who want to build something rather than buy it. Spurred primarily by the advent of RepRap 3D printing for the fabrication of prototypes , declining cost and broad adoption have opened up new realms of innovation . As it has become cost-effective to make just one item for prototyping (or a small number of household items), this approach can be depicted as personal fabrication for "a market of one person". The rise of

434-426: A negative response to disposables , globalised mass production , the power of chain stores , multinationals and consumerism . In reaction to the rise of maker culture, Barack Obama pledged to open several national research and development facilities to the public. In addition the U.S. federal government renamed one of their national centers "America Makes". The methods of digital fabrication —previously

496-468: A series of books about instrument building. Organizations such as Zvex , WORM , STEIM , Death by Audio , and Casper Electronics cater to the do-it-yourself audience, while musicians like Nicolas Collins and Yuri Landman create and perform with custom made and experimental instruments. While still living at home Hugh Le Caine began a lifelong interest in electronic music and sound generation. In 1937, he designed an electronic free reed organ, and in

558-444: Is a contemporary subculture representing a technology-based extension of DIY culture that intersects with hardware -oriented parts of hacker culture and revels in the creation of new devices as well as tinkering with existing ones. The maker culture in general supports open-source hardware . Typical interests enjoyed by the maker culture include engineering-oriented pursuits such as electronics , robotics , 3-D printing , and

620-638: Is also growing work on equity and the maker culture . Maker culture emphasizes learning-through-doing ( active learning ) in a social environment. Maker culture emphasizes informal, networked, peer-led, and shared learning motivated by fun and self-fulfillment. Maker culture encourages novel applications of technologies, and the exploration of intersections between traditionally separate domains and ways of working including metalworking, calligraphy, filmmaking, and computer programming. Community interaction and knowledge sharing are often mediated through networked technologies, with websites and social media tools forming

682-401: Is not the artifact itself, but rather social justice. In their 4-year longitudinal study of youth makers they illustrated how making with and for the community opened opportunity for youth to project their communities' rich cultural knowledge and wisdom onto their making while also troubling and negotiating the historicized injustices they experience. Maker movement The maker culture

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744-506: Is now the CEO of 3D Robotics , wrote a manifesto of the maker movement in 2012, called "Makers". His third book, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (2012), emphasizes the role that making has to play in the renaissance of American manufacturing. Mark Hatch, formerly the CEO of TechShop , also published "The Maker Movement Manifesto". In addition to these contributions, seminal texts include, Invent To Learn: Making, Tinkering, and Engineering in

806-407: Is that maker culture is unnecessarily fascinated with technology, and that projects are improved when they work to critically consider social concerns - borrowing from the more established disciplines of industrial design and media art practice. Others criticize the maker movement as not even being a movement, and posit that fundamental hypocrisy extends to limit the scope and impact of every aspect of

868-1034: The Arduino , Raspberry Pi , BeagleBone Black , and Intel's Galileo and Edison , many of which are open source, are easy to program and connect to devices such as sensors, displays, and actuators. This lowers the barrier to entry for hardware development. Combined with the cloud, this technology enables the Internet of Things . Desktop 3D printing is now possible in various plastics and metals. In combination with DIY open-source microelectronics, they can create autoreplicant 3d printers, such as RepRap . Digital fabrication also includes various subtractive fabrication tech, eg. laser cutting , CNC milling , and knitting machines . To create one's own designs for digital fabrication requires digital design tools, like Solidworks , Autodesk , and Rhinoceros 3D . More recently, less expensive or easier to use software has emerged. Free, open-source software such as FreeCAD can be extremely useful in

930-539: The Clavivox . John Simonton founded PAiA Electronics in Oklahoma City in 1967 and began offering various small electronics kits through mail order . Starting in 1972 PAiA began producing analog synthesizer kits, in both modular and all-in-one form. Makers can also make or fabricate their own tools. This includes knives , hand tools , lathes , 3-D printers , wood working tools, etc. A kit car , also known as

992-667: The "Movement." SteamHead SteamHead is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the role of design in education. Inspired by the Maker movement and S.T.E.A.M. education, Steam Head has a mandate to "empower communities through creativity." The organization is supported by sponsors such as the British Council , and local charities and schools in Shenzhen, China . Founded in 2014 as "The MakerClub" in an apartment, Steam Head has since grown and now operates from offices in

1054-716: The Classroom by Sylvia Libow Martinez , and The Art of Tinkering, by Karen Wilkinson and Mike Petrich, founders of The Tinkering Studio at the Exploratorium . In the United States, hands-on learning through making has roots in the nineteenth century, as a result of the influence of educators such as Calvin M. Woodward , who established the Manual Training School of Washington University on June 6, 1879. Unlike later vocational education that would take hold in 1917 through

1116-499: The January 23, 2015 issue of The Atlantic , entitled, "Why I Am Not a Maker", centers her criticism on "the social history of who makes things—and who doesn't". Chachra describes the history of the "makers" of products as men, rather than those who cared for "hearth and home", that is, historically, women. She calls for recognition of "the work of the educators, those that analyze and characterize and critique, everyone who fixes things, all

1178-455: The Maker Faire and Make magazine, stated in his 2011 TED Talk that "We are all makers. We are born makers. We don't just live, but we make." In the same TED Talk, Dougherty also called for making to be embraced in education, as students are the new generation of makers. Another central contributor to the maker movement, Chris Anderson , who was once the editor-in-chief of Wired magazine and

1240-658: The Maker Faire model, similar events which don't use the Maker Faire brand have emerged around the world. A Maker Film Festival was announced for August 2014 Powerhouse Science Center in Durango, Colorado, featuring "Films About Makers, and Makers Making Movies." The Maker movement galvanized in response to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic , with participants initially directing their skills toward designing Open Source ventilators. They subsequently targeted production of Personal protective equipment (PPE) . Disruption of supply chains

1302-855: The National Week of Making. The National Maker Faire will include participation from the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Energy, the Department of the Navy (Navy), the Institute of Museum and Library Services, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). At the time of this announcement,

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1364-655: The President also detailed the progress that had been made on the Nation of Makers. He announced, In addition to these developments, on June 17, 2016, the White House issued a press release, detailing the next steps the United States government will take to support the development and expansion of maker education. In 2015 the China Premier, Li Keqiang, decreed that makerspaces would be a part of China's economic development plan. This

1426-576: The Smith-Hughes Act that had the aim of reducing the United States reliance on foreign trade, the impetus for the Manual Training School was to provide students with training in making and craftsmanship that had "no immediate vocational goal". Today's maker education highlights students' potential to "change the world" and "let their imaginations run wild" while also emphasizing building students' entrepreneurship skills and ability to earn money by selling their inventions. That Arts and Crafts movement of

1488-1054: The United Kingdom. Said movements used distributed manufacturing methods; some cooperated with local government entities, local police and the national military to help locate supply shortages and manage distribution. Total production figures sides the maker community exceeded 48.3 million units produced, totaling a market value of about $ 271 million. The most-produced items included face shields (25 million), medical gowns (8 million) and face masks (6 million). The primary modes of production utilized were familiar tools like 3D printing , laser cutting or sewing machines , but multiple maker organizations scaled their production output by pooling funds to afford high-output methods like die cutting or injection molding . The maker movement has at times been criticized for not fulfilling its goals of inclusivity and democratization. Evgeny Morozov 's Making It in The New Yorker , challenging

1550-578: The United States and a makerspace in Shenzhen, China. Currently situated in a public space, Steam Head hosts meetings for the Shenzhen Maker Ed community. Steam Head provides free space for the education community to exchange information, collaborate, and share ideas. It brings together cross-sections of teachers, students, parents, educational industry professionals, hackers, artists, DIY enthusiasts, and educational innovators. Steam Head makerspaces

1612-401: The United States and abroad, there has also emerged criticism of the movement. Among the critics is Evgeny Morozov , a Belarusian writer and researcher, whose work focuses on the impact, both social and political, of technology. In his article published in The New Yorker , entitled, "Making It: Pick up a spot welder and join the revolution", Morozov criticizes Chris Anderson for "confusing

1674-471: The United States and around the world. Proponents of the maker movement cite the potential for making to bring more women to STEM fields and close the gender gap . Other potential benefits and goals for making include creating greater educational equity among students in public schools, and the possibility for making to be a driver in educational and societal change. Other educators and innovators have developed offshoot curriculum and technologies related to

1736-449: The White House, President Obama hosted the first ever White House Maker Faire in June, 2014, adopting the idea that Americans are a "Nation of Makers". On the Nation of Makers webpage, Americans are encouraged to join the movement, asserting that "empowering students and adults to create, innovate, tinker, and make their ideas and solutions into reality is at the heart of the Maker Movement". Since

1798-409: The basis of knowledge repositories and a central channel for information sharing and exchange of ideas, and focused through social meetings in shared spaces such as hackerspaces . Maker culture has attracted the interest of educators concerned about students’ disengagement from STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) in formal educational settings. Maker culture is seen as having

1860-479: The center stage of students' educational experiences." Penketh High School Became the first school in the United Kingdom to embedded maker education into the UK education system in 2018. The Obama administration has also strongly supported the growing maker movement as an integral part of STEM education, which it hopes will increase American students ability to compete globally in the areas of science, engineering, and math. At

1922-492: The cloud) and licensing agreements. Some example of cloud-based tools include online project repositories like Appropedia and thingiverse , version-controlled collaborative platforms like GitHub and wevolver, knowledge sharing platforms like instructables , HowToMake, wikipedia and other Wikis , including WikiHow and wikifab and platforms for distributed manufacturing like shapeways and 100k garages . Programmable microcontrollers and single-board computers like

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1984-518: The design process. Autodesk's Fusion 360 is free for start ups and individuals, and Onshape and Tinkercad are browser-based digital design software. Online project repositories make many parts available for digital fabrication—even for people who are unable to do their own design work. Opendesk is one example of a company which has made a business by designing and hosting projects for distributed digital fabrication. Patreon and Kickstarter are two examples of distributed funding platforms key to

2046-418: The exclusive domain of institutions—have made making on a personal scale accessible, following a logical and economic progression similar to the transition from minicomputers to personal computers in the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s. In 2005, Dale Dougherty launched Make magazine to serve the growing community, followed by the launch of Maker Faire in 2006. The term, coined by Dougherty, grew into

2108-602: The first of which (SpaceShop Rapid Prototyping Lab) resides at NASA Ames Research Center . In Europe the popularity of the labs is more prominent than in the US: about three times more labs exist there. Outside Europe and the US, the maker culture is also on the rise, with several hacker or makerspaces being landmarks in their respective cities' entrepreneurial and educational landscape. More precisely: HackerspaceSG in Singapore has been set up by

2170-518: The first-ever White House Maker Faire, the Obama administration has "continued to support opportunities for students to learn about STEM through making, expand the resources available for maker entrepreneurs, and foster the development of advanced manufacturing in the U.S." In summer 2015, the President announced the National Week of Making, June 17–23, to support the Nation of Makers. In 2016, President Obama renewed his commitment to maker education by continuing

2232-471: The future". Cloud computing describes a family of tools in service of the maker movement, enabling increased collaboration, digital workflow, distributed manufacturing (i.e. the download of files that translate directly into objects via a digitized manufacturing process) and sharing economy . This, combined with the open source movement, initially focused on software, has been expanding into open-source hardware , assisted by easy access to online plans (in

2294-607: The general public to spectate and interact with student exhibitions. In addition to bringing maker education to schools, scholars like Paulo Blikstein of Stanford University and Dennis Krannich of the University Bremen, in Germany, state that, "Digital fabrication and 'making,' and the positive social movement around them, could be an unprecedented opportunity for educators to advance a progressive educational agenda in which project-based, interest-driven, student-centered learning are at

2356-464: The history of the Web with the history of capitalism and ends by speculating about the future of the maker movement, which, on closer examination, is actually speculation on the future of capitalism". He also criticizes companies and organizations that were once committed to open source software for becoming acquired by for-profit companies and embroiled in copyright and trademark lawsuits. Morozov also criticizes

2418-627: The intersection of critical thinking and making , called critical making . In school models, such as the Lighthouse Community Charter, a charter school in Oakland, California, Aaron Van der Woorf, the robotics teacher leads the students in Maker Ed. At the Park School , in collaboration with Harvard's Project Zero, students hold a mini maker faire in school that also acts as a fundraiser for

2480-499: The late nineteenth century is sometimes also referenced in relationship with the maker movement. The Arts and Crafts movement, which originated in Britain before taking hold in Europe and North America, was anti-industrial, critical of machinery and factory production, advocating instead for a return to traditional craftsmanship. Since 2005, maker education has gained momentum in schools across

2542-764: The major types. This involves making scientific instruments for citizen science or open source labs . With the advent of low-cost digital manufacturing it is becoming increasingly common for scientists as well as amateurs to fabricate their own scientific apparatuses from open source hardware designs. Docubricks is a repository of open source science hardware. Examples of maker culture in food production include baking , homebrewing , winemaking , home roasting coffee , vegoil , pickling , sausage , cheesemaking , yogurt and pastry production. This can also extend into urban agriculture , composting and synthetic biology . Like many other craft objects, also clothing has traditionally been made at home. But within

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2604-522: The maker culture is closely associated with the rise of hackerspaces , fablabs and other "makerspaces", of which there are now many around the world, including over 100 each in Germany and the United States. Hackerspaces allow like-minded individuals to share ideas, tools, and skillsets. Some notable hackerspaces which have been linked with the maker culture include Artisan's Asylum , Dallas Makerspace, Noisebridge , NYC Resistor , Pumping Station: One, and TechShop . In addition, those who identify with

2666-791: The maker culture, also clothes has seen a resurgence. Clothes can include sew and no-sew DIY hacks, and pattern-sharing magazines and platforms, such as Burda Style . Especially the open source element has been picked up by a new generation of makers, creating open patterns and platforms for sharing patterns, sewing methods and construction techniques. Hacking has also been a popular reference to DIY clothing and up cycling. Clothing can also include knitted or crocheted clothing and accessories. Some knitters may use knitting machines with varying degrees of automatic patterning. Fully electronic knitting machines can be interfaced to computers running computer-aided design software. Arduino boards have been interfaced to electronic knitting machines to further automate

2728-454: The maker movement's major contributors financial relationship with DARPA , which made a $ 10 million grant to support maker education for high school students, and $ 3.5 million to TechShop to establish new makerspaces . While Morozov is one of the more vocal critics of maker education, he is not the only one. Debbie Chachra , associate professor at Olin College of Engineering, in her article in

2790-407: The maker movement. Maker culture is not all about new, digital technologies. Traditional and analog tools remain crucial to the movement. Traditional tools are often more familiar and accessible, which is key to maker culture. In many places and projects where digital fabrication tools are just not suitable, Hand tools are. Maker culture involves many types of making – this section reviews some of

2852-566: The mid-1940s, he built the Electronic Sackbut , now recognised to be one of the first synthesizers . In 1953, Robert Moog produced his own theremin design, and the following year he published an article on the theremin in Radio and Television News. In the same year, he founded RA Moog, selling theremins and theremin kits by mail order from his home. One of his customers, Raymond Scott , rewired Moog's theremin for control by keyboard, creating

2914-522: The movement's potential to actually disrupt or democratize innovation; and Will Holman 's The Toaster Paradox , about Thomas Thwaites ' the Toaster Project 's challenges to the DIY and "Maker impulse." Critical making can also be seen as an argument against or a comment on maker culture, which has been explored by Garnet Hertz , Eric Paulos , John Maeda , Matt Ratto and others. The primary argument

2976-403: The other people who do valuable work with and for others—above all, the caregivers—whose work isn't about something you can put in a box and sell". In "A more lovingly made world", by McKenzie Wark of The New School , Wark writes that the problem with maker culture is that makers don't actually make things, they assemble them. While this experience is satisfying and fun (and Wark does acknowledge

3038-442: The popular weblog Boing Boing . Boing Boing editor Cory Doctorow has written a novel, Makers , which he describes as being "a book about people who hack hardware, business-models, and living arrangements to discover ways of staying alive and happy even when the economy is falling down the toilet". In 2016 Intel sponsored a reality TV show— America's Greatest Makers —where 24 teams of makers compete for $ 1 million. Since 2006

3100-522: The potential to contribute to a more participatory approach and create new pathways into topics that will make them more alive and relevant to learners. Some say that the maker movement is a reaction to the de-valuing of physical exploration and the growing sense of disconnection with the physical world in modern cities. Many products produced by the maker communities have a focus on health (food), sustainable development , environmentalism and local culture , and can from that point of view also be seen as

3162-794: The process. Free People , a popular clothing retailer for young women, often hosts craft nights inside the doors of its Anthropologie locations. Maker cosmetics include perfumes , creams , lotions , shampoos , and eye shadow . Tool kits for maker cosmetics can include beakers , digital scales , laboratory thermometers (if possible, from -20 to 110 °C), pH paper , glass rods , plastic spatulas , and spray to disinfect with alcohol. Perfumes can be created at home using ethanol (96%, or even vodka or everclear ), essential oils or fragrance oils , infused oils , even flavour extracts (such as pure vanilla extract ), distilled or spring water and glycerine . Tools include glass bottles , glass jar , measuring cup / measuring spoons ,

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3224-598: The rise of cities, which will host 60% of the human population by 2030, hackerspaces, fablabs and makerspaces will likely gain traction, as they are places for local entrepreneurs to gather and collaborate, providing local solutions to environmental, social or economical issues. The Institute for the Future has launched in this regard Maker Cities as "an open and collaborative online game, to generate ideas about how citizens are changing work, production, governance, learning, well-being, and their neighborhoods, and what this means for

3286-505: The school. Some districts have also adopted maker education district-wide, such as the district of Elizabeth Forward , just south of Pittsburgh, which partnered with Carnegie Mellon to provide professional development for teachers through working with students on Maker Ed. Principals in Albemarle County schools cite Superintendent Pam Moran as instrumental in bringing maker education to their school district. School Maker Faires feature

3348-510: The subculture can be found at more traditional universities with a technical orientation, such as MIT and Carnegie Mellon University (specifically around " shop " areas like the MIT Hobby Shop and CMU Robotics Club). As maker culture becomes more popular, hackerspaces and Fab Labs are becoming more common in universities and public libraries. The federal government has started adopting the concept of fully open makerspaces within its agencies,

3410-412: The subculture has held regular events around the world, Maker Faire , which in 2012 drew a crowd of 120,000 attendees. Smaller, community driven Maker Faires referred to as Mini Maker Fairs are also held in various places where an O'Reilly-organised Maker Faire has not yet been held. Maker Faire provides a Mini Maker Faire starter kit to encourage the spread of local Maker Faire events. Following

3472-532: The team now leading the city-state's (and, arguably, South-East Asia's) most prominent accelerator JFDI.Asia. Lamba Labs in Beirut is recognized as a hackerspace where people can collaborate freely, in a city often divided by its different ethnic and religious groups. Xinchejian in Shanghai is China's first hackerspace, which allows for innovation and collaboration in a country known for its strong internet censorship. With

3534-484: The use of computer numeric control tools, as well as more traditional activities such as metalworking , woodworking , and, mainly, its predecessor, traditional arts and crafts . The subculture stresses a cut-and-paste approach to standardized hobbyist technologies , and encourages cookbook re-use of designs published on websites and maker-oriented publications. There is a strong focus on using and learning practical skills and applying them to reference designs. There

3596-623: The way in which his children are not hemmed in by gender expectations while playing at the Maker Faire), it doesn't teach the underlying principles required for the actual making of functional objects. It also does not, though Chris Anderson and Mark Hatch evoke Marx in their Maker manifestos, map accurately onto an understanding of labor, and certainly not the life of the laborer. Shirin Vossoughi and Paula K. Hooper of Northwestern University , and Meg Escude of Exploratorium , offer an in-depth look at

3658-520: The ways in which maker education reinforces educational inequality . They begin by offering Haitian writer, Edwidge Danticat 's commentary on making: "If you can't afford clothes, but you can make them--make them. You have to work with what you have, especially if you don't 'have a lot of money. You use creativity, and you use imagination." A Focus on Equity : However, researchers, such as Calabrese Barton and Tan, have argued that youth make in ways that promote new just social futures. The object of making

3720-728: Was a mounting problem, particularly in the early days of the pandemic, and compounded with the Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the medical sectors. The response was largely regional and spread across 86 countries on 6 continents, and coordinated their response, designs and shared insights with each other through intermediary organizations such as Tikkun Olam Makers , the Fab Fouhdation or Open Source Medical Supplies which included more than 70,000 people. National movements emerged in Germany, Brazil, Romania, France, Spain, India, and

3782-730: Was established by founding members Benjamin James Simpson, Carrie Leung, Luke Henderson, and Emma Cheung as a hub for educational research and development. As one of the first maker education spaces in Shenzhen, China, Steam Head traces its origins back to 2011, when it organized free language lessons for manufacturing workers in the Fujian and Guangdong provinces of China. In 2014, the organization began offering science and technology lessons to migrant children in Shenzhen. By 2015, they had partnered with Litchee Lab to create educational programs and workshops. In 2017, Steam Head relocated and established

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3844-570: Was followed by the government funding of hundreds of makerspaces across China. In the years that followed, many public and private schools opened school makerspaces where students could build and innovate, propelled by government sponsored makerspaces and international school makerspaces such as the Shenzhen American International School makerspace, makerSAIS, opened by SteamHead in 2014. Though maker education has been embraced by thousands of schools and school districts across

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