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44-571: The Pan-Philippine Highway , also known as the Maharlika Highway ( Tagalog : Daang Maharlika ; Cebuano : Dalang Halangdon ), is a network of roads, expressways, bridges, and ferry services that connect the islands of Luzon , Samar , Leyte , and Mindanao in the Philippines , serving as the country's principal transport backbone. Measuring 3,379.73 kilometers (2,100.07 mi) long excluding sea routes not counted by highway milestones, it

88-634: A concept of serenity and peace". The modern use of maharlika persists in original Philippine music (OPM), notably in the lyrics of " Ako ay Pilipino ", a song commissioned by Ferdinand Marcos' First Lady, Imelda Marcos . The word maharlika is used by the semi-professional basketball league Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League , and the football club Maharlika Manila F.C. of the Philippines Football League . Freedman Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become plebeian citizens . The act of freeing

132-788: A cooperative project which seeks to improve highway systems and standards across the continent. Ratified by the Philippines in 2007, it is currently the only highway in the system that is isolated from every other highway; island-based sections of the Asian Highway Network in Japan ( AH1 ), Sri Lanka ( AH43 ) and Indonesia ( AH2 ) are all linked to the mainland sections by ferries to South Korea ( AH1 ), India ( Dhanushkodi ), and Singapore , respectively. Despite its isolation, it can be linked internationally via ferry routes such as Laoag– China and Zamboanga– Malaysia . AH26 officially runs along

176-451: A freedman would be born free, with full rights of citizenship. The Claudian Civil Service set a precedent whereby freedmen could be used as civil servants in the Roman bureaucracy . In addition, Claudius passed legislation concerning slaves, including a law stating that sick slaves abandoned by their owners became freedmen if they recovered. The emperor was criticized for using freedmen in

220-468: A slave was called manumissio , from manus , "hand" (in the sense of holding or possessing something), and missio , the act of releasing. After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom (libertas) , including the right to vote. A slave who had acquired libertas was known as a libertus ("freed person", feminine liberta ) in relation to his former master, who

264-680: A warrior class (which were minor nobility) of the Tagalog people , directly equivalent to Visayan timawa . Like timawa , the term also has connotations of "freeman" or "freed slave" in both Filipino and Malay languages. In some Indo-Malayan languages, as well as the languages of the Muslim areas of the Philippines , the cognates mardika , merdeka , merdeheka , and maradika mean "freedom" or "freemen" (as opposed to servitude). The Malay term mandulika , also meant "governor". The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas), whose name comes from

308-507: Is a caricature of such a freedman. The term "Eastern slave trade" refers to the Arab slave trade that supplied the early Muslim conquests throughout the Arab - Muslim world from the 7th to the 20th centuries, peaking in the 18th and 19th centuries. This term, which covers the Arab-Muslim slave trade, is symmetrical with the term "Western slave trade", which refers to the triangular trade on

352-520: Is applied only up to Carmen, Davao del Norte at the south, thus covering only about 2,100 kilometers (1,300 mi) or about 62% of the highway's entire length. In 1998, the Department of Tourism designated 35 sections of the highway as " Scenic Highways ", with developed amenities for travelers and tourists. The Pan-Philippine Highway is designated as AH26 in the Asian Highway Network ,

396-761: Is the longest road in the Philippines that forms the country's north–south backbone component of National Route 1 (N1) of the Philippine highway network . The entire highway is designated as Asian Highway 26 ( AH26 ) of the Asian Highway Network . The northern terminus of the highway is in front of the Ilocos Norte Provincial Capitol in Laoag and the southern terminus is near the Zamboanga City Hall in Zamboanga City . The Pan-Philippine Highway System

440-562: The American Civil War . They supported the Confederacy during the war, supplying some warriors in the West, as they were promised their own state if the Confederacy won. After the end of the war, the U.S. required these tribes to make new peace treaties, and to emancipate their African slaves. They were required to offer full citizenship in their tribes to those freedmen who wanted to stay with

484-518: The Bukidnon did not inherit their positions, but were acquired through martial prowess. After the Spanish conquest, the Spanish translated the name maharlika as Hidalgos (or libres ). The term maharlika is a loanword from Sanskrit maharddhika (महर्द्धिक), a title meaning "man of wealth, knowledge, or ability". Contrary to modern definitions, it did not refer to the ruling class, but rather to

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528-455: The Eurasian steppes . The offspring of Mamluks were regarded as Muslim freedmen, and hence excluded from the Arab-Muslim slave trade; they were known as the awlād al-nās ("sons of respectable people"), who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk ḥalqa troops, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world . In

572-617: The Horn of Africa , and the islands of the Indian Ocean . For centuries, Arab-Muslim slave traders took and transported an estimated 10 to 15 million native Africans to slavery throughout the Arab - Muslim world . They also enslaved Europeans (known as Saqaliba ), as well as Caucasian and Turkic peoples, from coastal areas of the Mediterranean Region , the Balkans , Central Asia , and

616-818: The Western coasts of Africa that supplied the European colonization of the Americas , and which includes the Atlantic slave trade . The slaves of the Eastern slave trade came mainly from Sub-Saharan Africa , Northwestern Africa , Southern Europe , Slavic countries , the Caucasus , and the Indian subcontinent , and were imported by the Arab-Muslim slave traders into the Middle East and North Africa ,

660-553: The history of the United States , the terms "freedmen" and "freedwomen" refer chiefly to former African slaves emancipated during and after the American Civil War by the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . African slaves freed before the war (usually by individual manumissions , often in wills ) were generally referred to as "free Negroes" or "free Blacks". In addition, there

704-633: The maharlika were obligated to provide and prepare weapons at their own expense and answer the summons of the datu , wherever and whenever that might be, in exchange for a share in the war spoils ( ganima ). They accompanied their ruler in battles as comrades-at-arms and were always given a share. 1/5 of the spoils goes to the Ginoo and the 4/5 will be shared among the Maharlikans who participated, who in turn will subdivide their shares to their own warriors. The maharlika may also occasionally be obligated to work on

748-529: The timawa were free to change allegiances at any time, as exemplified by the action of Rajah Humabon upon the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan . The earliest appearance of the term is manlica mentioned in the Boxer Codex with the meaning of "freeman". The only other contemporary account of the maharlika class was by the Franciscan friar Juan de Plasencia in the 16th century. He distinguished them from

792-534: The "Civil War Amendments" or the " Reconstruction Amendments ". To help freedmen transition from slavery to freedom, including a free labor market, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln created the Freedmen's Bureau , which assigned agents throughout the former Confederate states. The Bureau also founded schools to educate freedmen, both adults and children; helped freedmen negotiate labor contracts; and tried to minimize violence against freedmen. The era of Reconstruction

836-498: The "New Society Movement" ( Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ) era in the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos used the word maharlika to promote an authoritarian view of Filipino nationalism under martial law , claiming that it referred to the ancient Filipino nobility and included the kings and princes of ancient Philippine society. Marcos was influential in making "maharlika" a trendy name for streets, edifices, banquet halls, villages and cultural organizations. Marcos himself utilized

880-530: The Confederacy —states in rebellion and not under the control of the Union —to be permanently free. It did not end slavery in the four border states that had stayed in the Union. African slavery elsewhere was abolished by state action or with the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in December 1865. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 , passed over the veto of U.S. President Andrew Johnson , gave

924-633: The Imperial Courts. Some freedmen enjoyed enormous success and became quite wealthy. The brothers who owned House of the Vettii , one of the biggest and most magnificent houses in Pompeii , are thought to have been freedmen. A freedman who became rich and influential might still be looked down on by the traditional aristocracy as a vulgar nouveau riche . Trimalchio , a character in the Satyricon of Petronius ,

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968-537: The South via military districts enacted by the Reconstruction Acts ; they protected freedmen in voting polls and public facilities from violence and intimidation by white Southerners, which were common throughout the region. The Cherokee Nation , Choctaw Nation , Chickasaw Nation , Seminole Nation of Oklahoma , and Creek Nation were among those Native American tribes that held enslaved Africans before and during

1012-654: The Spanish in the communities of Ternate and Tanza , Cavite , Manila in 1663 when the Spanish evacuated the islands under threat of invasion by the Dutch-allied Muslim sultanates. The name of the Mardijker people of Batavia also comes from the same etymon, and referred to freed slaves and servants under Dutch rule who were composed largely of Portuguese-speaking Catholic Goans , Moluccan Merdicas, and Filipinos (the Papangers ) captured by Moro raiders . During

1056-509: The United Kingdom and Europe voluntarily, planning to settle in Australia, some as pastors and missionaries, others seeking to make a living by trade or farming. When convicts finished their sentence, they were freed and referred to as "freedmen" or "freed men". However, many of these who were freed wanted to claim the label "free men". But those who had come freely to Australia wanted to reserve

1100-519: The construction of 11,333 bridges, comprising the entire system. It is a mixture of old existing roads and new roads that would be eventually added to become part of the highway. Government planners believed that the motorway and other connected roads would stimulate agricultural production by reducing transport costs, encourage social and economic development outside existing major urban centers such as Manila , and expand industrial production for domestic and overseas markets. Construction, which continued in

1144-504: The following decades, was supported by loans and grants from foreign aid institutions, including the World Bank . In 1979, the highway was renamed to Maharlika Highway. The highway was rehabilitated and improved in 1997, during the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos , with assistance from the Japanese government , and dubbed the "Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway". Japan's assistance

1188-475: The following thoroughfares: Alternatively, AH26 runs along the following thoroughfares: Pan-Philippine Highway also has alternative names, especially locally within the poblacion of respective town and cities. Maharlika The maharlika ( Baybayin pre-virama: ᜋᜑᜎᜒᜃ meaning freeman or freedman ) were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society in Luzon , the Philippines . They belonged to

1232-404: The formerly enslaved peoples full citizenship in the United States , though this did not guarantee them voting rights. The 14th Amendment made "All persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the United States. The 15th Amendment gave voting rights to all adult males; only adult males had the franchise among White Americans . The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments are known as

1276-507: The hereditary nobility class of the Tagalogs (the maginoo class, which included the datu ). The historian William Henry Scott believes that the class originated from high-status warriors who married into the maginoo blood or were perhaps remnants of the nobility class of a conquered line. Similar high-status warriors in other Philippine societies like that of the Bagobo ,Higaonon Sugbohanon and

1320-411: The hoax linked with Marcos historical distortionism falsely claimed that the whole Philippine archipelago had once been a single "Maharlika Kingdom," and that Marcos' alleged personal wealth came about because the so-called royal family of this kingdom had hired Marcos as their lawyer in the days after World War II, paying him " 192 thousand tons of gold " for his legal services. Senator Eddie Ilarde

1364-541: The lands of the datu and assist in projects and other events in the community. Unlike the timawa , however, the maharlika were more militarily-oriented than the timawa nobility of the Visayas . While the maharlika could change allegiances by marriage or by emigration like the timawa , they were required to host a feast in honor of their current datu and paid a sum ranging from six to eighteen pieces of gold before they could be freed from their obligations. In contrast,

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1408-505: The lower nobility class similar to the timawa of the Visayan people . In modern Filipino , however, the word has come to refer to aristocrats or to royal nobility, which was actually restricted to the hereditary maginoo class. The maharlika were a martial class of freemen. Like the timawa , they were free vassals of their datu who were exempt from taxes and tribute but were required to provide military service. In times of war,

1452-700: The north of the island. Some went first to Spanish-ruled Cuba , from where they immigrated to New Orleans in 1808 and 1809 after being expelled when Napoleon invaded Spanish territories in Western Europe . Many brought slaves with them. Their numbers strengthened the French-speaking community of enslaved African peoples, as well as the free people of color. Other refugees from Saint-Domingue settled in Charleston , Savannah , and New York . The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 declared all enslaved peoples in

1496-679: The original group). In addition to arguing that the post-Civil War treaties gave them citizenship, the freedmen have argued that the Dawes Rolls were often inaccurate, recording as freedmen even those individuals who had partial Cherokee ancestry and were considered Cherokee by blood. The Choctaw freedmen and Creek freedmen have similarly struggled with their respective tribes over the terms of citizenship in contemporary times. The tribes have wanted to limit those who can benefit from tribal citizenship, in an era in which gaming casinos are yielding considerable revenues for members. The majority of members of

1540-706: The same etymon , were also the Catholic native inhabitants of the islands of Ambon , Ternate , and Tidore of the Moluccas in modern-day Indonesia, converted during the Portuguese and Spanish occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. Most were enslaved or expelled to Batavia (modern Jakarta ) and Java when the Dutch Empire conquered Ambon in 1605. The remaining Catholic natives in Ternate and Tidore were resettled by

1584-450: The tribes have voted to limit membership. Descendants of freedmen, however, maintain that their rights to citizenship granted under the post-Civil War treaties should be restored. In 2017, the Cherokee freedmen were granted citizenship again in the tribe. Many convicted people from the United Kingdom were sentenced to be transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. Also, many came from

1628-560: The tribes. Numerous families had intermarried by that time or had other personal ties. If freedmen left the tribes, they would become U.S. citizens. In the late 20th century, the Cherokee Nation voted for restrictions on membership to only those descendants of people listed as "Cherokee by blood" on the Dawes Rolls of the early 20th century, a decision that excluded most Cherokee Freedmen (by that time this term referred to descendants of

1672-484: The word to christen a highway , a broadcasting corporation, and the reception area of Malacañang Palace . Marcos's use of the word started during World War II . Marcos claimed that he had commanded a group of guerrillas known as the Maharlika Unit. Marcos also used Maharlika as his personal nom de guerre , depicting himself as the most bemedalled anti-Japanese Filipino guerrilla soldier during World War II. In

1716-486: The years before the martial law period in the Philippines, Marcos commissioned a film entitled Maharlika to be based on his "war exploits". However, critic Ernie M. Hizon of the Manila Standard noted that the film does not actually depict any of the details from Marcos' alleged exploits during World War II, but is instead a "run-of-the-mill Hollywood war film populated by third-class actors." A later variant of

1760-546: Was a population of African Americans born free. In addition, there were sizable communities of free peoples of African descent in the French Caribbean colonies , such as Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe . Due to the violence of the Haitian Revolution , many free people of color, who were originally part of the revolution, fled the island as refugees after being attacked by slave rebels , particularly in

1804-562: Was an attempt to establish new governments in the former Confederacy and to bring freedmen into society as voting citizens. Northern church bodies, such as the American Missionary Association and the Free Will Baptists , sent teachers to the South to assist in educating freedmen and their children, and eventually established several colleges for higher education. U.S. Army occupation soldiers were stationed throughout

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1848-483: Was an infrastructure program of President Diosdado Macapagal as a first priority project for the improvement and expansion of Philippine highway and land transport networks. It was stated in his final State of the Nation Address in 1965 that the project requires the concreting of 3,003 kilometers (1,866 mi) from 1965 to 1969, which continued into the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos . This included

1892-489: Was called his or her patron ( patronus ) . As a social class, freed slaves were liberti , though later Latin texts used the terms libertus and libertini interchangeably. Libertini were not entitled to hold public office or state priesthoods , nor could they achieve legitimate senatorial rank . During the early Empire, however, freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy, so much so that Hadrian limited their participation by law. Any future children of

1936-423: Was the first to propose to rename the Philippines into "Maharlika" in 1978, citing the need to honor the country's ancient heritage before the Spanish and Americans occupied the country. Ferdinand Marcos was in favor of changing the name of the Philippines into "Maharlika", thinking it meant "nobility", as a symbol of nationalism. In 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte reiterated the idea, thinking that it means "more of

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