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22-481: It is operated by the Rwanda Correctional Service (RCS, Kinyarwanda : Urwego rw’u Rwanda rushinzwe Igorora , French : Service Correctionnel du Rwanda ). Mageragere Prison was created in 2016 with the consolidation of two distinct correctional facilities. The two consolidated prisons are: Mageragere Prison was constructed with a planned occupancy between 8,000 - 10,000 inmates. Mageragere Prison

44-514: A distinction between voiced and voiceless obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives). This is the case in nearly all Australian languages , and is widespread elsewhere, for example in Mandarin Chinese , Korean , Danish , Estonian and the Polynesian languages . In many such languages, obstruents are realized as voiced in voiced environments, such as between vowels or between a vowel and

66-552: A nasal, and voiceless elsewhere, such as at the beginning or end of the word or next to another obstruent. That is the case in Dravidian and Australian languages and in Korean but not in Mandarin or Polynesian. Usually, the variable sounds are transcribed with the voiceless IPA letters, but for Australian languages, the letters for voiced consonants are often used. It appears that voicelessness

88-420: A variety of morphophonological changes in the preceding segment) and the subjunctive (ending in the morpheme -e ). According to Botne (1983), a verb may belong to any of eight Aktionsart categories, which may be broadly grouped into stative and dynamic categories. In the immediate tense, dynamic verbs take the imperfective stem while stative verbs take the perfective stem, while both use the imperfective stem in

110-548: Is a type of phonation , which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies voicing and that voicelessness is the lack of phonation. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) has distinct letters for many voiceless and modally voiced pairs of consonants (the obstruents ), such as [p b], [t d], [k ɡ], [q ɢ], [f v], and [s z] . Also, there are diacritics for voicelessness, U+ 0325 ◌̥ COMBINING RING BELOW and U+ 030A ◌̊ COMBINING RING ABOVE , which

132-671: Is also spoken in adjacent parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda , where the dialect is known as Rufumbira or Urufumbira . Kinyarwanda is universal among the native population of Rwanda and is mutually intelligible with Kirundi , the national language of neighbouring Burundi. Kinyabwishya and Kinyamulenge are mutually intelligible dialects spoken in the North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo. In 2010,

154-416: Is insufficient to sustain it, and if the vocal folds open, that is only from passive relaxation. Thus, Polynesian stops are reported to be held for longer than Australian stops and are seldom voiced, but Australian stops are prone to having voiced variants (L&M 1996:53), and the languages are often represented as having no phonemically voiceless consonants at all. In Southeast Asia , when stops occur at

176-914: Is less noisy than the voiceless lateral fricative /ɬ/ in Welsh ; it contrasts with a modally voiced /l/ . Welsh contrasts several voiceless sonorants: /m, m̥/ , /n, n̥/ , /ŋ, ŋ̊/ , and /r, r̥/ , the last represented by "rh". In Moksha , there is even a voiceless palatal approximant /j̊/ (written in Cyrillic as ⟨ й х ⟩ jh ) along with /l̥/ and /r̥/ (written as ⟨ л х⟩ lh and ⟨ р х⟩ rh ). The last two have palatalized counterparts /l̥ʲ/ and /r̥ʲ/ ( ⟨л ь х⟩ and ⟨рьх⟩ ). Kildin Sami has also /j̊/ ⟨ ҋ ⟩ . Contrastively voiceless vowels have been reported several times without ever being verified (L&M 1996:315). Many languages lack

198-465: Is normally pronounced [ɾɡw] . The differences are the following: These are all sequences; [bɡ] , for example, is not labial-velar [ ɡ͡b ] . Even when Rwanda is pronounced [ɾwaːnda] rather than [ɾɡwaːnda] , the onset is a sequence, not a labialized [ɾʷ] . Kinyarwanda uses 16 of the Bantu noun classes . Sometimes these are grouped into 10 pairs so that most singular and plural forms of

220-484: Is not a single phenomenon in such languages. In some, such as the Polynesian languages, the vocal folds are required to actively open to allow an unimpeded (silent) airstream, which is sometimes called a breathed phonation (not to be confused with breathy voice ). In others, such as many Australian languages, voicing ceases during the hold of a stop (few Australian languages have any other kind of obstruent) because airflow

242-474: Is organized into three wings, each designed to cater to specific correctional needs: 2°02′06″S 30°01′00″E  /  2.0350°S 30.0168°E  / -2.0350; 30.0168 Kinyarwanda language Kinyarwanda , Rwandan or Rwanda , officially known as Ikinyarwanda , is a Bantu language and the national language of Rwanda . It is a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language that

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264-531: Is used for letters with a descender . Diacritics are typically used with letters for prototypically voiced sounds, such as vowels and sonorant consonants : [ḁ], [l̥], [ŋ̊] . In Russian use of the IPA, the voicing diacritic may be turned for voicelessness, e.g. ⟨ ṋ ⟩. Sonorants are sounds such as vowels and nasals that are voiced in most of the world's languages. However, in some languages sonorants may be voiceless, usually allophonically . For example,

286-742: The Great Plains , where they are present in Numic Comanche but also in Algonquian Cheyenne , and the Caddoan language Arikara . It also occurs in Woleaian , in contrast to the other Micronesian languages , which instead delete it outright. Sonorants may also be contrastively, not just environmentally, voiceless. Standard Tibetan , for example, has a voiceless /l̥/ in Lhasa , which sounds similar to but

308-665: The Japanese word sukiyaki is pronounced [sɯ̥kijaki] and may sound like [skijaki] to an English speaker, but the lips can be seen to compress for the [ɯ̥] . Something similar happens in English words like p e culiar [pʰə̥ˈkj̊uːliɚ] and p o tato [pʰə̥ˈtʰeɪ̯ɾoʊ̯] . Voiceless vowels are also an areal feature in languages of the American Southwest (like Hopi and Keres ), the Great Basin (including all Numic languages ), and

330-424: The subject . Then a tense marker can be inserted. The class I prefixes y-/a- and ba- correspond to the third person for persons. The personal prefix n- becomes m- before a labial sound (p, b, f, v), while personal prefix tu- becomes du- under Dahl's Law. Every regular verb has three stems: the imperfective (ending in the morpheme -a ), the perfective (ending in the morpheme -:ye , which may trigger

352-600: The Rwanda Academy of Language and Culture (RALC) was established to help promote and sustain Kinyarwanda. The organization attempted an orthographic reform in 2014, but it was met with pushback due to their perceived top-down and political nature, among other reasons. Kinyarwanda is spoken in Rwanda , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda . The table below gives the consonants of Kinyarwanda. The table below gives

374-406: The children to go . In this construction, the original S can be deleted. Abantu people ba-rá-bon-a. they- PRES -see- ASP Abantu ba-rá-bon-a. people they-PRES-see-ASP "People see" Ku-geenda INF -go gu-teer-a Voiceless consonant In linguistics , voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it

396-763: The end of a word followed by a word starting with a vowel often follows a pattern of omission in common speech ( sandhi ), though the orthography remains the same. Consider the following excerpt of the Rwandan anthem : Reka tukurate tukuvuge ibigwi wowe utubumbiye hamwe twese Abanyarwanda uko watubyaye berwa, sugira, singizwa iteka. would be pronounced as Reka tukurate tukuvug' ibigwi wow' utubumiye hamwe twes' abanyarwand' uko watubyaye berwa, sugira singizw' iteka. There are some discrepancies in pronunciation from orthographic Cw and Cy. The glides /w j/ strengthen to stops in consonant clusters. For example, rw (as in Rwanda )

418-457: The habitual or gnomic tense. Simple tense/mood markers include the following: Object affixes corresponding to the noun classes of an object may be placed after the tense marker and before the verb stem: The personal object affixes are as follows: Kinyarwanda employs the use of periphrastic causatives , in addition to morphological causatives. The periphrastic causatives use the verbs -teer- and -tum- , which mean cause . With -teer- ,

440-558: The original subject becomes the object of the main clause, leaving the original verb in the infinitive (just like in English): Ábáana children b-a-gii-ye . they- PST -go- ASP Ábáana b-a-gii-ye . children they-PST-go-ASP "The children left ." Umugabo man y-a-tee-ye he- PST -cause- ASP ábáana children ku-geend-a . INF -go- ASP Umugabo y-a-tee-ye ábáana ku-geend-a . man he-PST-cause-ASP children INF-go-ASP "The man caused

462-412: The same word are included in the same class. The table below shows the 16 noun classes and how they are paired in two commonly used systems. All Kinyarwanda verb infinitives begin with ku- (morphed into k(w)- before vowels, and into gu- before stems beginning with a voiceless consonant due to Dahl's Law ). To conjugate , the infinitive prefix is removed and replaced with a prefix agreeing with

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484-522: The vowel sounds of Kinyarwanda. Kinyarwanda is a tonal language . Like many Bantu languages , it has a two-way contrast between high and low tones (low-tone syllables may be analyzed as toneless). The realization of tones in Kinyarwanda is influenced by a complex set of phonological rules . Except in a few morphological contexts, the sequences 'ki' and 'ke' may be pronounced interchangeably as [ki] and [ke] or [ci] and [ce] according to speaker's preference. The letters ⟨a, e, i⟩ at

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