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66-575: Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (29 August 1862 – 6 May 1949), also known as Count / Comte Maeterlinck from 1932, was a Belgian playwright, poet, and essayist who was Flemish but wrote in French. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1911 "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by

132-584: A blessing from the Pope. Leblanc would often walk around in the garb of an abbess; he would wear roller skates as he moved about the house. During this time, he wrote his essay "The Intelligence of Flowers" (1906), in which he expressed sympathy with socialist ideas. He donated money to many workers' unions and socialist groups. At this time he conceived his greatest contemporary success: the fairy play The Blue Bird (1908, but largely written in 1906). Stanislavsky's 1908 Moscow production, of extraordinary visual beauty,

198-509: A few months in Paris, France. He met members of the new Symbolist movement; Villiers de l'Isle Adam in particular, who would have a great influence on Maeterlinck's subsequent work. Maeterlinck instantly became a public figure when his first play, Princess Maleine , received enthusiastic praise from Octave Mirbeau , the literary critic of Le Figaro , in August 1890. In the following years he wrote

264-502: A heart attack. Maeterlinck's posthumous reputation depends entirely on his early plays (published between 1889 and 1894), which created a new style of dialogue, extremely lean and spare, where what is suggested is more important than what is said. The characters have no foresight, and only a limited understanding of themselves or the world around them. That the characters stumble into tragedy without realizing where they are going may suggest that Maeterlinck thought of man as powerless against

330-527: A more existential style. In 1895, with his parents frowning upon his open relationship with an actress, Maeterlinck and Leblanc moved to the district of Passy in Paris. The Catholic Church was unwilling to grant her a divorce from her Spanish husband. The couple frequently entertained guests, including Mirbeau, Jean Lorrain , and Paul Fort . They spent their summers in Normandy . During this period, Maeterlinck published his Twelve Songs (1896), The Treasure of

396-429: A perfume. Also, food flavourings, which have developed since the 1970s, account for over half of production output today. This represents almost half of the production of French perfumes and aromas and around 7-8% of total global activity. However, during the 1960s and 1970s large international groups gradually bought up local family factories (Chiris, Givaudan-Roure and Lautier, for example). Soon after their production

462-515: A poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration , while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations". The main themes in his work are death and the meaning of life . He was a leading member of La Jeune Belgique group, and his plays form an important part of the Symbolist movement. In later life, Maeterlinck faced credible accusations of plagiarism . Maeterlinck

528-402: A puppeteer, Maeterlinck considered marionettes an excellent representation of fate's complete control over man. He wrote Interior , The Death of Tintagiles , and Alladine and Palomides for marionette theatre. From this, he gradually developed his notion of the "static drama." He felt that it was the artist's responsibility to create something that did not express human emotions but rather

594-505: A reputation for high quality. But the leather smelled bad, something that did not please the glove wearing nobility . This is when Jean de Galimard , a tanner in Grasse, came up with the idea of scented leather gloves. He offered a pair of scented gloves to Catherine de' Medici , who was seduced by the gift. Thereafter, the product spread through the Royal Court and high society, and this made

660-666: A series of symbolist plays characterized by fatalism and mysticism , most importantly Intruder (1890), The Blind (1890) and Pelléas and Mélisande (1892). He had a relationship with the singer and actress Georgette Leblanc from 1895 until 1918. Leblanc influenced his work for the following two decades. With the play Aglavaine and Sélysette (1896) Maeterlinck began to create characters, especially female characters, who were more in control of their destinies. Leblanc performed these female characters on stage. Even though mysticism and metaphysics influenced his work throughout his career, Maeterlinck slowly replaced his Symbolism with

726-456: A strong unpleasant odour. At the time of the Renaissance perfume manufacturers began production of gloves, handbags and belt (clothing), to meet the new fashion from Italy with the entourage of Queen Catherine de Medici . The countryside around the city began to grow fields of flowers, offering new scents from the city. In 1614, the king recognized the new corporation of "glovers perfumers". In

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792-468: A thought that springs to birth—I have grown to believe that he, motionless as he is, does yet live in reality a deeper, more human, and more universal life than the lover who strangles his mistress, the captain who conquers in battle, or "the husband who avenges his honor." He cites a number of classical Athenian tragedies —which, he argues, are almost motionless and which diminish psychological action to pursue an interest in "the individual, face to face with

858-557: A villa in Grasse in the south of France. He spent his hours meditating and walking. As he emotionally pulled away from Leblanc, he entered a state of depression. Diagnosed with neurasthenia , he rented the Benedictine Abbey of St. Wandrille in Normandy to help him relax. By renting the abbey he rescued it from the desecration of being sold and used as a chemical factory and thus he received

924-403: A worldwide reputation for Grasse. The seventeenth century became the heyday of "Glovers Perfumers"; however, high taxes on leather and competition from Nice brought a decline for the leather industry in Grasse, and production of leather fragrance ceased. The rare scents from the Grasse ( lavender , myrtle , jasmine, rose , orange blossom and wild mimosa ) did win the title for the Grasse as

990-461: Is a short bibliography at the end of the volume which will no doubt serve the same purpose. Whatever Maeterlinck's misgivings at the time of writing, the bibliography he refers to does not include Eugène Marais. Professor V. E. d'Assonville referred to Maeterlinck as "the Nobel Prize winner who had never seen a termite in his whole life and had never put a foot on the soil of Africa, least of all in

1056-518: Is also an annual international exhibition of roses ("Expo Rose") held in May each year. Grasse station offers railway connections with Cannes , Nice and Ventimiglia . From 1909 to 1938, the town centre was connected to the railway station by the Grasse Funicular . Grasse has had a prospering perfume industry since the end of the 18th century. Grasse is the centre of the French perfume industry and

1122-432: Is at the moments when this passion, or others of equal violence, possesses us, that we live our truest lives? I have grown to believe that an old man, seated in his armchair, waiting patiently, with his lamp beside him; giving unconscious ear to all the eternal laws that reign about his house, interpreting, without comprehending, the silence of doors and windows and the quivering voice of the light, submitting with bent head to

1188-589: Is home to Grasse Cathedral , the seat of the Roman Catholic former Diocese of Grasse which was headed by the Bishops of Grasse . The town is home to the Lycée Amiral-de-Grasse and since 2019 one of two seats of the higher education engineering college ECAM-EPMI . RC Grasse is the local football club, whereas RO Grasse the local rugby union club. The town is the setting in the final chapters of

1254-438: Is known as the world's perfume capital ( la capitale mondiale des parfums ). Many "noses" (or, in French, "les nez" (plural)/"le nez" (singular)) are trained or have spent time in Grasse to distinguish over 2,000 kinds of scents. Grasse produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas (for perfume and for food flavourings). This industry turns over more than 600 million euros a year. Grasse's particular microclimate encouraged

1320-519: Is only in the twilight that they can be seen and heard, in the meditation that comes to us at the tranquil moments of life. Pelléas and Mélisande inspired several musical compositions at the turn of the 20th century: Other musical works based on Maeterlinck's plays include: "Les sept filles d'Orlamonde, Quand la fée fut morte, Les sept filles d'Orlamonde, Ont cherché les portes." 1911 Nobel Prize in Literature Maeterlinck

1386-700: Is still over a century later regularly performed in Moscow, in a shortened version as a children's matinee. After the writing of "The Intelligence of Flowers", he suffered from a period of depression and writer's block. Although he recovered from this after a year or two, he never became so inventive as a writer again. His later plays, such as Marie-Victoire (1907) and Mary Magdalene (1910), provided with lead roles for Leblanc, were notably inferior to their predecessors, and sometimes merely repeat an earlier formula. Even though alfresco performances of some of his plays at St. Wandrille had been successful, Maeterlinck felt that he

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1452-638: The Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region on the French Riviera . In 2017, the commune had a population of 50,396. Considered the world's capital of perfume , Grasse obtained two flowers in the Concours des villes et villages fleuris and was made Ville d'Art et d'Histoire (City of Art and History). There is an annual Fête du Jasmin or La Jasminade , at

1518-534: The Catholic Church and organized religion. One of his companions at that time was the writer Charles van Lerberghe , the poems and plays of whom went on to act as mutual influences on each other at the start of the Symbolist period . Maeterlinck had written poems and short novels while still studying, but his father wanted him to go into law. After gaining a law degree at the University of Ghent in 1885, he spent

1584-716: The Nazi invasion of both Belgium and France. While in Portugal, he stayed in Monte Estoril, at the Grande Hotel, between 27 July and 17 August 1939. The Times quoted him as saying, "I knew that if I was captured by the Germans I would be shot at once, since I have always been counted as an enemy of Germany because of my play, The Mayor of Stilmonde, which dealt with the conditions in Belgium during

1650-508: The 1940s, five thousand tons were produced annually. However, in early 2000, production was less than 30 tons for all flowers combined. In the Middle Ages , Grasse specialised in leather tanning. Once tanned, the hides were often exported to Genoa or Pisa , cities that shared a commercial alliance with Grasse. Several centuries of this intense activity witnessed many technological advances within tanning industries. The hides of Grasse acquired

1716-786: The Belgian trade unions against the Catholic party during a strike. He began to study mysticism and lambasted the Catholic Church in his essays for misconstruing the history of the universe. By a decree of 26 January 1914, the Roman Catholic Church placed his opera omnia on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum . When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914, Maeterlinck wished to join the French Foreign Legion , but his application

1782-697: The German Occupation of 1918." As with his earlier visit to America, he still found Americans too casual, friendly and Francophilic for his taste. He returned to Nice after the war on 10 August 1947. He was President of PEN International , the worldwide association of writers, from 1947 until 1949. In 1948, the French Academy awarded him the Medal for the French Language. He died in Nice on 6 May 1949 after suffering

1848-621: The Humble (1896), The Life of the Bee (1901), and Ariadne and Bluebeard (1902). In 1903, Maeterlinck received the Triennial Prize for Dramatic Literature from the Belgian government. During this period, and up until the Great War of 1914-1918, he was widely looked up to, throughout Europe, as a great sage, and the embodiment of the higher thought of the time. In 1906, Maeterlinck and Leblanc moved to

1914-474: The Nobel committee that year. Maeterlinck was nominated again in 1909 and his candidacy was then more positively dealt with by the Nobel committee. Carl David af Wirsén, who had earlier been strongly critical of Maeterlincks candidacy, now launched him as a main candidate for the prize. It has been speculated that Wirsén's reappraisal of Maeterlinck was a way of preventing that Selma Lagerlöf , deeply disliked by Wirsén,

1980-755: The South African Afrikaans-language press, in Die Burger (January 1923) and in Huisgenoot , which featured a series of articles on termites under the title "Die Siel van die Mier" (The Soul of the (White) Ant) from 1925 to 1926. Maeterlinck's book, with almost identical content, was published in 1926. It is conjectured that Maeterlinck had come across Marais' articles while writing his book, and that it would have been easy for him to translate Afrikaans into French, since Maeterlinck knew Dutch and had already made several translations from Dutch into French. It

2046-464: The United States, where Samuel Goldwyn asked him to produce a few scenarios for film. Only two of Maeterlinck's submissions still exist; Goldwyn didn't use any of them. Maeterlinck had prepared one based on his The Life of the Bee . After reading the first few pages Goldwyn burst out of his office, exclaiming: "My God! The hero is a bee!" After 1920, Maeterlinck ceased to contribute significantly to

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2112-456: The Waterberg". Robert Ardrey , an admirer of Eugène Marais, attributed Marais' later suicide to this act of plagiarism and theft of intellectual property by Maeterlinck, although Marais' biographer, Leon Rousseau, suggested that Marais had enjoyed and even thrived on the controversy and the attention it generated. Another allegation of plagiarism concerned Maeterlinck's play Monna Vanna , which

2178-537: The advantage of its knowledge of raw materials, facilities, contractors, etc. In addition, major brands such as Dior and Chanel have their own plantations of roses and jasmine in the vicinity of Grasse. Three perfumeries, Fragonard, Molinard and Galimard opened their doors to the public and offer free tours that explain the processes of producing a perfume. It is possible to create one's own perfume, eau de perfume or eau de toilette and participate in all stages of manufacture from picking flowers to bottling. The town

2244-416: The beginning of August. The first festival was on August 3–4, 1946. Decorated floats drive through the town, with young women in skimpy costumes on board, throwing flowers into the crowd. Garlands of jasmine decorate the town centre, and the fire department fills a fire truck with jasmine-infused water to spray on the crowds. There are fireworks, free parties, folk music groups and street performers. There

2310-491: The book The Soul of the (White) Ant , by the Afrikaner poet and scientist Eugène Marais , David Bignell, in his inaugural address as Professor of Zoology at the University of London (2003), called Maeterlinck's work "a classic example of academic plagiarism". Marais accused Maeterlinck of having appropriated Marais' concept of the "organic unity" of the termite nest in his book. Marais had published his ideas on termite nests in

2376-466: The case was not pursued. All the same, he gained a measure of renown as the aggrieved party and as an Afrikaner researcher who had opened himself up to plagiarism because he published in Afrikaans out of nationalistic loyalty. Marais brooded at the time of the scandal: "I wonder whether Maeterlinck blushes when he reads such things [critical acclaim], and whether he gives a thought to the injustice he does to

2442-546: The external forces that compel people. Maeterlinck once wrote that "the stage is a place where works of art are extinguished. ... Poems die when living people get into them." He explained his ideas on the static drama in his essay "The Tragic in Daily Life" (1896), which appeared in The Treasure of the Humble . The actors were to speak and move as if pushed and pulled by an external force, fate as puppeteer. They were not to allow

2508-454: The flower farming industry. It is warm and sufficiently inland to be sheltered from the sea air. There is an abundance of water, thanks to its location in the hills and the 1860 construction of the Siagne canal for irrigation purposes. The town is 350 m (1,148.29 ft) above sea level and 20 km (12 mi) from the coast ( Côte d'Azur ). Jasmine , a key ingredient of many perfumes,

2574-453: The forces of fate, but the kinship is not with ancient Greek tragedy but with modern dramatists such as Beckett and Pinter who bring out human vulnerability in a world beyond our comprehension. Maeterlinck believed that any actor, due to the hindrance of physical mannerisms and expressions, would inadequately portray the symbolic figures of his plays. He concluded that marionettes were an excellent alternative. Guided by strings operated by

2640-528: The literary Nobel Prize. The choice will surely be liked in most quarters, because this poet enjoys a world reputation and his writings are widely read and accepted." Maeterlinck was unable to partake in Nobel award ceremony due to illness. Thus, Charles C.M.A.Wauters, Minister of Belgium, delivered Maeterlinck's speech. Prior to the speech, Prof. Karl Mörner, Director of the Royal Institute of Medicine and Surgery, expressed his disappointment that Maeterlinck

2706-451: The middle of the eighteenth century, the perfumery was experiencing a very important development. Leading companies dating from this period includes the oldest French perfumerie, and third oldest parfumerie in Europe, Galimard established in 1747. Introduction of new production methods turned perfume making into a real industry that could adapt to new market demands. In the nineteenth century,

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2772-934: The nominees were women namely the American historian Molly Elliot Seawell and Austrian writer Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach . The Swedish playwright August Strindberg was nominated for the prize but the nomination arrived too late and was retrieved. The authors Henry Abbey , Mikhail Albov , Ida Baccini , Vilhelm Bergsøe , Louis Henri Boussenard , Stanisław Brzozowski , Joaquín Costa , Fialho de Almeida , Amelia Denis de Icaza , George Cary Eggleston , W. S. Gilbert , Frances Harper , Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning , Francis March , Richard Barham Middleton , Philippe Monnier , Alexandros Papadiamantis , David Graham Phillips , Joseph Pulitzer , Howard Pyle , Emilio Salgari , Hannah Whitall Smith , Friedrich Spielhagen , Henrietta Stannard , Katherine Thurston , Marie Wexelsen , and Adolf Wilbrandt died in 1911 without having been nominated for

2838-522: The novel Perfume by Patrick Süskind . It was featured in the film based on the novel Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006). Three perfume factories offer daily tours and demonstrations, which draw in many of the region's visitors. In addition to the perfumeries, Grasse's other main attraction is the Cathedral, dedicated to Notre Dame du Puy and founded in the 11th century. In the interior, are three works by Rubens and one by Jean-Honoré Fragonard ,

2904-399: The perfume capital of the world. Harvesting jasmine was a labour-intensive business only a few decades ago. Flowers had to be hand picked at dawn, when their scent is the most developed and immediately to be treated by cold enfleurage . A network of sixty companies employs 3,500 people in the city and surrounding area. Additionally, about 10,000 residents of Grasse are indirectly employed by

2970-458: The perfume industry. Almost half of the business tax for the city comes from the perfume sector and that is ahead of tourism and services. The main activity of perfumery in Grasse is in the production of natural raw materials ( essential oils , concretes , absolutes , resinoids and molecular distillation ) and the production of concentrate, also called the juice. A concentrate is the main product that when diluted in at least 80% alcohol provides

3036-411: The presence of his soul and his destiny—an old man, who conceives not that all the powers of this world, like so many heedful servants, are mingling and keeping vigil in his room, who suspects not that the very sun itself is supporting in space the little table against which he leans, or that every star in heaven and every fiber of the soul are directly concerned in the movement of an eyelid that closes, or

3102-413: The prize. Swedish poet Gustaf Fröding died months before the announcement. Maeterlinck had been nominated for the prize in 1903, but his candidacy was then dismissed by the Nobel committee chairman Carl David af Wirsén saying that Maeterlinck's writing was partly too obscure, including motifs "of such embarrassing bizarre nature". He was nominated again in 1904, but again was not taken in consideration by

3168-459: The raw materials began to be imported from abroad. During the twentieth century the creation of synthetic products brought the democratization and affordability of perfumes and their spin-offs; ( shampoos and deodorants , cream (pharmaceutical) and detergents , food flavouring for cookies, ice cream and dairy products, beverages, convenience foods , confectionery , preserves and syrups). In 1905, six hundred tons of flowers were harvested while in

3234-413: The stress of their inner emotions to compel their movements. Maeterlinck would often continue to refer to his cast of characters as "marionettes." Maeterlinck's conception of modern tragedy rejects the intrigue and vivid external action of traditional drama in favour of a dramatisation of different aspects of life: Othello is admirably jealous. But is it not perhaps an ancient error to imagine that it

3300-408: The symbolic, several of Maeterlinck's plays were created for puppets. The puppets, he rgued, were a potent representation of how fate controls people. His most famous plays include L'Intruse ("Intruder", 1890), Les Aveugles ("The Blind", 1890), Pelléas et Mélisande ("Pelléas and Mélisande", 1893), Intérieur ("Interior", 1895), and L'Oiseau bleu ("The Blue Bird", 1908). Maeterlinck

3366-527: The theatre, but continued to produce essays on his favourite themes of occultism, ethics and natural history. The international demand for these fell off sharply after the early 1920s, but his sales in France remained substantial until the late 1930s. Dahon gave birth to a stillborn child in 1925. In 1926, Maeterlinck published La Vie des Termites (translated into English as The Life of Termites or The Life of White Ants ), an entomological book that plagiarised

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3432-493: The universe"—as precedents for his conception of static drama; these include most of the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles ' Ajax , Antigone , Oedipus at Colonus , and Philoctetes . With these plays, he claims: It is no longer a violent, exceptional moment of life that passes before our eyes—it is life itself. Thousands and thousands of laws there are, mightier and more venerable than those of passion; but these laws are silent, and discreet, and slow-moving; and hence it

3498-544: The unknown Boer worker?" Maeterlinck's own words in The Life of Termites indicate that the possible discovery or accusation of plagiarism worried him: It would have been easy, in regard to every statement, to allow the text to bristle with footnotes and references. In some chapters there is not a sentence but would have clamoured for these; and the letterpress would have been swallowed up by vast masses of comment, like one of those dreadful books we hated so much at school. There

3564-484: The veld) by his own unaided reason, although he admits that he never saw a termite in his life. You must understand that it was not merely plagiarism of the spirit of a thing, so to speak. He has copied page after page verbally. Supported by a coterie of Afrikaner Nationalist friends, Marais sought justice through the South African press and attempted an international lawsuit. This was to prove financially impossible and

3630-427: Was a symbolist and agnostic who explored the inner lives of people and the subconscious in his surreal plays and poems. His dramas frequently feature shifting and ambiguous milieux and epochs, which enhances the symbolism. He made his debut with the play La Princesse Maleine ("Princess Maleine", 1889). Instead of expressing reality, he focused himself to generating feelings. Since human players would interact with

3696-497: Was awarded the prize, but also that Wirsén had reached a deeper understanding of Maeterlinck's works. Selma Lagerlöf was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Literature and the following year Maeterlinck was again a strong contender for the prize. In 1911 Wirsén praised Maeterlinck's writing, concluding in his report that "Maeterlinck is (...) a poet of admirable power, and his versatility is, as shown above, surprisingly great. The Nobel committee may also this year propose him as recipient of

3762-652: Was born in Ghent , Belgium , to a wealthy, French-speaking family. His mother, Mathilde Colette Françoise (née Van den Bossche), came from a wealthy family. His father, Polydore, was a notary who enjoyed tending the greenhouses on their property. In September 1874, he was sent to the Jesuit College of Sainte-Barbe , where works of the French Romantics were scorned and only plays on religious subjects were permitted. His experiences at this school influenced his distaste for

3828-463: Was brought to southern France by the Moors in the 16th century. Twenty-seven tonnes of jasmine are now harvested in Grasse annually. There are numerous old 'parfumeries' in Grasse, such as Galimard , Molinard and Fragonard , each with tours and a museum. The trade in leather and tanning work developed during the twelfth century around the small canal that runs through the city. This activity produced

3894-612: Was common at the time, moreover, for worthy articles published in Afrikaans to be reproduced in Flemish and Dutch magazines and journals. Marais wrote in a letter to Dr. Winifred de Kock in London about Maeterlinck that The famous author had paid me the left-handed compliment of cribbing the most important part of my work ... He clearly desired his readers to infer that he had arrived at certain of my theories (the result of ten years of hard labour in

3960-451: Was damaged by his political involvement. While in Nice, he wrote The Mayor of Stilmonde (1918), which the American press quickly labeled a "Great War Play", and which became a British film in 1929. He also wrote The Betrothal ( French : Les Fiançailles , 1922), a sequel to The Blue Bird , in which the heroine of the play is clearly not a Leblanc archetype. On 15 February 1919, Maeterlinck married Dahon. He accepted an invitation to

4026-464: Was denied due to his age. He and Leblanc decided to leave Grasse for a villa near Nice , where he spent the next decade of his life. He gave speeches on the bravery of the Belgian people and placed the blame upon all Germans for the war. Although his patriotism and his indifference to the harm he was doing to his standing in Germany do him credit, his reputation as a great sage who stood above current affairs

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4092-509: Was losing his privacy. The death of his mother on 11 June 1910 added to his depression. In 1910 he met the 18-year-old actress Renée Dahon during a rehearsal of The Blue Bird . She became his lighthearted companion. After having been nominated by Carl Bildt , a member of the Swedish Academy , he received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1911, which served to lighten his spirits. By 1913, he had become more openly socialist and sided with

4158-641: Was nominated on 8 occasions (two nominations in 1903 , three nominations in 1909 , single nominations in 1904 , 1910 , and 1911). For the 1911 prize, which he was awarded eventually, he was nominated by Carl Bildt (1850–1931), member of the Swedish Academy . In total, the Nobel Committee received 30 nominations for 27 writers. Ten of the nominees were nominated first-time, among them Karl Adolph Gjellerup (awarded in 1917 ), Albert de Mun , Gustaf Fröding , George Bernard Shaw (awarded in 1925 ), Harald Høffding , Henry James , and Peter Rosegger . Two of

4224-473: Was not able to be present at the ceremony whom he regarded as "a writer universally known and esteemed, whose poetic creations have filled us with enthusiasm." Grasse Grasse ( French pronunciation: [ɡʁas] ; Provençal Occitan : Grassa in classical norm or Grasso in Mistralian norm [ˈɡɾasɔ] ; traditional Italian : Grassa ) is the only subprefecture of

4290-488: Was often relocated overseas. Just 30 years ago most companies were focused on the production of raw materials. However, an overwhelming majority of the modern fragrances contain synthetic chemicals in part or in whole. Grasse perfume companies have therefore adapted by turning to aromatic synthesis and especially to food flavourings and successfully ended a long stagnation. The Grasse perfume industry cannot compete against large chemical multinationals, but it benefits greatly from

4356-634: Was said to have been based on Robert Browning 's little-known play Luria . In 1930, he bought a château in Nice, France, and named it Orlamonde , a name occurring in his work Quinze Chansons . He was made a count by Albert I, King of the Belgians in 1932. According to an article published in The New York Times in 1940, he arrived in the United States from Lisbon on the Greek Liner Nea Hellas . He had fled to Lisbon in order to escape

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