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24-553: Evidence shows that habitation along the Ping River dates back to 1500 BCE. At that time it controlled trading routes between Yunnan and the Chao Phraya basin. Mengrai , a ruler and conqueror from Xishuangbanna , turned south to create an alternative "silk road" along the Ping River itself and captured Haripunchai in 1281. Following his successful conquest, he created Wiang Kum Kam as his capital before abandoning it following nearly

48-480: A decade of floods, finally moving kilometres north to establish Chiang Mai as the capital of the Kingdom of Lanna in 1296. In the 20th century, the Ping River became a part of Siam . Chinese and foreign investors flooded the area, all in search of lucrative teak and business transactions. Missionaries came and built Chiang Mai’s first church along the eastern bank of the river, an area set aside for foreign residents by

72-484: A village near Lamphun . King Boek fled by way of the Doi Khun Tan mountain range between Lamphun and Lampang , but he was caught and executed. King Mangrai's troops occupied the city of Lampang, and King Yi Ba was made to flee further south, this time to Phitsanulok. King Mangrai's eldest son grew tired of waiting and tried to seize the throne, but his attempt failed and he was executed. Mangrai's second son, Khun Kham,

96-508: Is unclear, as well as to what extent it was used by intelligence services before it became popularized. Le Carré, a former British intelligence officer , said that the term "mole" was actually used by the Soviet intelligence agency, the KGB , and that a corresponding term used by Western intelligence services was sleeper agent . While the term mole had been applied to spies in the book Historie of

120-453: The CIA between 1954 and 1975, was reportedly obsessed with suspicions that the top levels of Western governments were riddled with long-term communist agents and accused numerous politicians such as former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , former Canadian Prime Ministers Lester Pearson and Pierre Trudeau , former British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and many members of Congress before he

144-550: The KGB as communist students at Cambridge University in the 1930s who later rose to high levels in various parts of the British government . By contrast, most espionage agents, such as CIA counterintelligence officer Aldrich Ames and FBI agent Robert Hanssen , who spied on the US government for the KGB, were either recruited or offered their services as spies after they were in place as members of

168-585: The McKean Rehabilitation Centre today. The Ping Basin is one of the largest drainage basins of the Chao Phraya Watershed , draining 33,896 square kilometres (13,087 sq mi) of land. The greater Ping Basin, i.e. the basin of the entire Ping river system including its tributary the Wang River , drains a total of 44,688 square kilometres (17,254 sq mi). The main dams in

192-553: The Mon kingdom and added Haripunchai to his kingdom. Yi Ba, the last king of Hariphunchai, was forced to flee south to Lampang . After defeating the Hariphunchai kingdom, Mangrai decided to relocate his capital, and in 1294, Wiang Kum Kam was founded on the eastern bank of the Ping River . The site was plagued with floods, and a new site was chosen several kilometres to the northwest at

216-520: The Reign of King Henry VII written in 1626 by Sir Francis Bacon , Le Carré said he did not get the term from that source. A mole may be recruited early in life, and take decades to get a job in government service and reach a position of access to secret information before becoming active as a spy. Perhaps the most famous examples of moles were the Cambridge Five , five upper-class British men recruited by

240-524: The area of Fang in the Upper Kok Valley. In 1287, Mangrai first made peace between King Ngam Muang of Phayao and King Ram Khamhaeng of Sukhothai , who had seduced the former's queen. The three kings then entered into a "Strong pact of friendship". While still living in the area of Fang, he was visited by merchants from the Mon kingdom of Haripunchai (Haripunjaya, now known as Lamphun ). Hearing of

264-428: The ascension of Mangrai's grandson, Kham Fu, in 1328 did the kingdom achieve the stability it had had during the lifetime of its founder. Mole (espionage) In espionage jargon, a mole (also called a "penetration agent", "deep cover agent", "illegal" or " sleeper agent ") is a long-term spy (espionage agent) who is recruited before having access to secret intelligence, subsequently managing to get into

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288-582: The basin are the Bhumibol Dam and the Doi Tao Dam . The Ping itself originates in Huai Nam Dang National Park and flows through Mae Ping National Park . 19°30′N 98°58′E  /  19.500°N 98.967°E  / 19.500; 98.967 Mangrai Mangrai ( Northern Thai : ᨾᩢ᩠ᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ ; Thai : มังราย ; 1238–1311) was the 25th king of Ngoenyang (r. 1261–1292) and

312-538: The first independent king of the unified Tai city states in northern Lanna and what is now northern Laos . Seeing the Tai states disunited and in danger, Mangrai quickly expanded his kingdom by conquering Muang Lai, Chiang Kham and Chiang Khong and initiating alliances with other states. In 1262, he founded the city of Chiang Rai as his new capital in the Kok River basin. He also seems to have been operating around this time in

336-766: The first king of Lanna (r. 1292–1311). He established a new city, Chiang Mai , as the capital of the Lanna Kingdom (1296–1558). King Mangrai was born on 23 October 1238, in Ngoen Yang (present day Chiang Saen ), Thailand, on the Mekong River , a son of the local ruler Lao Meng and his wife Ua Ming Chom Mueang, a princess from the Tai Lue city of Chiang Rung, which is now called Jinghong , in Sipsongpanna ( Xishuangbanna ), China. In 1259, Mangrai succeeded his father to become

360-593: The foot of Doi Suthep , on the site of an older fortified town of the Lua people . Construction of Chiang Mai (lit. "New City") began in 1296. and it has been the capital of the northern provinces more or less ever since. A few years later, Yi Ba's son, King Boek of Lampang , attacked Chiang Mai with a large army. King Mangrai and his second son, Prince Khram, led the defence against the Lampang army. Prince Khram defeated King Boek in personal combat on elephant-back at Khua Mung,

384-505: The information. However, the people with access to top secret government information, who are government employees with high security clearances , are carefully monitored by the government's security apparatus for just that sort of espionage approach. Thus, it is difficult for a representative of the foreign intelligence service to meet with them clandestinely to recruit them. Private organizations, such as large corporations or terrorist groups , have similar security monitors. In addition,

408-421: The ruling government who occupied the safe, flood-free western banks. Land along the banks, including its islands, were repurposed, such as a small island in the river that was donated to an American missionary Dr. James McKean by Chao Inthawarorot Suriyawong in 1907 to become a leper colony. With no cure for leprosy until the 1980s, lepers found relief in their sanctuary from social criticism, many of whom remain at

432-416: The security clearance process weeds out employees who are openly disgruntled, ideologically disaffected, or otherwise having motives for betraying their country, so people in such positions are likely to reject recruitment as spies. Therefore, some intelligence services have tried to reverse the above process by first recruiting potential agents and then having them conceal their allegiance and pursue careers in

456-545: The target government agency in the hope that they can reach positions of access to desired information. Because the spy career of a mole is so long-term, sometimes occupying most of a lifetime, those who become moles must be highly motivated. One common motivation is ideology (political convictions). During the Cold War , a major source of moles in Western countries was so-called fellow travellers , Westerners who, in their youth during

480-439: The target organization. Because their recruitment occurred in the remote past, moles are difficult for a nation's security services to detect. The possibility that a top politician, corporate executive, government minister, or officer in an intelligence service could be a mole working for a foreign government is the worst nightmare of counterintelligence services. For example, James Angleton , director of counterintelligence for

504-532: The target organization. However, it is popularly used to mean any long-term clandestine spy or informant within an organization (government or private). In police work, a mole is an undercover law-enforcement agent who joins an organization in order to collect incriminating evidence about its operations and to eventually charge its members. The term was introduced to the public by British spy novelist John le Carré in his 1974 novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and has since entered general usage, but its origin

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528-507: The wealth of that kingdom, he was determined to conquer it, against the advice of his counselors. As it was thought impossible to take the city by force, Mangrai sent a merchant named Ai Fa as a mole to gain the confidence of its King Yi Ba. In time, Ai Fa became the Chief Minister and managed to undermine the King's authority. In 1291, with the people in a state of discontent, Mangrai defeated

552-427: Was removed in 1975. Moles have been featured in numerous espionage films, television shows, video games and novels. The most common procedure used by intelligence services to recruit agents is to find the location within the foreign government or organization of the information they want (the target ), find out which people have access to it, and attempt to recruit one of them as a spy ( espionage agent ) to obtain

576-488: Was then named to succeed Mangrai. King Mangrai died in 1311 in Chiang Mai. According to tradition, he was struck by lightning during a thunderstorm when he was in the city's market. Mangrai's death was followed by period of confusion, with six kings ruling in the next eleven years. This could have been disastrous if the northern powers had not had their own troubles. Sukhothai to the south had also been weakened. Not until

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