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65-533: The name Bou Inania ( Bū 'Ināniya ) is derived from the name of its founder, the Marinid sultan Faris ibn Ali Abu Inan al-Mutawakkil (generally Abou Inan or Abu Inan for short). It was originally named the Madrasa al-Muttawakkiliya but the name Madrasa Bu Inania has been retained instead. He was the son and successor of Sultan Abu al-Hasan , under whose reign the Marinid empire reached its apogee and expanded all

130-519: A berchla or sloped wood-frame ceiling, as seen in many other Moroccan mosques. The minaret , made of brick, rises above the northwestern corner of the madrasa. The Bou Inania is one of the only madrasas in Morocco to have a minaret, which is one of its most distinguishing features and marks its status as a Friday mosque . (Other Marinid madrasas in Morocco with minarets include the Saffarin Madrasa ,

195-507: A fleur-de-lys or palmette shape) common to Moroccan architecture . The empty spaces inside the motif are filled with zellij mosaic tiles. Above these motifs is a more extensive band of zellij running around the top of the minaret. The smaller secondary shaft is similarly decorated. This style of minaret is similar to other Marinid constructions of the era, such as the Chrabliyine Mosque (built further down Tala'a Kebira street) and

260-428: A band of epigraphic or calligraphic tiles in a sgraffito -style runs above this along most of the courtyard. The middle and upper walls above this are covered in finely-carved stucco with a harmonious variety of motifs including arabesques , muqarnas (especially around the windows and in the archways leading to the side chambers), Arabic calligraphic inscriptions (particularly at the middle of pillars and around

325-554: A battle soon after. The battle was intense, however on the second day of the battle, Muhammad bin al-Ghazi abandoned the sultan and joined the Ait Umalu. The Makhzen troops were overwhelmed between the mountain and lowland rebels, and all tribal contingents deserted the sultan, who was left with the Udaya and 'Abid al-Bukhari. By the end of the battle, the Makhzen armies were routed. Mawlay Ibrahim

390-415: A large rectangular marble -paved courtyard slightly deeper than it is wide. At its center is a fountain and basin to assist in ablutions, as is common in many mosque sahns . The courtyard is surrounded on three sides by a narrow gallery, partially hidden by wooden screens between the pillars that uphold the walls of the floor above. The passages of the gallery lead to other rooms, mostly living cells for

455-416: A number of religious scholars to advise him on how he could redeem himself and seek forgiveness from God (Allah). They advised him to choose a location in the upper city which then served as a garbage dump and to transform it into a site of religious learning; thus, by purifying and improving a part of the city, he would do the same for his conscience. The foundation inscription of the building, located inside

520-629: A short-lived rebellion. Abu Inan continued his eastward expansion, and took Tunis in 1357, becoming master of Ifrikiya. Due to the intrigues of his vizier , Faris bin Maymum, he was forced to retreat from Tunisia in 1357. Abu Inan fell ill in November 1357. His vizier Hasan bin Umar al-Fududi had a dispute with his heir apparent Abu Zayyan Muhammad, so nominated his young son Abu Bakr Sa'id as his successor instead. When Abu Inan began to recover from his illness,

585-605: A type of institution which originated in northeastern Iran by the early 11th century and was progressively adopted further west. These establishments served to train Islamic scholars , particularly in Islamic law and jurisprudence ( fiqh ). The madrasa in the Sunni world was generally antithetical to more " heterodox " religious doctrines, including the doctrine espoused by the Almohad dynasty . As such, it only came to flourish in Morocco under

650-404: A vestibule and then directly into the main courtyard. The vestibule is covered in the same rich ornamentation as the rest of the madrasa and has a ceiling of cedar wood carved in elaborate muqarnas . Another doorway to the left of the main entrance, known as Bab al-Ḥafa ('Door of the barefoot'), leads directly to the outer gallery of the main courtyard and from there gives direct access to

715-508: A year, and in the spring of 1821, the rebels suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Makhzen troops, and in July, the troops of the sultan inflicted heavy losses on the Ait Umalu. Subsequently, Mawlay Sulayman headed north to inspect the forces besieging Tetuan and spent most of the winter directing military operations from Tangier . Despite receiving a reinforcement of 3,000 men from Dukkala who were mobilised by his nephew Mawlay Abd al-Rahman ,

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780-471: Is located between Tala'a Kebira and Tala'a Seghira, two of the most important streets of Fes el-Bali , and is aligned with what was then considered the qibla (direction of prayer), to the southeast. This main structure includes the study areas, the mosque or prayer hall area, living quarters for students, and an ablutions room. Directly across the street to the north is another, larger, ablutions house ( dar al-wuḍūʾ ) with latrines . Right next to this

845-507: Is longer than the ones below and presumably supported a parapet or canopy that has since disappeared. Each of the 13 consoles under the windows once supported a bronze bowl, seen in old photographs. Historical accounts describe how at every hour a lead ball or weight fell into one of the bowls to make a ringing sound, while at the same time opening the "doors" or shutters of the corresponding window. The exact mechanism that operated this system has disappeared and its workings are unknown today. It

910-513: Is now Algeria and Tunisia , but was forced to retreat due to a revolt of Arab tribes there. He died, strangled by his vizier, in 1358. Abu Inan's father, Abu'l Hasan, had taken the town of Tlemcen in 1337. In 1347 Abu'l Hasan annexed Ifriqiya, briefly reuniting the Maghrib territories as they had been under the Almohads . However, Abu'l Hasan went too far in attempting to impose more authority over

975-513: Is the Dar al-Magana or "House of the Clock", which features a famous but currently non-functional hydraulic clock on its facade. The madrasa has two entrances: one on Tala'a Kebira street aligned with the mihrab and the central axis of the building, and another on Tala'a Seghira at the back. The Tala'a Kebira entrance has a horseshoe arch doorway surrounded by stucco decoration . A set of stairs leads into

1040-651: Is why he wrote his book talking about the Sufis in which he warned against those who refute the Sunnah and support the innovation, as he explained the manner of visiting the Awliya (virtuous) and warned against the exaggeration of the lower people on it, and gave advice to the Muslims. He also says that Al-Mawlâ Souleymân had written a sermon urging the oneness of Allah and condemning the innovations, and that he ordered it to be distributed in all

1105-639: The Almoravid period, was ultimately derived from the famous minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque , which was commissioned in 1137 by the Almoravid ruler Ali ibn Yusuf and crafted in Cordoba , Spain ( Al-Andalus ). That minbar established a prestigious artistic tradition, originating from earlier Umayyad Al-Andalus, that was imitated and emulated in subsequent periods, though later minbars varied in their exact form and in

1170-796: The American Legation and Consulate for 140 years. During the Tripolitan War between the United States and Tripolitania , Morocco declared war on the United States in June 1802, however peace was restored in September 1803 when Edward Preble met Mawlay Sulayman in Tangier and signed a peace treaty. In the spring of 1819, during an epidemic of plague, the sultan decided to lead a major expedition against

1235-741: The Arabian Peninsula reached Morocco. Saudi Imam of the Emirate of Diriyah , Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , decided to send messages to all the rulers of the Arab Islamic countries, to Iraq , Egypt , the Levant and the Maghreb , explaining the goals of his call, and his letter reached Mawlay Sulayman in 1811. Mawlay Sulayman was inspired by this Islamic revivalist movement and used his authority to condemn

1300-639: The Dar Batha Museum (located near Bab Bou Jeloud ), with a later replacement now present in the mosque itself. The minbar dates from 1350 to 1355, when the madrasa was being built, and is notable as one of the best Marinid examples of its kind. Minbars, often described or translated as a " pulpit ", were a mostly a symbolic object in mosques by this period; the design of the Bou Inania minbar did not allow an imam to actually climb it in practice. The minbar's form and decoration, like most minbars of Morocco after

1365-443: The Madrasa of Fes el-Jdid , and the madrasa of Chellah , although they are less prominent and some of them were likely added after the original madrasa constructions.) Like most Moroccan minarets, it has a square shaft and is topped by a small secondary tower topped with a cupola and a metal finial with spheres. The four facades of the minaret are covered by slightly different variations of the darj wa ktaf motif (vaguely similar to

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1430-547: The Shari'a . Once Mawlay al-Yazid died in Marrakesh on 17 February 1792, the struggle for power began between the sons of Mohammed III . There was Mawlay Hisham who ruled in Marrakesh , and Mawlay Maslama who ruled in the north. Mawlay Sulayman emerged successful in 1795, however there was still plenty of resistance which he had to pacify, mainly the Berber tribes of the mountains, and

1495-969: The Wattasids , who succeeded the Marinids. Abu Inan commissioned one of his secretaries, Ibn Juzayy , to record an account of Ibn Battuta 's 29 years of travelling. The result, Ibn Battuta's rihla , was completed in December 1355. Abu Inan built madrasas in Meknes and Fes in 1350, and built another madrasa in Fes in 1357. The Bou Inania Madrasa of Fes and that of Meknes were named after him. Citations Sources Slimane of Morocco Mawlay Sulayman bin Mohammed ( Arabic : سليمان بن محمد ), born on 28 June 1766 in Tafilalt and died on 28 November 1822 in Marrakesh ,

1560-497: The tariqas . Immediately after this, in 1798, the sultan sent a military expedition to Oujda , which had been controlled by the Ottomans since 1792 during the unrest in Morocco. The sultan encountered no difficulty in recovering Oujda and the eastern provinces from the Turks and set the new border at Wadi Kiss. In 1800, the inhabitants of Tuat agreed to pay taxes to the sultan, extending

1625-446: The 17th century after a damaging earthquake. During the reign of Sultan Mulay Sliman (1792-1822), entire wall sections were reconstructed. In the 20th century restorations were carried out on the madrasa's decorations. The madrasa is actually a complex of buildings that together provide the facilities required to serve as a madrasa and mosque. The main building has the outline of an irregular rectangle measuring 34.65 by 38.95 metres. It

1690-663: The Ait Umalu tribe as advised by Muhammad bin al-Ghazi, leader of the Zemur tribe. The army was assembled in Tadla and was made up of Haouz tribes, a northern army, Arab tribes of Azghar , the Udaya, and the 'Abid al-Bukhari . The number of Makhzen troops assembled in Tadla amounted to 60,000 men, and in May 1819, Mawlay Sulayman headed to the Adekhsan where the Ait Umalu were raided, and the two sides engaged in

1755-619: The Arab tribes, who revolted and in April 1348 defeated his army near Kairouan . Abu Inan Faris, who had been serving as governor of Tlemcen, returned to Fez and declared that he was sultan. Tlemcen and the central Maghreb revolted. Abu Inan took the title of Amir al-Mu'minin ("commander of the believers"). Abu'l Hasan had to return from Ifriqiya by sea. After failing to retake Tlemcen and being defeated by his son, Abu'l Hasan died in May 1351. In 1352 Abu Inan Faris recaptured Tlemcen. He also reconquered

1820-569: The Madrasa Bou Inania is the Dar al-Magana , a house whose street facade features a famous but not fully understood hydraulic clock . The symbolic and practical importance of a clock lay in its use for determining the correct times of prayer , and the system was overseen by the mosque's muwaqqit (timekeeper). The structure is believed to have also been built by Abu Inan alongside his madrasa complex, with one chronicler (al-Djazna'i) reporting that it

1885-454: The Marinid dynasty which succeeded the Almohads. To the Marinids, madrasas played a part in bolstering the political legitimacy of their dynasty. They used this patronage to encourage the loyalty of Fes's influential but fiercely independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam. The madrasas also served to train

1950-683: The United States. He was also a follower of Wahhabism . Mawlay Sulayman was born in Tafilalt on 28 June 1766 to Sidi Mohammed III and one of his wives a lady of the Ahlaf tribe. His father Sidi Mohammed took significant care in his religious education, thus Sulayman memorised the Qur'an in a Zawiya in Safi and studied the biography of Muhammad in Ksar al-Kabir . Sulayman went to Tafilalt in 1783 with two of his brothers where they were given private tutors, there he had

2015-599: The authority of the Makhzen southwards and allowing the sultan to increase his revenue. Mawlay Sulayman's reign was difficult and chaotic because of the hostilities between tribes that he was unable to appease, with a strong divide between the Arabs and Berbers , as demonstrated by the two major revolts that marked his reign. In Marrakesh, he rebuilt the Ali bin Yusef Mosque , without leaving

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2080-506: The central Maghreb. He took Béjaïa in 1353. The Nasrid rulers of Granada were concerned that if Abu Inan was able to gain full control of the Maghreb, he would then invade Granada. To weaken him, they sponsored a rebellion by his brother Abul Fadl, who had briefly been governor of Tunis from December 1349. Sultan Abul-Hajjaj of Granada hired ships from Castile and used them to take Abul-Fadl and his supporters to Sousse , where he launched

2145-516: The chambers are decorated with more stucco-carved surfaces and covered by wooden cupolas with a pattern of radiating ribs. These two lateral chambers have been compared with the iwan s of classic madrasa architecture further east in Egypt , such as the Madrasa of Sultan Hassan in Cairo , leading to speculation that the architect was familiar with such models. The gallery passages that run around both sides of

2210-523: The choice of the decorative methods. Like the Kutubiyya minbar, the Bou Inania Minbar is made of wood, including ebony and other expensive woods, and is decorated with a mix of marquetry and carved pieces assembled together. The main decorative pattern along its major surfaces on either side is centered around eight-pointed stars, from which bands decorated with ivory inlay then interweave and repeat

2275-408: The city with water. The canal likely also served an aesthetic and possibly symbolic purpose, in addition to further assisting in ablutions. The canal is crossed by two small bridges at the corners of the courtyard which give access to a prayer hall on the other side, bordering the southern side of the courtyard. This mosque area is open to the courtyard via the continuation of the gallery arches around

2340-523: The courtyard also connect to corridors that go around the lateral chambers, allowing students from the surrounding rooms to walk directly from the madrasa entrance all the way to the prayer hall without passing through the courtyard, if desired. Along the south edge of the courtyard runs a small canal with water drawn from the Oued el-Lemtiyyin, one of the canals branching from the Oued Fes (Fez River) which supplies

2405-408: The courtyard and its interior is thus visible from outside, although off-limits to non-Muslim visitors. The interior is divided by a transverse row of arches resting on marble and onyx columns. At the western end of the prayer hall is a bayt al-i'tikaf , a small room intended for seclusion or private prayer. The room, open to the rest of the prayer hall via a double-arched window, is elevated above

2470-428: The doorway that gives access to the madrasa's rear street entrance. The far (southern) wall of the prayer hall is marked by the mosque's mihrab , a niche symbolizing the direction of prayer ( qibla ). The walls around the mihrab are surrounded by typical stucco-carved decoration. In the upper walls are windows with decorative stucco grilles inset with coloured glass . The two aisles of the mosque are each covered by

2535-417: The eastern and western doorways), and more geometric patterns. The spaces between the pillars of the gallery and below the windows are highlighted with carved cedar wood elements, while the walls above the stucco decoration also transition to surfaces of cedar wood carved with more arabesque motifs and Arabic inscriptions. Lastly, the top of the walls is overshadows by a wooden canopy supported by corbels. Both

2600-411: The first step of the minbar contains an inscription, now partly disappeared, which refers to Abu Inan and his titles. Abu Inan Faris Abu Inan Faris (1329 – 10 January 1358) ( Arabic : أبو عنان فارس بن علي ) was a Marinid ruler of Morocco . He succeeded his father Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman in 1348. He extended his rule over Tlemcen and Ifriqiya , which covered the north of what

2665-716: The madrasa students, around the courtyard. At the northwestern and northeastern corners of the building are stairways that lead to an upper floor which is occupied by more living quarters for students, some of which have windows overlooking the courtyard. On the east and west sides of the courtyard, aligned with the central fountain, are two large square chambers, measuring 5 metres per side, which served as classrooms. They are entered via archways with intricate muqarnas-carved intrados , which are guarded by tall cedar wood doors whose surfaces are finely carved with interlacing geometric star patterns with arabesque fillings as well as with bands of Arabic calligraphic inscriptions. Inside,

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2730-499: The madrasa's architecture and its waqf endowment, it does not appear to have successfully rivaled the prestige and importance of the larger and older Qarawiyyin as a center of learning. It operated autonomously for some time but it's likely that after a couple of centuries the privilege of higher education in Fes was de facto centralized through the Qarawiyyin. The madrasa building has undergone numerous restorations, particularly in

2795-409: The main courtyard. This entrance is marked by very fine decoration, including a carved wooden canopy situated above a panel of carved stucco decoration. Directly above the doorway is a wooden lintel carved with an Arabic inscription that names Abu Inan as the madrasa's founder. In this part of the building was also a Qur'anic school for children (similar to a kuttab ). The building is centered around

2860-484: The main doorway of the madrasa is the entrance to the dar al- wuḍūʾ ("house of ablutions ") for washing limbs and face before prayers . Like the rest of the madrasa, it was built by Sultan Abu Inan and served both the madrasa and the wider public. It is supplied with plenty of water which is used to wash away waste from the latrines included inside it. Some remnants of Marinid-era decoration in stucco and cedar wood have survived on its upper walls inside. Also opposite

2925-455: The minaret of Chellah, both around the same period. The madrasa's decoration is highly refined and echoes the style that was established by the slightly earlier and smaller, but equally ornate, Madrasa al-'Attarin and Madrasa al-Sahrij . The style is most evident in the courtyard but repeated in other parts of the building. The lower walls and pillars are covered in elaborate zellij mosaic tilework forming complex geometric patterns , while

2990-514: The most exceptional ' Ulama of Fes , such as Abd al-Qadir bin Shaqrun and Hamdun bin al-Hajj . He went to Fes in 1790, and in March 1792, he was offered the throne by the people of Fes. Sulayman accepted, however he accepted only upon the condition that he would not take part in fighting his brothers in the ongoing civil war, despite him being little prepared to govern a kingdom. He had great respect for

3055-505: The other most important mosques of the city. As a result, it was fully equipped with all the facilities of a major mosque and religious complex, in addition to extensive decoration. The architecture and decoration of the madrasa is also considered to be the culmination of this type of Marinid architecture. A number of apocryphal stories about the madrasa's creation exist. One reported story claims that Abu Inan felt guilt about his violent overthrow of his father (Sultan Abu al-Hasan) and gathered

3120-654: The people of Tetuan did the same soon after on 3 May 1822. After this, he was himself defeated near Marrakesh in 1822 and had little power left. Mawlay Sulayman entrusted the Ulama of Fes to proclaim his nephew Abd al-Rahman as the new Sultan once he died. Mawlay Sulayman died on 28 November 1822 and was succeeded by Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham . During the reign of Mawlay Sulayman, the Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab in

3185-572: The prayer hall and the lateral study rooms off the main courtyard feature more stucco decoration along their upper walls, as well as windows with coloured glass set into stucco grilles. The mihrab of the prayer hall is itself also richly decorated with carved stucco, as is common to other Moroccan mosques. The cedar wood doors to the lateral chambers on the northeast and southwest sides of the courtyard are also finely carved, featuring bands of Arabic calligraphy and mostly covered with an with interlacing geometric star pattern with arabesque fillings. Opposite

3250-434: The prayer hall, indicates that construction on the madrasa started on December 28, 1350, CE (28 Ramadan 751 AH ), and finished in 1355 (756 AH). The inscription also notes an extensive list of mortmain -type endowments (i.e. properties and other sources of revenue) which were dedicated to funding the madrasa's operations and which were part of its habous or waqf (an Islamic charitable trust). The construction project

3315-485: The same pattern across the rest of the surface. The spaces between these bands form other geometric shapes which are filled with wood panels of intricately carved arabesques . This motif is similar to that found on the Kutubiyya minbar and even more so to that of the slightly later Almohad minbar of the Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh (commissioned between 1189 and 1195), which followed in the same tradition. The arch above

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3380-466: The scholars and elites who operated their state's bureaucracy. The Bou Inania Madrasa was the largest and most important madrasa created by the Marinid dynasty and turned into one of the most important religious institutions of Fes and Morocco. It was the only such madrasa to gain the status of congregational mosque or "Friday mosque", which meant that the Friday sermon ( khutba ) was delivered here like in

3445-625: The slightest trace of its original Almoravid or Almohad design which dated from the early 12th century, completing its construction by 1819 or 1820. Once news of the French invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798 reached Morocco with reports of French soldiers looting, killing, and abusing the Egyptian people, Mawlay Sulayman responded by reversing the overseas trade policy of his father, Muhammad III . Commercial ties with Europe were reduced and foreign businessmen were encouraged to leave Morocco. After this,

3510-409: The student rooms and to the ablutions room in the northeast part of the building. The vestibule of this entrance is covered by a barrel vault clad with stucco decoration featuring a star-like geometric motif. The nearby ablutions room is centered around a rectangular water basin and is surrounded by other small chambers. The rear entrance, opening from Tala'a Seghira, leads via a bending corridor to

3575-465: The sultan failed to break the resistance of Tetuan, but succeeded in capturing the fortress of Martil in January 1822. Mawlay Sulayman decided to break the siege and return to besieging Fes. Throughout the next month, Mawlay Sulayman pacified the regions north and east of Fes, and following the long siege of Fes, the people of the city opened the gates to the sultan who entered the city on 20 April 1822, and

3640-456: The sultan turned to the Moroccan heartland, extracting from tribes the traditional Qur'anic taxes , Zakat and 'Ushr . This policy worked for some time, but after 1817, a series of natural disasters destroyed crops, leading to rebellions. Mawlay Sulayman presented the United States with a two-storey mud and stone building in Tangier in 1821, the country's first acquired property. It would house

3705-447: The use of music and dance in religious ceremonies, and banning pilgrimages to saintly shrines and religious festivals, even having the qubba over his father's grave removed in 1812, arguing that it was excessive ornamentation. Mawlay Sulayman clearly opposed worshipping the so-called Muslim saints ( ʾawliyāʾ ), and in 1805, he ordered the removal of a mausoleum in Rabat, where his father

3770-613: The vizier feared he would be punished for nominating Abu Bakr. On 10 January 1358 he had Abu Inan strangled. Under Abu Inan's rule the Black Death and the rebellions of Tlemcen and Tunis marked the beginning of the decline of the Marinids. The Marinids proved unable to drive back the Portuguese and the Spaniards , who would start to settle on the North African coast during the reign of

3835-525: The way to Tunis in the east. Abu Inan, who rebelled against his father and declared himself sultan in 1348, did not manage to hold onto all these new eastern territories, but the Moroccan state was nonetheless prosperous during his reign. He was assassinated by his vizier on January 10, 1358, at the age of 31. His death marked the beginning of the dynasty's definitive decline, with subsequent Marinid rulers being mostly figureheads controlled by powerful viziers. The Marinids were prolific builders of madrasas ,

3900-491: Was a Sultan of Morocco from 1792 to 1822, as a ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty . He was proclaimed sultan after the death of his half-brother al-Yazid . Sulayman continued his father's centralization and expansion of the kingdom, and most notably ended the piracy that had long operated from Morocco's coast. As part of Morocco's long running conflict with Spain and Portugal , Sulayman halted all trade with Europe. However, he continued his father's policies of close relations with

3965-549: Was buried, leaving only the grave. In 1806, he wrote a treatise criticising Sufi practices, which could not be greeted enthusiastically in Morocco where Islam was steeped in Maraboutism . During the reigns of Mawlay Sulayman’s successors, such influences were absent, and the worship of “saints” was openly opposed only by Mawlay Hassan I bin Mohammed (1873–1894). "An-Nâsiri said: The Sultan Al moulay Souleymân (ie Moulay Slimane), may Allah bless him, shared this point of view, which

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4030-404: Was completed on May 6, 1357 (14 Djumada al-awwal , 758 AH ). The facade of the building has 13 consoles ( corbels ) intricately carved in cedar wood, with panels of wood-carved arabesques and stylized Kufic decoration between them. Above these are twelve windows surrounded by stucco-carved decoration, above which in turn are two rows of projecting wooden corbels. The uppermost row of consoles

4095-421: Was known to be highly expensive due to the scale and lavishness of the building. One apocryphal anecdote claims that the sultan, upon seeing the full cost of construction presented to him by nervous construction supervisors, ripped up the accounts book and threw it in the river, while proclaiming: "What is beautiful is not expensive, no matter how large the sum." Despite Sultan Abu Inan's significant investments in

4160-406: Was likely powered in some way by running water, and it appears the weights or balls may have been suspended by a lead line attached to the projecting consoles above the windows. The surviving bronze bowls of the clock were removed in the later 20th century for ongoing study, though the structure itself was restored in the early 2000s. The original minbar of the madrasa's mosque is today housed at

4225-582: Was wounded, and Mawlay Sulayman himself was imprisoned. However, the sultan was shown every respect as he was a Sharif (direct descendant of Muhammad), and was released three days later. This was followed by a rebellion in Fes in 1820, and Ibrahim bin Yazid proclaimed himself sultan there. From March 1821 to April 1822, Mawlay Sulayman turned his attention to suppressing the rebellions in Fes and Tetuan , sending an army of 15,000 men to Tetuan. The sieges lasted for about

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