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92-694: Majuro ( / ˈ m æ dʒ ər oʊ / ; Marshallese : Mājro [mʲæzʲ(e)rˠo] ) is the capital and largest city of the Marshall Islands . It is also a large coral atoll of 64 islands in the Pacific Ocean . It forms a legislative district of the Ratak (Sunrise) Chain of the Marshall Islands. The atoll has a land area of 9.7 square kilometers (3.7 sq mi) and encloses a lagoon of 295 square kilometers (114 sq mi). As with other atolls in

184-506: A y , which does not otherwise exist in the Marshallese alphabet. One source of orthographic variation is in the representation of vowels. Pure monophthongs are written consistently based on vowel quality. However, short diphthongs may often be written with one of the two vowel sounds that they contain. (Alternate phonetic realizations for the same phonemic sequences are provided purely for illustrative purposes.) Modern orthography has

276-536: A Micronesian language spoken in the Marshall Islands . The language of the Marshallese people , it is spoken by nearly all of the country's population of 59,000, making it the principal language. There are also roughly 27,000 Marshallese citizens residing in the United States , nearly all of whom speak Marshallese, as well as residents in other countries such as Nauru and Kiribati . There are two major dialects,

368-438: A voiced fricative articulation as [ zʲ ] (or [ ʑ ] or [ ʝ ] ) but not when geminated . /tʲ/ is used to adapt foreign sibilants into Marshallese. In phonetic transcription, this article uses [ tʲ ] and [ zʲ ] as voiceless and voiced allophones of the same phoneme. Marshallese has no distinct /tʷ/ phoneme. The dorsal consonants /k ŋ kʷ ŋʷ/ are usually velar but with

460-491: A ] rather than cardinal [ ɑ ] for the open back unrounded vowel . Naan (2014) is the only reference providing a vowel trapezium for its own vowels, and differs especially from the other vowel models in splitting the front allophones of /i/ into two realizations ( [ ɪ ] before consonants and [ i ] in open syllables), merging the front allophones of /ɛ/ and /e/ as [ ɛ ] before consonants and [ e ] in open syllables, merging

552-445: A bias in certain spelling choices in which both possibilities are equally clear between two non-approximant consonants. In a syllable whose first consonant is rounded and whose second consonant is palatalized, it is common to see the vowel between them written as one of a ō ū , usually associated with a neighboring velarized consonant: The exception is long vowels and long diphthongs made up of two mora units, which are written with

644-409: A church and school on atoll in 1869. By 1876, agents of the firms Capelle & Co., Hernsheim & Co ., and Thomas Farrell were engaged in the copra trade on Majuro. After buying out Thomas Farrell's interests in 1877, New Zealand-based copra firm Henderson & Macfarlane had its regional headquarters on Majuro. Rival iroij Jebrik and Rimi fought waged war against each other for several years in

736-564: A collapse of the copra market in 1930, the plantations run by the Melanesia Company had to be sold at such a low price that not even the preferred main creditors - which included neither HASAG nor Hernsheim & Co. - could be satisfied. As part of the so-called "prior compensation", Hernsheim & Co. AG received a share of 900,000 Reichsmarks, - of their recognized claim for damages from the Weimar government. The former managing director for

828-402: A common test for phonemicity. For example, [mʲæ] ( mā , 'breadfruit'), [mʲɑ] ( ma , 'but'), and [mʲɒ] ( mo̧ , 'taboo') are separate Marshallese words. However, the uneven distribution of glide phonemes suggests that they underlyingly end with the glides (thus /mʲæj/ , /mʲæɰ/ , /mʲæw/ ). When glides are taken into account, it emerges that there are only 4 vowel phonemes. When

920-541: A different process, assuming the same height of whichever vowel is on the opposite side of that glide, forming a long vowel with it across the otherwise silent glide. Epenthetic vowels do not affect the rhythm of the spoken language, and can never be a stressed syllable. Phonetic transcription may indicate epenthetic vowels between two non-glides as non-syllabic, using IPA notation similar to that of semi-vowels . Certain Westernized Marshallese placenames spell out

1012-449: A front unrounded vowel [æ ɛ e i] , then a vowel allophone associated with the back unrounded vowels (notated in this article as [ɑ ʌ ɤ ɯ] ) may also occur in the vowel nucleus. Because the cumulative visual complexity of notating so many diphthongs in phonetic transcriptions can make them more difficult to read, it is not uncommon to phonetically transcribe Marshallese vowel allophones only as one predominant monophthongal allophone, so that

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1104-1211: A large consonant inventory, and each consonant has some type of secondary articulation ( palatalization , velarization , or rounding ). The palatalized consonants are regarded as "light", and the velarized and rounded consonants are regarded as "heavy", with the rounded consonants being both velarized and labialized . (This contrast is similar to that between "slender" and "broad" consonants in Goidelic languages , or between "soft" and "hard" consonants in Slavic languages .) The "light" consonants are considered more relaxed articulations. Although Marshallese has no voicing contrast in consonants, stops may be allophonically partially voiced ( [p → b] , [t → d] , [k → ɡ] ), when they are between vowels and not geminated . (Technically, partially voiced stops would be [p̬~b̥] , [t̬~d̥] , [k̬~ɡ̊] , but this article uses voiced transcriptions [ b ] , [ d ] , [ ɡ ] for simplicity.) Final consonants are often unreleased . Glides /j ɰ w/ vanish in many environments, with surrounding vowels assimilating their backness and roundedness . That

1196-600: A large part of the Western Pacific Ocean and the exploding operating costs to maintain traffic between the three main stations on Yap, Jaluit and Matupi forced the company to consolidate in October 1882. Instead of small drifters, the inter-island traffic was increasingly provided by cheaper sailing ships and the import and export to and from Europe were outsourced to charter vessels. In the New Britain Archipelago,

1288-436: A o ō o̧ , or as i before one of either u ū . The approximant is never written before any of ā e i . A stronger raised palatal glide [ i̯ ] , phonemically analyzed as the exotic un-syllabic consonant-vowel-consonant sequence /ji̯j/ rather than plain /j/ , may occur word-initially before any vowel and is written i . For historical reasons, certain words like io̧kwe may be written as yokwe with

1380-711: A second factory on the east coast of the island. In February 1880, at the beginning of another series of exploratory voyages, now with the smaller vessels Pacific and Alice , once again new stations were founded, now in the village of Pakail and on the port island of Nusa in northern New Ireland . These trade relations were extended by the agent Friedrich Schulle to the east coast of New Ireland (Kablaman, Butbut, Navangai, Lamerotte, Lagumbanje, Lauaru and Kapsu stations). Other reconnaissance trips by Eduard Hernsheim only saw sporadic establishment of new stations: Woleai atoll (formerly Uleai) in March 1878, Kosrae (formerly Kusaie) in

1472-519: A vowel phoneme appears between consonants with different secondary articulations, the vowel often surfaces as a smooth transition from one vowel allophone to the other. For example, jok 'shy', phonemically /tʲɛkʷ/ , is often realized phonetically as [tʲɛ͡ɔkʷ] . It follows that there are 24 possible short diphthongs in Marshallese: These diphthongs are the typical realizations of short vowels between two non-glide consonants, but in reality

1564-543: A vowel to separate the consonants, while Ralik adds a vowel before the consonants (and pronounced an unwritten consonant phoneme /j/ before the vowel). For example, the stem kkure 'play' becomes ikkure in Rālik Marshallese and kukure in Ratak Marshallese. Marshallese is the official language of the Marshall Islands and enjoys vigorous use. As of 1979, the language was spoken by 43,900 people in

1656-423: A word like /nʲæɰætʲ/ , the vowel transitions from [ æ ] to [ ɑ ] and then back to [ æ ] , as [nʲæ͡ɑɑ͡ætʲ] . In condensed phonetic transcription, the same word can be expressed as [nʲɑɑtʲ] or [nʲɑːtʲ] . Syllables in Marshallese follow CV, CVC, and VC patterns. Marshallese words always underlyingly begin and end with consonants. Initial, final, and long vowels may be explained as

1748-539: A word like [tʲɛ͡ɔkʷ] can be more simply transcribed as [tʲɔkʷ] , in a condensed fashion. Before Bender's (1968) discovery that Marshallese utilized a vertical vowel system, it was conventional to transcribe the language in this manner with a presumed inventory of 12 vowel monophthong phonemes, and it remains in occasional use as a more condensed phonetic transcription. This article uses phonemic or diphthongal phonetic transcriptions for illustrative purposes, but for most examples it uses condensed phonetic transcription with

1840-543: A year earlier. A single Japanese warrant officer had been left as a caretaker. With his capture, the islands were secured. This gave the U.S. Navy use of one of the largest anchorages in the Central Pacific . The lagoon became a large forward naval base, Naval Base Majuro , and was the largest and most active port in the world until the war moved westward when it was supplanted by Ulithi ( Yap , Federated States of Micronesia ). Following World War II, Majuro came under

1932-445: Is actually pronounced [rˠɯmˠɑːzʲɛlˠ] as if it were Rūm̧ajel‌̧ . In the most polished printed text, the letters L‌̧ l‌̧ M̧ m̧ N‌̧ n‌̧ O̧ o̧ always appear with unaltered cedillas directly beneath, and the letters Ā ā N̄ n̄ Ō ō Ū ū always appear with unaltered macrons directly above. Regardless, the diacritics are often replaced by ad hoc spellings using more common or more easily displayable characters. In particular,

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2024-631: Is an active port. It is one of the busiest tuna transshipment ports in the world, with 306,796 tons of tuna being moved from purse seine vessels to carrier vessels in 2018. The Marshall Islands Shipping Corporation was established by the Marshall Islands via the Marshall Islands Shipping Corporation Act 2004. It manages several government ships that move people and freight around the islands. These ships include three older ships (Langidrik, Aemman, and Ribuuk Ae), as well as two newer ships (Majuro, Kwajalein) which were donated to

2116-587: Is made up of three contiguous motus and had a population of 23,156 people at the 2021 census. Majuro has a port, shopping district, and various hotels. Majuro has an international airport with scheduled international flights to Hawaii, the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati , Guam , Nauru , and flights to domestic destinations around the country. Its economy is primarily service sector -dominated. Majuro Atoll consists of over 60 islands, three of which are larger than 0.5 km (0.2 sq mi). At

2208-437: Is motivated by the limited surface distribution of these phonemes as well as other evidence that backness and roundedness are not specified phonemically for Marshallese vowels. In fact, the consonant /ɰ/ never surfaces phonetically but is used to explain the preceding phenomenon. ( /j/ and /w/ may surface phonetically in word-initial and word-final positions and, even then, not consistently. ) Bender (1968) explains that it

2300-408: Is not more specific. The Marshallese-English Dictionary (MED) describes these as heavy dental nasals . Consonants /rʲ/ , /rˠ/ and /rʷ/ are all coronal consonants and full trills . /rˠ/ is similar to Spanish rr with a trill position just behind the alveolar ridge , a postalveolar trill [r̠ˠ] , but /rʲ/ is a palatalized dental trill [r̪ʲ] , articulated further forward behind

2392-413: Is not phonemic as the epenthetic vowel itself is not phonemic, but is still phonetically predictable given the two nearest other vowels and whether one or both of the cluster consonants are glides. Bender (1968) does not specifically explain the vowel heights of epenthetic vowels between two non-glides, but of his various examples containing such vowels, none of the epenthetic vowels has a height lower than

2484-539: Is supplied 12 hours daily. The threat of drought is commonplace. Marshall Islands International Airport , offering domestic and international services, is on Majuro. It is served by four passenger airlines: United Airlines , Nauru Airlines , Air Marshall Islands , and Asia Pacific Airlines . Air Marshall Islands flies to most of the Marshalls' inhabited atolls once a week. It offers daily service between Majuro and Kwajalein , except Thursdays and Sundays. Majuro Lagoon

2576-669: Is taught to all students. The 101-bed Majuro Hospital (officially the Leroij Atama Zedkeia Medical Center) is the main hospital for Majuro, as well as many of the outer islands. The country's only other major hospital is on Ebeye Island , the Leroij Kitlang Memorial Health Center. As of 2015, most of the 43 physicians employed by the Marshall Islands were located at the Majuro Hospital. The Laura and Rongrong Health Centers are also located on

2668-486: Is unrounded. Default outcomes of *l and *n are palatalized; they become velarized or rounded before *a or sometimes *o if there is no high vowel in an adjacent syllable. Then, roundedness is determined by the same rule as above. Marshallese is written in the Latin alphabet . There are two competing orthographies. The "old" orthography was introduced by missionaries. This system is not highly consistent or faithful in representing

2760-797: The Marshallese-English Online Dictionary (but not the print version), or MOD, uses the following characters: As of 2019, there are no dedicated precomposed characters in Unicode for the letters M̧ m̧ N̄ n̄ O̧ o̧ ; they must be displayed as plain Latin letters with combining diacritics , and even many Unicode fonts will not display the combinations properly and neatly. Although L‌̧ l‌̧ N‌̧ n‌̧ exist as precomposed characters in Unicode, these letters also do not display properly as Marshallese letters in most Unicode fonts. Unicode defines

2852-926: The Bismarck Archipelago ) in late-1884, Hernsheim & Co. reacted with a restructuring of their company possessions. The branches on the Marshall and Yap islands were merged with those of the DHPG to form the Jaluit Company (Jaluit-Gesellschaft) in December 1887. In contrast, the Matupi branch was outsourced, taken over by Eduard Hernsheim in sole responsibility and converted into the Hernsheim & Co. OHG in 1888/89. Following individual deliveries to SMS Habicht , Carola , Hyäne and Albatros , as well as to HMS Espiègle and Dart on

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2944-756: The German Empire annexed the atoll as part of the German Protectorate of the Marshall Islands in 1885. The city was later under Japanese and American administration. After the Marshall Islands broke away from the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978 to form the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Majuro became the new country's capital and meeting place of the Nitijeļā , supplanting the former capital of Jaluit . The main population center, Delap-Uliga-Djarrit (DUD),

3036-800: The Micronesian archipelago, Marshallese—along with the rest of the Micronesian language group—is not as closely related to the more ambiguously classified Oceanic language Yapese in Yap State , or to the Polynesian outlier languages Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro in Pohnpei State , and even less closely related to the non-Oceanic languages Palauan in Palau and Chamorro in the Mariana Islands . The Republic of

3128-705: The Ratak Chain of the eastern Marshall Islands. Lasty, a trading post was also probably founded on Ponape (formerly Pohnpei, on the Caroline Islands). From the middle of 1876, the agent J. T. Blohm made trade contacts with the Talilibai and Kabaira on northern beaches of the Gazelle Peninsula , as well as the district of Birara in the southern Blanche Bay, all in New Britain . By 1883, more stations were founded on

3220-635: The front teeth . The MED and Willson (2003) describe the rhotic consonants as " retroflex ", but are not clear how this relates to their dental or alveolar trill positions. (See retroflex trill .) This article uses [ rʲ ] , [ rˠ ] and [ rʷ ] in phonetic transcription. The heavy lateral consonants /lˠ/ and /lʷ/ are dark l like in English feel , articulated [ ɫ ] and [ ɫʷ ] respectively. This article uses [ lˠ ] and [ lʷ ] in phonetic transcription. The velarized consonants (and, by extension,

3312-744: The service sector , which composed 86% of the GDP in 2011. On September 15, 2007, Witon Barry, of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands' capital of Majuro, said power authorities, private companies and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as an alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles, power generators, and ships. Coconut trees abound in the Pacific's tropical islands. Copra from 6 to 10 coconuts makes 1 litre of oil. Air Marshall Islands has its headquarters in Majuro. The College of

3404-523: The seventh edition of the Micronesian Games , in 2010. It subsequently renounced its hosting rights, citing a lack of adequate infrastructure. In 2018, the Marshall Islands were awarded the 2022 Micro Games, and a new stadium is being built in Majuro. (In 2021, it was decided to move back the Games a year, to 2023.) The new stadium is also expected to host soccer matches, which will be a first step in forming

3496-685: The Bismarck Archipelago, Maximilian Thiel, now CEO in Hamburg, initially invested this sum in the Dutch East Indies . From 1928 he also participated in the production of palm oil in Edéa in French Cameroon . Because of further collapses in the copra and palm oil market, the company had to accept new heavy losses from 1930, so that a settlement was only possible through write-offs and the inclusion of

3588-940: The Caroline Islands in August 1878, Nauru in September 1878, Carcone in the Hermit Islands in June 1879 and Oberlark in the Laughlan Islands in the Louisiade Archipelago , beginning probably in 1881. Franz Hernsheim took over the management of the Jaluit business in 1877 and established in early 1878 a ship connection to the Gilbert Islands , over which copra purchases from the islands of Apamama, Aranuka and Kuria were introduced to

3680-424: The DHPG and E.E. Forsayth was applied by the new Hernsheim & Co. AG. The company operated labor-intensive plantations involving the importation of foreign workers in the grasslands near Rabaul and on their property on Makada (Duke of York Islands), as well as on Nusa, Nusalik and Pakail (New Ireland). Through expanding their palm tree cultivation in 1912 the company increased its share capital by M 600,000. After

3772-653: The English side, Hernsheim & Co. OHG was able to get a coal supply contract with the Imperial German Navy signed by the Hamburg parent company Robertson & Hernsheim with the British Royal Navy , extended repeatedly until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. This, as well as supply contracts with various small businesses and public entities in the German protectorate, including the Wesleyan Mission, allowed

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3864-592: The Gazelle Peninsula: Kurakaul, Ragunai, Kabaira, Vlavolo / Nogai and Pulpul / Kabaira (northern beaches), and Rolavio (the port island of Matupi, Blanche Bay), Ruluana, Urakukuni, Ululai, Lagumgum, Tarram and Tawana (bank of the Blanche Bay / District Birara). In June 1879, due to a malaria epidemic, the central station for the New Britain Archipelago was moved from Makada to Matupi. The existing station on there had its factory expanded, and supplemented by

3956-667: The Hamburg South Sea Company ( Hamburgische Südsee-Aktiengesellschaft , HASAG), Hernsheim & Co. acquired a stake in the London-based Melanesia Company Ltd., which had acquired parts of both German companies’ properties in New Guinea. As a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the Melanesia Company ran into trouble; a joint attempt by HASAG and Hernsheim & Co. to sell their shares failed. After

4048-625: The Hamburg parent company since December 1883. A cutthroat competition in the Marshall Islands with the German Trade and Plantation Company of the South Sea Islands of Hamburg ( Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen-Gesellschaft , DHPG) forced Hernsheim & Co. to unite their possessions there with those of their rivals. Upon the declaration of protectorate status by the German Empire over the New Kingdom Archipelago (renamed thereafter as

4140-517: The Marshall Islands contains 34 atolls that are split into two chains, the eastern Ratak Chain and the western Rālik Chain . These two chains have different dialects, which differ mainly lexically , and are mutually intelligible . The atoll of Ujelang in the west was reported to have "slightly less homogeneous speech", but it has been uninhabited since 1980. The Ratak and Rālik dialects differ phonetically in how they deal with stems that begin with double consonants. Ratak Marshallese inserts

4232-497: The Marshall Islands is located in Uliga. The University of South Pacific has a presence on Majuro. Marshall Islands Public School System operates public schools. High schools: Primary schools: In the 1994–1995 school year Majuro had 10 private elementary schools and six private high schools. There is a Seventh Day Adventist High School and Elementary School in Delap, where English

4324-546: The Marshall Islands' first-ever national soccer team. Weightlifter Mattie Langtor Sasser competed for the Marshall Islands in the 2016 Summer Olympics , participating in the Women's 58 kg category on August 8. Majuro is twinned with: Marshallese language Marshallese (Marshallese: Kajin M̧ajel‌̧ or Kajin Majōl [kɑzʲinʲ(i)mˠɑːzʲɛlˠ] ), also known as Ebon , is

4416-469: The Marshall Islands, Majuro consists of narrow land masses. It has a tropical trade wind climate , with an average temperature of 27 °C (81 °F). Majuro has been inhabited by humans for at least 2,000 years and was first settled by the Austronesian ancestors of the modern day Marshallese people . Majuro was the site of a Protestant mission and several copra trading stations in the 1870s, before

4508-581: The Marshall Islands, a status that it retains after the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association . The island was also the site of the Majuro Declaration , a declaration by the Pacific Islands Forum signed on September 5, 2013, to make a unified action on climate change adaptation and international aid. The major population centers are the D–U–D communities:

4600-625: The Marshall Islands. in 2020 the number was closer to 59,000. Additional groups of speakers in other countries including Nauru and the United States increase the total number of Marshallese speakers, with approximately 27,000 Marshallese-Americans living in the United States Along with Pohnpeian and Chuukese , Marshallese stands out among Micronesian languages in having tens of thousands of speakers; most Micronesian languages have far fewer. A dictionary and at least two Bible translations have been published in Marshallese. Marshallese has

4692-421: The Republic of the Marshall Islands by Japan in 2013. They also operate a landing craft ( Jelejeletae ). These vessels are the main link for transporting people and supplies to and from the outer islands . Additionally, the lagoon acts as a harbor for commercial fishing vessels, cruise ships , sport fishing boats, outrigger canoes and the occasional luxury yacht . Majuro was initially scheduled to host

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4784-517: The abstract nature of these phonemes differently, with Bender treating the front unrounded surface realizations as their relaxed state that becomes altered by proximity of velarized or rounded consonants, while Choi uses central vowel symbols in a neutral fashion to notate the abstract phonemes and completely different front , back and rounded vowel symbols for surface realizations. Bender (1968, 1969), MED (1976) and Willson (2003) recognize four vowel phonemes, but Choi (1992) observes only three of

4876-509: The added presence (+ATR) or absence (-ATR) of advanced tongue root . Bender (1968) assigns central vowel symbols for the surface realizations that neighbor velarized consonants, but the MED (1976), Choi (1992) and Willson (2003) largely assign back unrounded vowel symbols for these, with the exception that the MED uses [ ə ] rather than cardinal [ ɤ ] for the close-mid back unrounded vowel , and Choi (1992) and Willson (2003) use [

4968-446: The approximants are generally not articulated as glides, and Choi (1992) does not rule out a deeper level of representation. In particular, /V/ short vowels occupy one unit of time, and /VGV/ long vowels (for which /G/ is an approximant phoneme) are three times as long. As a matter of prosody , each /C/ consonant and /V/ vowel phonemic sequence carries one mora in length, with the exception of /C/ in /CV/ sequences where

5060-409: The atoll of Majuro. The Majuro Water and Sewer Company obtains water from a catchment basin on the International Airport runway. It supplies 140,000,000 US gallons (530,000,000 L; 120,000,000 imp gal) a year or 14 US gallons (53 L; 12 imp gal) per person per day. This compares with New York City's 118 US gallons (450 L; 98 imp gal) per person per day. Water

5152-417: The brothers Franz and Eduard Hernsheim in Sydney , Australia . The starting capital consisted of various trading stations already built by Eduard Hernsheim on Malakal ( Koror , Palau ), Nif and Tomil ( Caroline Islands ) and Niata ( Duke of York Islands ), and the schooner Coeran . Franz Hernsheim put in M 50,000. Ruben Jonas Robertson, an uncle of the Hernsheims, offered additional loans, together forming

5244-521: The central warehouse on Jabor from 1883/84 onwards. He lived on Jaluit and served as the German Consul. By 1885 at the German acquisition of the Marshalls he was still there, but left the island in January 1886 to return to Europe. For the business on Yap or St. David’s Island, in March 1878 and March 1880 the American captains C. P. Holcomb and D. D. O'Keefe were hired as general agents. However, these connections were resolved again in April 1884. The expansion of Hernsheim & Co.’s field of activity to

5336-400: The company to cross-finance its co-buyer business and give it a competitive edge ahead of DHPG and E.E. Forsayth. Increasing profits from 1888 onwards led to its conversion into a limited partnership in 1901 and finally, in 1909, into a corporation ( Aktiengesellschaft ) in the form of Hernsheim & Co. AG, based in Hamburg with a registered capital of 1.2 million marks. Maximilian Thiel

5428-402: The control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands . After the Marshall Islands broke away from the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978 to form the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Majuro became the new country's capital and meeting place of the Nitijeļā , the legislature of the Marshall Islands. It supplanted Jaluit Atoll as the administrative center of

5520-407: The diphthongs themselves are not phonemic, and short vowels between two consonants with different secondary articulations can be articulated as either a smooth diphthong (such as [ɛ͡ʌ] ) or as a monophthong of one of the two vowel allophones (such as [ɛ ~ ʌ] ), all in free variation. Bender (1968) also observes that when the would-be diphthong starts with a back rounded vowel [ɒ ɔ o u] and ends with

5612-400: The end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles , all possessions of Hernsheim & Co. AG in the former German New Guinea were confiscated by the Australian Mandate Authority . After the passing of the War Indemnification Law in 1928 the company received from Germany 13% of their recognized claim for damages in the sum of 14 million marks plus a rebuilding surcharge of 2%. Together with

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5704-414: The epenthetic vowels: Epenthetic vowels in general can be omitted without affecting meaning, such as in song or in enunciated syllable breaks. This article uses non-syllabic notation in phonetic IPA transcription to indicate epenthetic vowels between non-glides. The short vowel phonemes /æ ɛ e i/ and the approximant phonemes /j ɰ w/ all occupy a roughly equal duration of time. Though they occupy time,

5796-441: The first (unwritten) glide phoneme is dorsal rather than palatal. The spelling of grammatical affixes , such as ri- ( /rˠi-/ ) and -in ( /-inʲ/ ) is less variable despite the fact that their vowels become diphthongs with second member dependent on the preceding/following consonant: the prefix ri- may be pronounced as any of [rˠɯ͜i, rˠɯ, rˠɯ͜u] depending on the stem. The term Ri-M̧ajel‌̧ (" Marshallese people ")

5888-430: The highest of either of their nearest neighboring vowels, and the epenthetic vowel actually becomes /ɛ̯/ if the two nearest vowels are both /æ/ . Naan (2014) does not take the heights of epenthetic vowels between non-glides into consideration, phonetically transcribing all of them as a schwa [ ə ] . But when one of the consonants in a cluster is a glide, the height of the epenthetic vowel between them follows

5980-463: The hottest and the rainiest season. The atoll has been inhabited for at least 2,000 years by Austronesian peoples, including the ancestors of modern-day Marshallese residents. Archaeological excavations of um earth ovens at the Laura village on Majuro suggest habitation around the 1st century AD with a radiocarbon dating range of 93 BC to 127 AD. Protestant missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions established

6072-403: The islanders, but some traders continued selling weapons in spite of the prohibition, and the residents of Majuro refused to give up their firearms after the war between Jebrik and Rimi ended, because they feared invasion by neighboring islanders. The German Empire claimed Majuro Atoll as part of the German Protectorate of the Marshall Islands in 1885. As with the rest of the Marshalls, Majuro

6164-483: The islets of Delap – Uliga – Djarrit (listed from south to north, on the eastern edge of the atoll). Majuro had a population of 23,156 at the 2021 census. Most of the population is Christian. The majority are Protestant and follow the United Church of Christ (47%), Assembly of God (16%) and others such as Bukot Nan Jesus (5%), Full Gospel (3%), Reformed Congressional Church (3%), the Salvation Army (2%), Seventh-Day Adventist (1%), and Meram in Jesus (1%). 8% of

6256-411: The late 1870s and 1880s. Their uncle Lerok, the previous iroijlaplap of Majuro had wanted them to divide the atoll between them when he died, but Jebrik began a war for sole control. At least 10 islanders died in the conflict; the destruction of trees and crops caused a serious food shortage; and a slowdown in copra production caused Jebrik to take on debt for his war effort. In 1883, Cyprian Bridge of

6348-415: The letters as having a cedilla , but fonts usually display them with a comma below because of rendering expectations of the Latvian alphabet . For many fonts, a workaround is to encode these letters as the base letter L l N n followed by a zero-width non-joiner and then a combining cedilla, producing L‌̧ l‌̧ N‌̧ n‌̧ . Hernsheim %26 Co Hernsheim & Co. was founded in November 1875 by

6440-443: The most relevant short vowel allophones roughly corresponding to Marshallese orthography as informed by the MED. Some syllables appear to contain long vowels: naaj 'future'. They are thought to contain an underlying glide ( /j/ , /ɰ/ or /w/ ), which is not present phonetically. For instance, the underlying form of naaj is /nʲæɰætʲ/ . Although the medial glide is not realized phonetically, it affects vowel quality; in

6532-442: The number of trading stations was reduced and the exchange transaction was transferred to independent agents who regulated the traffic with local negotiators or suppliers in their own. From October 1885, through the partnership with Mouton, Dupré & Co. the former dealer Friedrich Schulle acted as a general agent for northern Gazelle Peninsula in New Ireland. The general agent for Yap was Robert Friedländer. He had been sent out by

6624-455: The only complete published Marshallese dictionary. Here is the current alphabet , as promoted by the Republic of the Marshall Islands . It consists of 24 letters. Marshallese spelling is based on pronunciation rather than a phonemic analysis. Therefore, backness is marked in vowels despite being allophonic (it does not change the meaning), and many instances of the glides /j ɰ w/ proposed on

6716-553: The parent company Robertson & Hernsheim in Hamburg . Between January and August 1876 Eduard Hernsheim conducted reconnaissance trips which led to the founding of Makada, the initial central station for the Bismarck Archipelago on the island Makada in the Duke of York Islands . A second central station, Jaluit, was founded for the Marshall Islands on the island of Jabor ( Jaluit Atoll ) followed. In addition, five dealers were contracted in

6808-474: The passing British warship HMS  Espiegle mediated a peace treaty. The fighting never resumed, but when HMS  Dart passed Majuro in 1884, Rimi was trying to persuade the iroij of Aur Atoll to join him in an attack on Jebrik. The British commander mediated peace and warned the iroij of Aur to stay out of the conflict. The commander of the Dart threatened to fine copra traders who had been selling weapons to

6900-404: The phonemes as having a stable quality, but theorizes that there may be a historical process of reduction from four to three, and otherwise ignores the fourth phoneme. For phonemic transcription of vowels, this article recognizes four phonemes and uses the front unrounded vowel /æ ɛ e i/ notation of the MED, following the approach of Bender (1969) in treating the front vowel surface realizations as

6992-419: The phonemic level are unwritten, because they do not surface as consonants phonetically. In particular, the glide /ɰ/ , which never surfaces as a consonant phonetically, is always unwritten. The letter w is generally used only in three situations: w is never written out word-finally or before another consonant. The palatal glide phoneme /j/ may also be written out but only as e before one of

7084-718: The phonemic level, and there are no distinct /pʷ mʷ/ phonemes. The pronunciation guide used by Naan (2014) still recognizes [p m] as allophone symbols separate from [pʲ pˠ mʲ mˠ] in these same conditions while recognizing that there are only palatalized and velarized phonemes. This article uses [pʲ pˠ mʲ mˠ] in phonetic transcriptions. The consonant /tʲ/ may be phonetically realized as [ tʲ ] , [t͡sʲ] , [ sʲ ] , [t͡ɕ] , [ ɕ ] , [ c ] , or [ ç ] (or any of their voiced variants [ dʲ ] , [d͡zʲ] , [ zʲ ] , [d͡ʑ] , [ ʑ ] , [ ɟ ] , or [ ʝ ] ), in free variation . Word-internally it usually assumes

7176-592: The population are Catholic , with the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of the Marshall Islands located in Majuro. Islamic influence has been increasing. There are a sizable number of Ahmadi Muslims. The first mosque opened in Majuro in September 2012. There are also LDS churches, Baptist churches, and Jehovah's Witnesses . Majuro's economy is driven by

7268-414: The representative phonemes. On the phonetic level, Bender (1968), MED (1976), Choi (1992), Willson (2003) and Naan (2014) notate some Marshallese vowel surface realizations differently from one another, and they disagree on how to characterize the vowel heights of the underlying phonemes, with Willson (2003) taking the most divergent approach in treating the four heights as actually two heights each with

7360-598: The results of underlying glides not present on the phonetic level. Initial vowels are sometimes realized with an onglide [ j ] or [ w ] but not consistently: Only homorganic consonant sequences are allowed in Marshallese, including geminate varieties of each consonant, except for glides. Non-homorganic clusters are separated by vowel epenthesis even across word boundaries. Some homorganic clusters are also disallowed: The following assimilations are created, with empty combinations representing epenthesis. The vowel height of an epenthetic vowel

7452-480: The rounded allophones of /ɛ/ and /e/ as [ o ] , and indicating the front allophone of /æ/ as a close-mid central unrounded vowel [ ɘ ] , a realization more raised even than the front allophone of the normally higher /ɛ/ . For phonetic notation of vowel surface realizations, this article largely uses the MED's notation, but uses only cardinal symbols for back unrounded vowels. Superficially, 12 Marshallese vowel allophones appear in minimal pairs ,

7544-459: The rounded consonants) may be velarized or pharyngealized like the emphatic consonants in Arabic or Mizrahi Hebrew . Marshallese has a vertical vowel system of just four vowel phonemes , each with several allophones depending on the surrounding consonants. On the phonemic level, while Bender (1969) and Choi (1992) agree that the vowel phonemes are distinguished by height , they describe

7636-485: The sounds of Marshallese, but until recently, it had no competing orthography. It is currently widely used, including in newspapers and signs. The "new" orthography is gaining popularity especially in schools and among young adults and children. The "new" orthography represents the sounds of the Marshallese language more faithfully and is the system used in the Marshallese–English dictionary by Abo et al., currently

7728-639: The tongue a little farther back [k̠ ɡ̠ ŋ̠ k̠ʷ ɡ̠ʷ ŋ̠ʷ] , making them somewhere between velar and uvular in articulation. All dorsal phonemes are "heavy" (velarized or rounded), and none are "light" (palatalized). As stated before, the palatal consonant articulations [ c ] , [ ɟ ] , [ ç ] and [ ʝ ] are treated as allophones of the palatalized coronal obstruent /tʲ/ , even though palatal consonants are physically dorsal. For simplicity, this article uses unmarked [k ɡ ŋ kʷ ɡʷ ŋʷ] in phonetic transcription. Bender (1969) describes /nˠ/ and /nʷ/ as being 'dark' r -colored, but

7820-437: The vowel carries one mora for both phonemes. All morae are thus measured in /CV/ or shut /C/ sequences: That makes Marshallese a mora-rhythmed language in a fashion similar to Finnish , Gilbertese , Hawaiian , and Japanese . Marshallese consonants show splits conditioned by the surrounding Proto-Micronesian vowels. Proto-Micronesian *k *ŋ *r become rounded next to *o or next to *u except in bisyllables whose other vowel

7912-423: The vowel quality closer to the phonetic nucleus of the long syllable: If the syllable is phonetically open, the vowel written is usually the second vowel in the diphthong: the word bwe [pˠɛ] is usually not written any other way, but exceptions exist such as aelōn̄ ( /ɰajɘlʲɘŋ/ [ɑelʲɤŋ] "land; country; island; atoll" ), which is preferred over * āelōn̄ because the a spelling emphasizes that

8004-509: The western Rālik and the eastern Ratak . Marshallese, a Micronesian language , is a member of the Eastern Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian languages . The closest linguistic relatives of Marshallese are the other Micronesian languages, including Gilbertese , Nauruan , Pohnpeian , Mokilese , Chuukese , Refaluwash , and Kosraean . Marshallese shows 50% lexical similarity with Gilbertese , Mokilese , and Pohnpeian . Within

8096-558: The western end of the atoll, about 50 kilometers (30 mi) from Delap-Uliga-Djarrit (DUD) by road, is the island community of Laura , an expanding residential area with a popular beach. Laura has the highest elevation point on the atoll, estimated at less than 3 meters (10 feet) above sea level . Djarrit is mostly residential. Being slightly north of the Equator , Majuro has a tropical rainforest climate ( Af ) but not an equatorial climate because trade winds are prevailing throughout

8188-625: The year though they are frequently interrupted during the summer months by the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the area. Typhoons are rare. Temperatures are extremely consistent throughout the course of the year with average temperatures around 27 °C (81 °F). The hottest month is only 0.4 degree Celcius hotter than the coldest month. Very rarely does the temperature fall below 21 °C (70 °F). Majuro sees roughly 3,200 millimeters (126 in) of precipitation annually, with fall (Sep - Nov) being both

8280-896: Was captured by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1914 during World War I and mandated to the Empire of Japan by the League of Nations in 1920. The island then became a part of the Japanese mandated territory of the South Seas Mandate ; although the Japanese had established a government in the Mandate, local affairs were mostly left in the hands of traditional local leaders until the start of World War II. On January 30, 1944, United States Armed Forces invaded, but found that Japanese forces had evacuated their fortifications to Kwajalein and Enewetak about

8372-680: Was in charge for new management on the Bismarck Archipelago which included the Admiralty Islands (Komuli and Manus stations), the Ninigo Islands , the Solomon Islands (Bouka and Choiseul stations), the St. Matthias Islands and the Portland Islands. Due to spacing issue the main station was relocated in 1912 from Matupi to Rabaul . An intensive plantation strategy in the same veins as those of

8464-460: Was once believed there were six bilabial consonants because of observed surface realizations, /p pʲ pʷ m mʲ mʷ/ , but he determined that two of these, /p m/ , were actually allophones of /pʲ mʲ/ respectively before front vowels and allophones of /pˠ mˠ/ respectively before back vowels. Before front vowels, the velarized labial consonants /pˠ mˠ/ actually tend to have rounded (labiovelarized) articulations [pʷ mʷ] , but they remain unrounded on

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