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36-1296: Coordinates : 33°12′N 111°48′E / 33.2°N 111.8°E / 33.2; 111.8 Late Cretaceous formation in China Majiacun Formation Stratigraphic range : late Coniacian - late Santonian ~ 86–85 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ [REDACTED] Location Type Geological formation Sub-units Unit 2 Underlies Sigou Formation Overlies Gaogou Formation Lithology Primary Mudstone , siltstone Other Sandstone , conglomerate Location Coordinates 33°12′N 111°48′E / 33.2°N 111.8°E / 33.2; 111.8 Approximate paleocoordinates 33°12′N 104°18′E / 33.2°N 104.3°E / 33.2; 104.3 Region Henan , Hubei Country [REDACTED] China Extent Xixia Basin [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Majiacun Formation (China) Show map of China [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Majiacun Formation (Henan) Show map of Henan The Majiacun Formation
72-502: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
108-456: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
144-588: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
180-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
216-430: A tail of thirty-six vertebrae have been preserved, together with a partial ischium , a forelimb and a hindlimb. The describers considered Nanyangosaurus to be of Albian age because of its primitiveness, but the type horizon is now believed to be Turonian-Campanian in age based on plant and invertebrate fossils. Nanyangosaurus was a rather small euornithpod with an estimated length of four to five metres. The length of
252-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
288-475: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
324-519: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
360-2241: Is a Santonian to Coniacian geologic formation in China. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. Paleofauna [ edit ] Bactrosaurus (remains originally known as Bakesaurus ) Mosaiceratops azumai Xixiasaurus henanensis Xixianykus zhangi Yunxianosaurus hubeinensis Zhanghenglong yangchengensis Baryonychinae indet. ? (possibly an indeterminate theropod due to no shared synapomorphies present) Fossil eggs Dendroolithus sanlimiaoensis Prismatoolithus gebiensis Ovaloolithus sp. Spheroolithus sp. Nanyangosaurus zhugeii Youngoolithus xiaguanensis Ichnofossils Scoyenia sp. See also [ edit ] List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with few dinosaur genera References [ edit ] ^ Majiacun Formation at Fossilworks .org ^ Li, Z. (2001). "Distribution, burying and classification of dinosaur fossils in Upper Cretaceous strata at Meipu Town, Yunxian County of Hubei Province". Hubei Geology & Mineral Resources . 15 (4): 25–31. ^ Zhou, S.Q.D. (2005). The Dinosaur Egg Fossils in Nanyang, China . China University of Geosciences Press. pp. 1–145. ISBN 978-7-562-52033-7 . ^ Harris, Jerry D., 2006. "New Dinosaurs?" ^ Zheng et al., 2015 ^ Lü et al., 2010 ^ Xu et al., 2010 ^ Li, Zhengqi. (2001). Distribution, burying and classification of dinosaur fossils in Upper Cretaceous strata at Meipu Town, Yunxian County of Hubei Province. Hubei Geology & Mineral Resources , 15 (4)(Total No 37): 25-31. [1] ^ Xing et al., 2014 ^ Hone et al., 2010 ^ Zhou & Feng, 2002 ^ Liang et al., 2009 ^ Zhao, 1979 Bibliography [ edit ] Tan, Q.-W.; Xing, H.; Hu, Y.-G.; Tan, L.; Xing, X. (2015), "New hadrosauroid material from
396-611: Is a genus of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur belonging to Hadrosauroidea that lived in the Late Cretaceous of present-day Henan Province , China . In 1994 the remains of Nanyangosaurus were found near the village of Houzhuang , in Neixiang county in Henan . The type species , Nanyangosaurus zhugeii , was described by Xu Xing , Zhao Xijin , Lü Junchang , Huang Wanbo , Li Zhanyang and Dong Zhiming in 2000. The generic name
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#1732856082578432-522: Is derived from the city of Nanyang . The specific name honours one of the most famous historic inhabitants of that city, the legendary strategist Zhuge Liang . The specimen, holotype IVPP V 11821 , was excavated in the Xiaguan Formation dating to the Turonian - Campanian stages. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. Eight posterior dorsal vertebrae, a sacrum of six vertebrae and
468-411: Is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms
504-452: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
540-633: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Nanyangosaurus Nanyangosaurus
576-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
612-471: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
648-419: The femur is 517 millimetres. The forelimbs were relatively long with a long hand. The first digit of the hand was completely absent including the first metacarpal ; according to the describers this was not an accident of preservation but the actual condition of the living animal. The species would then not have possessed the thumb spike typical of its relatives. According to a cladistic analysis performed by
684-515: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
720-499: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
756-708: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
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#1732856082578792-524: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
828-539: The Late Cretaceous of Henan Province, China", PLoS ONE , 9 (6): e98821, Bibcode : 2014PLoSO...998821X , doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0098821 , PMC 4047018 , PMID 24901454 Hone; Xu; Wang (2010), "A probable baryonychine (Theropoda: Spinosauridae) tooth from the Upper Cretaceous of Henan Province, China", Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 48 : 19–26 Lü, J.; Xu, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Jia, S.; Ji, Q. (2010), "A new troodontid theropod from
864-874: The Late Cretaceous of central China, and the radiation of Asian troodontids", Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 55 (3): 381–388, doi : 10.4202/app.2009.0047 Xu, X.; Wang, D.-Y.; Sullivan, C.; Hone, D. W. E.; Han, F.-L.; Yan, R.-H.; Du, F.-M. (2010), "A basal parvicursorine (Theropoda: Alvarezsauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of China", Zootaxa , 2413 : 1–19, doi : 10.11646/zootaxa.2413.1.1 Liang, X.; Wen, S.; Yang, D.; Zhou, S.; Wu, S. (2009), "Dinosaur eggs and dinosaur egg-bearing deposits (Upper Cretaceous) of Henan Province, China: Occurrences, palaeoenvironments, taphonomy and preservation", Progress in Natural Science , 19 (11): 1587–1601, Bibcode : 2009PNSMI..19.1587L , doi : 10.1016/j.pnsc.2009.06.012 Zhou, S.-q.; Feng, Z.-j. (2002), "Studies on
900-736: The Upper Cretaceous Majiacun Formation of Hubei Province, central China", Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 53 : 245–264 Zheng, W.; Jin, X.; Xu, X. (2015), "A psittacosaurid-like basal neoceratopsian from the Upper Cretaceous of central China and its implications for basal ceratopsian evolution", Scientific Reports , 5 : 14190:1–9, Bibcode : 2015NatSR...514190Z , doi : 10.1038/srep14190 , PMC 4585677 , PMID 26388024 Xing, H.; Wang, D.; Han, F.; Sullivan, C.; Ma, Q.; He, Y.; Hone, D. W. E.; Yan, R.; Du, F.; Xu, X. (2014), "A New Basal Hadrosauroid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) with Transitional Features from
936-528: The basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for
972-566: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
1008-613: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
1044-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
1080-468: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
1116-749: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
Majiacun Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
1188-579: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
1224-460: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
1260-1048: The occurrence beds of Oölithus and their relations to the upper-lower boundaries in Henan province", Resources Survey & Environment , 23 : 68–76 Zhao, Z (1979), "Discovery of the dinosaurian eggs and footprint from Neixiang county, Henan province", Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 17 : 304–309 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majiacun_Formation&oldid=1258344755 " Categories : Geologic formations of China Upper Cretaceous Series of Asia Cretaceous China Santonian Stage Coniacian Stage Mudstone formations Sandstone formations Fluvial deposits Ichnofossiliferous formations Ooliferous formations Paleontology in Henan Paleontology in Hubei Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description
1296-507: The same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
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