111-626: Lilium candidum , the Madonna lily or white lily , is a plant in the true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the Canary Islands , Mexico, and other regions. It has been cultivated since antiquity, for at least 3,000 years, and has great symbolic value since then for many cultures. It
222-434: A bolus dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port. A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be administered slowly, over the course of a few minutes. The exact administration technique depends on the medication and other factors. In some cases,
333-438: A xenotransfusion . He worked with Edmund King to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before
444-448: A "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion to be administered. The type and location of venous access (i.e. a central line versus peripheral line, and in which vein the line is placed) can be affected by the potential for some medications to cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which limits circulation to peripheral veins. A peripheral cannula
555-444: A bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapid onset of action and high level of effects. An infusion of medication may be used when it
666-406: A buffering solution is sodium bicarbonate . Medications may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or dextrose solutions. Compared with other routes of administration , such as oral medications , the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in emergency situations or when
777-415: A cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention. Rapid treatment with activated charcoal , and/or induced vomiting , can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed. Treatment is time-sensitive, so in some cases vets may advise doing it at home. A vet will give the cat large amounts of fluid by IV , which can reduce
888-431: A common pattern of meiotic crossing-over. Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis. Some Lilium species are toxic to cats . This is known to be so especially for Lilium longiflorum , though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms with equal lethality. The true mechanism of toxicity
999-485: A complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate. One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication. In 1656 Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle worked on
1110-520: A fast onset of action is desirable. In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage. In atrial fibrillation, IV amiodarone may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm. IV medications can also be used for chronic health conditions such as cancer, for which chemotherapy drugs are commonly administered intravenously. In some cases, such as with vancomycin ,
1221-419: A few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters ( Lilium candidum , Lilium catesbaei , Lilium longiflorum ) lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather. The basic chromosome number
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#17328555115661332-401: A full list of accepted species with their native ranges, see List of Lilium species . Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include Cardiocrinum , Notholirion , and Fritillaria . Four other genuses, Lirium , Martagon , Martagon and Nomocharis are considered to synonyms by most sources. The botanic name Lilium
1443-414: A good fragrance, and has a six petaled flower and six stamens . But its identity is uncertain, because it typically grows in montane places and not in valleys as the phrase "the lily of the valleys" would have it. The Bible describes King Solomon's Temple as adorned with designs of Madonna lilies on the columns , and on the brazen Sea (Laver). The white lily symbolizes chastity in the iconography of
1554-410: A line cannot be placed in an area with a cord. Infiltration occurs when a non-vesicant IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the puncture of the vein by the needle becomes
1665-501: A loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood. The bioavailability of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbed, or may be metabolized prior to entering the bloodstream. For some medications, there is virtually zero oral bioavailability. For this reason certain types of medications can only be given intravenously, as there
1776-430: A needle piercing the skin and entering a vein which is connected to a syringe or to external tubing. This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a cannula which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubing at
1887-450: A parenteral nutrition used will depend on the specific nutritional needs of the person it is being given to. If a person is only receiving nutrition intravenously, it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas if a person is only receiving some of their nutrition intravenously it is called partial parenteral nutrition (or supplemental parenteral nutrition). Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of
1998-404: A person is likely to need long-term intravenous therapy, a medical port may be implanted to enable easier repeated access to the vein without having to pierce the vein repeatedly. A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and
2109-405: A set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others may occur; this is termed an "infusion reaction" and is prevented by decreasing the rate of administration of the medication. When vancomycin is involved, this is commonly termed "Red Man syndrome" after the rapid flushing which occurs after rapid administration. As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there
2220-415: A therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when Pope Innocent VIII fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals. If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope. This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical professionals at the time, or that
2331-597: A therapy outside a vein, termed extravasation or infiltration, may cause other side effects. Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of first-pass metabolism in the liver . Substances that may be infused intravenously include volume expanders , blood-based products , blood substitutes , medications and nutrition. Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through
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#17328555115662442-406: Is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is administered by injecting medication through the skin and the silicone port cover into the reservoir. When the needle is withdrawn,
2553-539: Is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water by mouth . It may also be used to administer medications or other medical therapy such as blood products or electrolytes to correct electrolyte imbalances . Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as
2664-401: Is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococcus or Candida albicans may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated equipment. Infection of an IV access site is usually local, causing easily visible swelling, redness, and fever. However, pathogens may also enter
2775-536: Is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in emergency medicine . These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines". A peripheral intravenous line
2886-429: Is administered clandestinely in store-front clinics, poses increased risks due to improper technique and oversight. Intravenous access is also sometimes used outside of a medical setting for the self-administration of recreational drugs, such as heroin and fentanyl , cocaine, methamphetamine, DMT, and others. Intravenous therapy is also used for veterinary patient management. Some medications can be administered as
2997-459: Is also the yuri- yōkan , one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar. This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane , and the shop Kaisei-dō ( 開盛堂 ) established in 1885 became famous for it. Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned hime-yuri "princess lily", one source stated that
3108-504: Is also used in people with acute ethanol toxicity to correct electrolyte and vitamin deficiencies which arise from alcohol consumption. In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs. Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer" ), such as that which
3219-400: Is being used), mask urine test results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly be cleared from the body in order to beat an anti-doping test". Players suspended after attending "boutique IV clinics" which offer this sort of treatment include footballer Samir Nasri in 2017 and swimmer Ryan Lochte in 2018. In the 1960s, John Myers developed
3330-412: Is considered a colloid. The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is normal saline , a solution of sodium chloride at 0.9% concentration, which is isotonic with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as Ringer's lactate ) and the closely related Ringer's acetate , are mildly hypotonic solutions often used in those who have significant burns . Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in
3441-442: Is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams. Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used to limit variation in drug concentration in the blood (i.e. between the peak drug levels and the trough drug levels). They may also be used instead of intermittent bolus injections for
Lilium candidum - Misplaced Pages Continue
3552-415: Is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences. To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as EMLA or Ametop ) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand. If
3663-472: Is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administration. Incompatibility of two fluids or medications can arise due to issues of molecular stability, changes in solubility, or degradation of one of the medications. The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow needle through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for
3774-422: Is inserted in peripheral veins , such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the amount and rate of medication which can be administered safely. A peripheral line consists of a short catheter inserted through
3885-452: Is insufficient uptake by other routes of administration , such is the case of severe dehydration where the patient is required to be treated via IV therapy for a quick recovery. The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with furosemide . Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent
3996-548: Is known a cat came into contact with lilies, ideally before any symptoms develop. Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables , though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat. Lilium brownii var. viridulum , known as 百合 ( pak hop ; pinyin : bǎi hé ; Cantonese Yale : baak hap ; lit. 'hundred united'), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China . Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in
4107-530: Is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness. Other edible Chinese lilies include L. brownii var. brownii , L. davidii var. davidii , L. concolor , L. pensylvanicum , L. distichum , L. martagon var. pilosiusculum , L. pumilum , L. rosthornii and L. speciosum var. gloriosoides . Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies. The dried bulbs are commonly used in
4218-473: Is meant by the hime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature, it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900. The non-tiger-lily himeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant. Intravenous injection Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy )
4329-450: Is not recommended to change a peripheral IV line more frequently than every 72–96 hours. Phlebitis is particularly common in intravenous drug users, and those undergoing chemotherapy, whose veins can become sclerotic and difficult to access over time, sometimes forming a hard, painful "venous cord". The presence of a cord is a cause of discomfort and pain associated with IV therapy, and makes it more difficult for an IV line to be placed as
4440-422: Is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via gravity through a tube attached to a needle inserted into a vein. Without extra equipment, it is not possible to precisely control the rate of administration. For this reason, a setup may also incorporate a clamp to regulate flow. Some IV lines may be placed with " Y-sites ", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through
4551-437: Is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a person is unlikely to be discharged if they still require IV therapy. Some medications, such as aprepitant , are chemically modified to be better suited for IV administration, forming a prodrug such as fosaprepitant . This can be for pharmacokinetic reasons or to delay the effect of the drug until it can be metabolized into
Lilium candidum - Misplaced Pages Continue
4662-655: Is susceptible to several virus diseases common to lilies, and especially to Botrytis fungus. One technique to avoid problems with viruses is to grow plants from seed instead of bulblets. It forms bulbs at ground level, and, unlike other lilies, grows a basal rosette of leaves during winter, which die the following summer. A leafy floral stem, which generally grows 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) tall, but exceptionally 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall, emerges in late spring and bears several sweetly and very fragrant flowers in summer. The flowers are pure white and tinted yellow in their throats. Madonna lilies are depicted in
4773-430: Is termed "red man syndrome". Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback. This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the primary bag is held lower than the secondary bag so that the secondary medication can flow into
4884-551: Is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek word λείριον leírion , generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily . The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) hleri , from standard hreri , from Demotic hrry , from Egyptian hrṛt "flower". Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and
4995-476: Is the most common intravenous access method utilized in hospitals , pre-hospital care, and outpatient medicine. This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the median cubital vein at the elbow. A tourniquet may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to prevent extravasation . The part of
5106-503: Is twelve (n=12). In 2017, lilies ranked as the second most favorite flower among UK residents, highlighting their enduring popularity and cultural significance Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber, species acceptance follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , the taxonomy of section Pseudolirium is from the Flora of North America,
5217-466: Is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute kidney failure . Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat. Due to the high mortality rate, medical care should be sought immediately once it
5328-403: Is used to verify that the end of the cannula is in the right place if fluoroscopy was not used during the insertion. An EKG can also be used in some cases to determine if the end of the cannula is in the correct location. A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating
5439-415: Is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate dehydration with oral rehydration therapy which is an option, as opposed to parenteral rehydration through an IV line. Children in emergency departments being treated for dehydration have better outcomes with oral treatment than intravenous therapy due to the pain and complications of an intravenous line. Cold spray may decrease
5550-498: The H. graminea and Lilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include L. bulbiferum . Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat. A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties". Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from
5661-674: The Catholic Church and some of the Orthodox churches. For example, Medieval depictions of the Annunciation show Gabriel the Archangel handing a white lily to the Virgin Mary . Additionally, the white lily is the attribute of other virginal and chaste saints, such as Saint Joseph , Saint Anthony of Padua , Saint Kateri Tekakwitha , and Saint Maria Goretti . The French adopted the symbol of
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#17328555115665772-558: The Dun-bar . The proliferation of deer (e.g. Odocoileus virginianus ) in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well. Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas. Many species are widely grown in
5883-549: The Northern Hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics . Many other plants have "lily" in their common names , but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies. True lilies are known to be highly toxic to cats. Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from 1–6 ft (30–180 cm). They form naked or tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their organs of perennation . In some North American species
5994-582: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017): Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups: The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form: Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue. Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on
6105-704: The Royal Society on 23 November 1667. Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France. There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831 Thomas Latta studied the use of IV fluid replacements for cholera treatment. The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk. In
6216-795: The San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry. A landrace called 龍牙百合 ( pinyin : lóng yá bǎi hé ; lit. 'dragon-tooth lily') mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs. L. lancifolium ( Chinese : 卷丹 ; pinyin : juǎn dān ; lit. 'reflexed red') is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing , Huzhou and Longshan . Its bulbs are slightly bitter. L. davidii var. unicolor ( Chinese : 蘭州百合 ; lit. 'Lanzhou lily')
6327-450: The fleur de lis , which can be described as a stylized Madonna lily, however the shape of this symbol more accurately resembles that of a flag iris or Iris florentina . Before 1999, the Madonna lily was the provincial flower of Quebec , probably as a reference to the fleurs-de-lis on the flag of Quebec . However, this was criticized as the plant is not native to Quebec, and in 1999 it
6438-409: The hime-yuri (usually taken to mean L. concolor ) had to have been used, but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of yama-yuri ( L. auratum ). Current Japanese governmental sources ( c. 2005 ) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption:
6549-425: The oni yuri or tiger lily Lilium lancifolium , the kooni yuri Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii , and the gold-banded white yama-yuri L. auratum . But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900, give a top-three list which replaces kooni yuri with the sukashi-yuri ( 透かし百合 , lit. "see-through lily", L. maculatum ) named from the gaps between the tepals . There is uncertainty regarding which species
6660-477: The " Myers' cocktail ", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a hangover cure and general wellness remedy. The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008. These clinics, whose target market was described by Elle as "health nuts who moonlight as heavy drinkers", have been publicized in the 2010s by glamorous celebrity customers. Intravenous therapy
6771-406: The 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use. The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and fluid replacement throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the circulatory system and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for
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#17328555115666882-440: The 1830s, James Blundell , an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery. This predated the understanding of blood type , leading to unpredictable results. Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician Guido Baccelli in the late 1890s and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and Justine Johnstone Wanger but
6993-720: The Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily. Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except Lilium candidum which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn. They have contractile roots which pull
7104-666: The Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. Ancient Greek : κρῖνον , krīnon , was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color. The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily , fire lily , lily of the Nile , calla lily , trout lily , kaffir lily , cobra lily , lily of
7215-560: The Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year. The parts of Lilium species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of Lilium lancifolium , Lilium brownii var. viridulum , Lilium pumilum and Lilium candidum . The lily bulb or yuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine. It may be most familiar in
7326-550: The Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane , or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils. Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including
7437-437: The access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein. Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered medically invasive . For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy
7548-513: The active form. A blood product (or blood-based product ) is any component of blood which is collected from a donor for use in a blood transfusion . Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to trauma , or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery . Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease . Early blood transfusions consisted of whole blood , but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of
7659-429: The area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug. Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or chemotherapeutic agent . In such cases, the infiltration is termed extravasation , and may cause necrosis . If the solutions administered are colder than
7770-399: The base of the bulb develops into rhizomes , on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons . Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from
7881-776: The beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America. Daylilies ( Hemerocallis , not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers. Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of Botrytis elliptica , also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight. Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus. Lilies can be propagated in several ways; Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit
7992-479: The blood, such as packed red blood cells , fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate . Parenteral nutrition is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by eating and digesting food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain salts , dextrose , amino acids , lipids and vitamins . The exact formulation of
8103-462: The blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids. Buffer solutions which are used to correct acidosis or alkalosis are also administered through intravenous access. Lactated Ringer's solution used as a fluid expander or base solution to which medications are added also has some buffering effect. Another solution administered intravenously as
8214-411: The bloodstream, causing sepsis , which can be sudden and life-threatening. A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection. Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. This may be caused by infection,
8325-399: The body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a contrast agent into a vein. The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increase visibility of blood vessels or other features. Common contrast agents are administered into a peripheral vein from which they are distributed throughout
8436-418: The cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate into the surrounding tissues; this situation is known as a blown vein or "tissuing". Using this cannula to administer medications causes extravasation of the drug, which can lead to edema , causing pain and tissue damage, and even necrosis depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain
8547-545: The catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. A peripheral IV line cannot be left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose IVs were replaced routinely. If placed with proper aseptic technique, it
8658-593: The catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a syringe or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a heplock or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the catheter. Ported cannulae have an injection port on the top that is often used to administer medicine. The thickness and size of needles and catheters can be given in Birmingham gauge or French gauge . A Birmingham gauge of 14
8769-504: The central vein output. A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually placed in peripheral veins in the arm, and may be placed using the Seldinger technique under ultrasound guidance. An X-ray
8880-542: The central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein. These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. Types of tunneled central lines include the Hickman line or Broviac catheter. A tunnelled line is an option for long term venous access necessary for hemodialysis in people with poor kidney function. An implanted port
8991-435: The circulation to the imaging site. IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100 mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption. The United States Anti-Doping Agency notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change blood test results (such as hematocrit where EPO or blood doping
9102-408: The consumption of some recreational drugs . Many therapies are administered as a " bolus " or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended infusion or drip . The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most basic intravenous access consists of
9213-422: The damage to the kidneys, and thus increase the chances of survival. Lilium List of Lilium species Lilium ( / ˈ l ɪ l i ə m / LIL -ee-əm ) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to
9324-610: The fresco titled Prince of the Lilies in the ruins of the ancient Minoan palace of Knossos . Some translations of the Bible identify the Hebrew word Shoshannah as "lily" in the Song of Songs : "As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters." ( Song of Songs , 2:2 ( KJV )) Customarily it is translated as "rose". For example, Abraham ibn Ezra described it as a white flower, which has
9435-434: The garden in temperate , sub-tropical and tropical regions. Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum , form important cut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, Lilium longiflorum for
9546-447: The health of the veins in the desired site of insertion. Placement of an IV line may cause pain, as it necessarily involves piercing the skin. Infections and inflammation (termed phlebitis ) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of
9657-438: The height of lilies, especially those sold as potted plants. Commonly used chemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, all of which are applied to the foliage to slow the biosynthesis of gibberellins , a class of plant hormones responsible for stem growth. A comparison of meiotic crossing-over ( recombination ) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverse eukaryotes share
9768-422: The intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of volume expander: crystalloids and colloids . Crystalloids are aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as gelatin . Blood itself
9879-401: The line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion. A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the superior vena cava , inferior vena cava or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside of the body to
9990-399: The medicine from being fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases, a medication may be given IV only until the patient can tolerate an oral form of the medication. The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form
10101-447: The other end. In some cases, multiple medications or therapies are administered through the same IV line. IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally inserted central catheter" or PICC line. If
10212-482: The pain of putting in an IV. Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes potassium , which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation. The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line,
10323-447: The path of least resistance—such as a cannula which has been left inserted, causing the vein to scar. It can also occur upon insertion of an IV line if a tourniquet is not promptly removed. Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of hyaluronidase around
10434-410: The plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A soil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright. The following lily species and cultivars currently hold
10545-444: The present day as an occasional ingredient ( 具 , gu ) in the chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard), where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving. It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or suimono [ ja ] . The boiled bulb may also be strained into purée for use, as in the sweetened kinton , or chakin-shibori . There
10656-407: The primary tubing, rather than fluid from the primary bag flowing into the secondary tubing. The fluid from the primary bag is needed to help flush any remaining medication from the secondary IV from the tubing. If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered. Secondary compatibility
10767-402: The reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area. Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag
10878-452: The roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies ( Lilium ) and fritillaries ( Fritillaria ). Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American Lilium species are all vulnerable, but
10989-426: The same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a drip chamber , which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an air embolism ), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solution. Alternatively, an infusion pump allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine
11100-451: The same reason, such as with furosemide . Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to enable the administration of medicines which would be incompatible if administered at
11211-403: The same time in the same IV line, for example vancomycin. Failure to properly calculate and administer an infusion can result in adverse effects, termed infusion reactions. For this reason, many medications have a maximum recommended infusion rate, such as vancomycin and many monoclonal antibodies . These infusion reactions can be severe, such as in the case of vancomycin, where the reaction
11322-399: The skin into a peripheral vein . This is usually in the form of a cannula -over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal trocar . Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from
11433-462: The soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil. The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at
11544-627: The south to flavor soup. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried , grated and used to thicken soup , or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato , although the individual bulb scales are much smaller. The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called kam cham tsoi ( Chinese : 金针菜 ; pinyin : jīnzhēncài ; Cantonese Yale : gāmjām choi ; lit. 'gold needle vegetable') in Chinese cuisine , are actually from daylilies , Hemerocallis citrina , or possibly H. fulva . Flowers of
11655-484: The subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out." The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed authorship to Wren. Richard Lower showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously,
11766-536: The taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007, the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China and the taxonomy of Section Sinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al. as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion . The Sinomartagon are divided in 3 paraphyletic groups, while the Leucolirion are divided in 2 paraphyletic groups. There are seven sections: There are 119 species counted in this genus. For
11877-418: The temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid, ventricular fibrillation may result. Furthermore, if a solution which is not balanced in concentration is administered, a person's electrolytes may become imbalanced. In hospitals, regular blood tests may be used to proactively monitor electrolyte levels. The first recorded attempt at administering
11988-568: The tip of the stem, with six tepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the anthers . The fruit is a three-celled capsule. Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates. Most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But
12099-583: The valley , daylily , ginger lily , Amazon lily , leek lily , Peruvian lily , and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew shūshan , shōshan , shōshannā as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of Song of Solomon , for instance, may be the honeysuckle. The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and
12210-511: Was not widely available until the 1950s. There was a time, roughly the 1910s–1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a Murphy drip , a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route. In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of hydrolyzed proteins and dextrose. This
12321-455: Was replaced by the blue flag iris , which is native to the province. In Taiwan, both the flower and bulbs are used as food, as are the other related species: L. brownii var. viridulum , L. lancifolium and L. pumilum . Cats are extremely sensitive to the toxicity of the plant and ingestion is often fatal. Households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where
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