Political
84-655: Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Madkhalism is a strain of quietist thought within the larger Salafi movement characterised by monarchism and loyalty to governments in the Arab world , based on the writings of Sheikh Rabee al-Madkhali . Though originating in Saudi Arabia , the movement lost its support base in the country and has mostly been relegated to the Muslim community in Europe , with most Saudi Arabians not taking
168-507: A "famous Islamic admonition: `Better one hundred years of the Sultan's tyranny than one year of people's tyranny over each other.`" Other sacred scriptures providing grounding for political quietism in Islam include the ayat `Obey God, obey his Prophet and obey those among you who hold authority`( Q4:59 ) and the hadith : “Listen and obey, even if the one appointed over you is an Ethiopian slave with
252-555: A "government in exile," with which finally he was able to return in triumph to his birthplace and establish the Islamic state in Mecca...The Prophet as rebel has provided a sort of paradigm of revolution—opposition and rejection, withdrawal and departure, exile and return. Time and time again movements of opposition in Islamic history tried to repeat this pattern. Contrasting the Salafi quietists with
336-444: A Salafi preacher as saying: "The Prophet said: as long as the ruler does not enter into clear kufr [disbelief], give him general obedience," even if he is a sinner. Classic "books of creed” all warn against causing social upheaval. Wood describes these quietists as believing "Muslims should direct their energies toward perfecting their personal life, including prayer, ritual, and hygiene," rather than jihad and conquest. He compares
420-405: A Sunni jurist and one of the great early authors of Sufism, discusses a report attributed to the companion and first caliph Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq where the latter defines ‘uzla or retreat in the bodily sense as a synonym for monasticism. Al-Tirmidhi makes a rhetorical body shunning/heart-shunning dichotomy between Christians and Jews, who shunned the world with their bodies, and Muslims, who shunned
504-571: A campaign aiming to create a global movement "to protect and safeguard heritage in areas where it is threatened by extremists". The campaign was triggered by the programmatic destruction of cultural heritage conducted in Iraq and Syria by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) since 2014, in particular after the circulation of videos of looting at Mosul Museum , destruction in the city of Nimrud and
588-475: A director at EBRD, and has two children. On 22 September 2009, Bokova was elected Director-General of UNESCO . She defeated nine candidates at the election in Paris, with Farouk Hosny ultimately being defeated by 31–27 in the fifth and last round of voting. Hosny had been expected to win but attracted criticism from figures such as Nobel Peace laureate Elie Wiesel over his anti-Israel statements. She took over
672-495: A diversion that encourages deviancy.” Western scholar Jacob Olidort describes the Salafi scholar Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (d. 1999) as "the most prominent quietist Salafist of the last century". His slogan "later in life" was: “the best policy is to stay out of politics.” Today, his students range from Madkhalis —which Olidort describes as the "absolute quietists"—to the violent Ikhwan insurgents that planned and perpetrated
756-923: A head like a raisin. Even if the one appointed over you is a mutilated Ethiopian slave whose nose and ears have been cut off, listen to him and obey, so long as he leads you according to the Book of Allah.” Other "commonly cited" but not scriptural sayings among Sunni jurists and theologians that encourage acceptance over resistance include "whose power prevails must be obeyed" and "the world can live with tyranny but not with anarchy". Saud al-Sarhan in his treatise Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi’i Practice and Thought states that in medieval times in back drop of power of Muslim empire supremos became absolute and being quiet became virtue of ideal citizens , genre of Nasihat and advice literature started thriving. According to al-Sarhan goal of advice literature then in those times
840-585: A just, Islamic rule on Earth. Therefore, many of them oppose the Iranian "non-quietist" concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist . Irina Bokova Irina Georgieva Bokova ( Bulgarian : Ирина Георгиева Бокова ; born 12 July 1952) is a Bulgarian politician and a former Director-General of UNESCO (2009–2017). During her political and diplomatic career in Bulgaria , she served, among others, two terms as
924-565: A member of the National parliament , and deputy minister of foreign affairs and minister of foreign affairs ad interim under Prime Minister Zhan Videnov . She also served as Bulgaria's ambassador to France and to Monaco , and was Bulgaria's Permanent Delegate to UNESCO . Bokova was also the personal representative of Bulgaria's president to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (2005–2009). On 15 November 2009, she took office as
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#17328560093731008-552: A national network of disciples to promote his work and monitor the activities of competitor clerics, and although Madkhalists are outnumbered by followers of Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage in Kuwait, they retain an extensive international network in the Middle East, Europe and Southeast Asia. Despite losing its audience in its country of origin, the movement had branched outward by
1092-449: A person performs a disbelieving deed [I.e. if we are to do Takfîr ]... The disbelief has to be clear and known and it shouldn’t be possible to misunderstand it. If one can misunderstand it, then one doesn’t do Takfîr on the person who falls into it (this deed) even if the deed is disbelief.. It was nothing other than this unsound misinterpretation that made the rebellion of the Khawârij harm
1176-572: A reaction against the Muslim Brotherhood , rival Sahwa movement as well as the Qutbi movement; Sayyid Qutb , that movement's figurehead, is considered to be an apostate by Madkhali and his movement. Rabee al-Madkhali was incredibly influential, most of it through Saudi support, in the early 90's, during and after the time period the Gulf War was taking place. The Saudi regime attracted great ire from
1260-699: A strong asset in leading an organization badly buffeted in the past by ideological storms." On 16 January 2014, Irina Bokova yielded to pressure from the Arab League and postponed for five months an exhibit entitled The People, the Book, the Land – 3,500 years of ties between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel , following protest from the Arab states in UNESCO, arguing it would harm the peace process. Invitations had already gone out and
1344-402: A true Islamic government. It is the opposite of political Islam , which holds that the Islamic religion and politics are inseparable, and Muslims should be fighting to establish true Islamic government. It has also been used to describe Muslims who believe that it is "forbidden to rebel against a [Muslim] ruler", or even become involved in political factions, as this would cause disunity in
1428-399: A woman". There he describes women, who are considered as potential candidates. About Bokova, he writes, "several leading candidates are beginning to emerge. Irina Bokova, director general of UNESCO and Bulgaria's official candidate, fulfills many of the required criteria and is seen by many as the front-runner. She has taken a strong stance on the fight against extremism and terror financing and
1512-435: Is "one of the threats to peace, one of the threats to societies," adding that "Isis/Daesh is about the destruction of societies. They pit communities against one another". Bokova's candidacy collected a number of endorsements. In July 2015 The Guardian published an article, titled Will the next UN secretary general be a woman? with a picture of Irina Bokova and a description The head of Unesco, Irina Bokova from Bulgaria,
1596-547: Is a favourite to become the UN's new secretary general in 2017. Bulgarian weekly Capital wrote a page about her candidacy, which states, among other, Bokova demonstrates diplomatic and governance skills in a big international organization – UNESCO, which she heads for a second term. She has good reputation to the permanent five members of the UN Security Council. She speaks fluently English, French, Spanish and Russian – four of
1680-702: Is a professor at the Islamic University of Madinah . Another break between Madkhalists and the mainstream of purist Salafism has been the reaction to the Arab Spring . While most purist Salafists initially opposed both the Libyan Civil War and the Syrian Civil War , eventually they threw their support behind the opposition in both cases due to the extreme violence on the part of the Gaddafi and Assad regimes;
1764-671: Is actively championing women empowerment and girls' education." On 4 July 2016 the French newspaper L'Opinion published an open letter in support of Irina Bokova's candidacy. The letter was signed by a number of prominent French, among them Christine Albanel , Yann Arthus-Bertrand , Pierre Bergé , Hélène Carrère d'Encausse , Jean-Pierre Chevènement , Yves Coppens , Édith Cresson , Xavier Darcos , Pierre Gattaz , Jean-Michel Jarre , Bariza Khiari , Beate Klarsfeld , Serge Klarsfeld , Julia Kristeva , Catherine Lalumière , Laurence Parisot , Stéphane Richard , Eric de Rothschild . They urged
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#17328560093731848-762: Is due to the apparently contradictory fatwas issued by Rabee al-Madkhali, Muhammad bin Hadi al-Madkhali and other Salafi scholars. [REDACTED] Politics portal Madkhalism is often compared to Wahhabism , sharing a number of tenets with the wider movement. Media analysts have warned against generalizing such Islamists movements despite their differences, however. Madkhali has borrowed heavily from elder Salafist scholar Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani ; Madkhali adopted more extreme positions than Albani in his teaching according to Qutbi clerics, however, and Madkhalists were dismayed when Albani praised clerics Safar Al-Hawali and Salman al-Ouda . A cornerstone of Madkhalist discourse
1932-675: Is the daughter of the communist politician Georgi Bokov , editor-in-chief of Rabotnichesko Delo , the official newspaper and organ of the Bulgarian Communist Party . By descent Bokova is Bulgarian . Bokova graduated from the First English Language School , and then went on to graduate from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations , preparing young apparatchiks from the entire Eastern Bloc for future tasks such as diplomats and agents under
2016-489: Is unquestioning loyalty to governments in public, even those that use extreme and unjustified violence against their subjects. Unlike other Islamist groups which often oppose totalitarian, mostly secular governments in the Middle East, the Madkhalist movement is openly supportive of such regimes. Madkhalists argue that the governments of Arab countries are not to be revolted even if they are oppressive. They hold that God has given
2100-461: The sharia law . In order to restore Islam , bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for jihad against what he perceived as jahili government/society, and overthrow them. Qutbism ,
2184-532: The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , calling it "a scandal", in light of Bokova's father's communist past. On the other hand, The New York Times not only published an article, explaining who Mrs. Bokova is, but also officially supported her nomination on the grounds that "[s]he played an active role in Bulgaria's political transformation from Soviet satellite to European Union member. That should be
2268-543: The Islâmic Ummah . Khawârij get the idea that the deed is disbelief and (thusly) they revolt, which they said to ‘Alî bin Abî Tâlib ... Those you accuse among the Arab and Muslim rulers can be excused. They have perhaps not received the truth. They maybe have received it while at the same time somebody made them misunderstand the matter. Thus, one has to be sensible when it comes to this matter." Modern Salafi movements such as
2352-556: The Muslim Brotherhood , which was founded in Egypt in the 1920s, co-opted the Sufi tradition of ‘uzla' or retreat from worldly affairs and political quietism as a form of "soft jihad" against fellow Muslims. Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of Salafi-Jihadism . He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and
2436-645: The Netherlands . On Friday, 24 August 2012, Islamists loyal to Muhammad al-Madkhali, demolished Sufi shrines in Zliten in Libya with construction equipment and bulldozers. The act was condemned by twenty-two NGOs, in addition to the post-war Libyan government's top religious official and UNESCO General Director Irina Bokova . The post-war Libyan government filed a complaint with the Saudi government regarding Muhammad al-Madkhali, who
2520-661: The Wall Street Journal , that her work at UNESCO is "highly regarded", and that the Bulgarian government has "nominated her to succeed Ban Ki-moon as the next U.N. Secretary-General, and she is widely believed to be the frontrunner for that position". Responding to a Parliamentary question, on 18 May 2015 the Bulgarian foreign minister Daniel Mitov explained the process, undertaken by the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to support Irina Bokova's candidacy. He informed
2604-485: The siege of Mecca in 1979 . Olidort argues that quietist is "an inadequate label to describe the ambitions of Albani and his followers". Commenting on the activities of certain Islamist groups that organized armed rebellions against Arab rulers, Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen , one of the most influential Islamic scholars of his era, stated in a fatwa : "A factor that hinders from Takfîr shouldn’t exist when
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2688-583: The "inordinate amount of time" spent on debating issues such as the proper length of trousers and whether beards may be trimmed in some areas, to ultra-Orthodox Jews who "debate whether it’s kosher to tear off squares of toilet paper on the Sabbath (does that count as 'rending cloth'?)" Sidney Jones of ICG has stated that (quietist) Salafism is not political activism and was a barrier to the expansion of jihadist activities to varying degrees. Western scholar Joas Wagemakers describes Salafist quietists as focusing "on
2772-653: The Bulgarian Parliament that the campaign consists of three stages – information-consultative one – until September 2015, the essential stage – between September 2015 and April 2016, and the last stage – from May 2016 until October–December 2016. On 9 February 2016 the Bulgarian Foreign Ministry announced that her candidacy for the top UN job has been officially submitted to the United Nations for consideration. On 11 February Bulgarian media reported that
2856-446: The Bulgarian government nominated Irina Bokova to be the official candidate of the country for the United Nations top job. In January 2015 the new Bulgarian government confirmed the candidacy, although the now-ruling conservative GERB was much less enthusiastic about Bokova than the former Socialist Party government that originally nominated her. That same month former Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski wrote in an article at
2940-585: The Foreign Ministry has allocated BGN 106,300 (approx. $ 60,000 at the time of the publication) for the election campaign. Her campaign ran into troubles after reports that the United Kingdom had opposed her elevation. According to the Government of Russia , Germany began to organize to nominate another Bulgarian – European commissioner Kristalina Georgieva – as candidate to become Secretary General. It
3024-724: The French President and the French government to support the nomination of Bokova, as this is in the interests of France, and also to promote their position to the other members of the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly. On 10 June 2016, Bukova received the Global Summit of Women 's Global Women's Leadership Award in Warsaw, Poland. On 6 April 2015, the French Embassy in Bulgaria announced that Bokova has been awarded
3108-575: The Holy Book and on the actions and sayings of the Prophet. The quietist tradition obviously rests on the Prophet as sovereign, as judge and statesman. But before the Prophet became a head of state, he was a rebel. Before he traveled from Mecca to Medina, where he became sovereign, he was an opponent of the existing order. He led an opposition against the pagan oligarchy of Mecca and at a certain point went into exile and formed what in modern language might be called
3192-482: The Madkhalists are markedly different from other Salafist groups as well. A noted feature of Madkhalism during Muslim dogmatic exchanges is clarifying the opponent sect instead of only discourse regarding the topic of discussion. The person of the movement's leader, Rabee al-Madkhali, also carries a heavy focus uncharacteristic of rival movements such as Qutbism . Madkhalists have been described as obsessed with defense of
3276-522: The Madkhalists attacked the mainstream purists for these stances. As of early 2019, Madkhalists continue to be supported by the Saudi government and have found common cause with Libyan Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar , who has been described as "Libya's most potent warlord", during the Second Libyan Civil War . Madkhalis have often found themselves supporting opposing political factions in Libya. This
3360-521: The Madkhalists have been noted for their opposition to and mutual rivalry with Salafist jihadism . The Madkhalist movement has been described as politically quietist, eschewing the organized political efforts of the mainstream of Salafism and even going as far as to declare religious clerics who participate in modern political system to be heretics or even apostates . Such politically active Salafists are often described by followers of Madkhalism as part of an international conspiracy against "true Salafism." On
3444-660: The Miwon Professorship and the office of the honorary rector of the Humanitas College. In 2020 she was selected as an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Class V — Public Affairs, Business, and Administration , section Scientific, Cultural, and Nonprofit Leadership . Between mid-2014 and end-2016, Bokova was a candidate for the position of UN Secretary General. In June 2014
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3528-551: The Russia Foundation, published an article in the Financial Times ' beyondbrics forum . In it the author comments: "Of the women from Eastern Europe being discussed is Irina Bokova, the current head of UNESCO and former Bulgarian foreign minister. She is considered to be a front-runner." On 2 October 2015, governor Bill Richardson wrote an opinion for The Washington Post , "The next U.N. secretary general should be
3612-623: The Sahwa movement, due to their collusion with the US government and the Saudi's allowing US military bases to be set up in the Arabian peninsula. In response, the Saudi government imprisoned the leaders of the movement and strongly promoted al-Madkhali, who supported the regime. Senior US policy makers Will McCants and Jarret Brachman have also advised the US to discreetly fund figures like al-Madkhali to siphon off support for jihadis who advocate for violence against
3696-473: The UN and other conferences to defend her positions and explain her candidature. When prompted by St. Vincent and the Grenadines and an informal dialogue at the UN, Bokova responded by emphasizing her understanding of the problem as she had recently traveled to Haiti, and her acknowledgement of the various UN agencies that have make substantial efforts to cope with this issue. In response to a plenary question on
3780-702: The UN's role in regards to cholera in Haiti at the International Peace Institute, Bokova responded, "Of course I know about this problem and I know that there is a legal process that is being engaged in currently. I do not know the details of this legal process, I just know that it is going there and I know that there is an idea to establish a fund for indemnities. I will be advocating also for this action to be taken." On sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers, Bokova made this issue central to her vision statement. "I am determined to work with governments and
3864-652: The UNESCO World Heritage site of Hatra . As Director-General of UNESCO, Bokova led efforts to block the trade in Syrian and Iraqi cultural artifacts to fund ISIS and other radical Islamist groups. These efforts led to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2199 on 12 February 2015. This resolution officially recognized the link between illicit traffic and security, outlawed all trade in cultural goods from Iraq and Syria and requested that UNESCO coordinate efforts in this area with Interpol . In response to
3948-603: The US military. At the Madkhalist movement's inception in the early 1990s, the governments of Saudi Arabia and Egypt promoted the group as a counterbalance to more extreme elements of the wider Islamist movement. During this time, a number of radical Jihadists converted to Madkhalism, especially in the Salafist stronghold of Buraidah . In Kuwait, the Madkhali movement was nurtured around individuals who would separate from "mainstream" Salafism in 1981 due to many amongst them entering into
4032-399: The armed Maluku sectarian conflict which continued from the late 1990s until the early 2000s. In the year 2000, Muhammad al-Madkhali went so far as to declare the prohibition of jihad by then Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid , himself an internationally recognized Islamic scholar, as being contrary to sharia law. Though often lumped together with all other Salafists and Islamists,
4116-492: The assassinations of the rightly guided caliphs, Sufis deemed attempts at perfecting this world useless and thus "took the Qur’anic concept of tawakkul (reliance on God) and developed it into political quietism." Javad Nurbakhsh stated: "In Sufi practice, quietism and seclusion – sitting in isolation, occupying oneself day and night in devotions – are condemned." Sufis should have "active professional lives", and be in "service to
4200-443: The civil society to combat any kind of violence against women and girls... There can be no excuse for the appalling crimes of sexual violence and I consider that the UN has to take the lead in showing strong commitment to ending impunity for violence against women and girls." On jihadism, she said she would try to get the UN to do more to curb the threat of Isis, saying cultural dialogue and education were key to curbing jihadism which
4284-703: The community; but that at the right time in the future, when (depending on the sect of Muslim), a consensus of Islamic scholars (in Sunni Islam), or the twelfth imam (in Twelver Shia Islam) call for it, all Muslims should support a true Islamic government. (The Sunnis of Saudi Arabia and Salafis are sometimes described as having "quietist" and "radical" wings.) Some analysts have argued that "Islamic political culture promotes political quietism", especially when faced with forms of absolute leadership, such as autocracy , monarchy , or caliphate , and cite
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#17328560093734368-512: The control of the KGB . Subsequently, she worked at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, starting in 1977 as a third secretary and eventually becoming acting minister (ad interim) between 13 November 1996 – 13 February 1997. In 2015 German newspaper Die Welt discovered an error on her UNESCO biography page, where she was named the minister, and not the ad interim. When it came to public attention,
4452-402: The creation", i.e. be actively serving in the world giving "generously to aid others". However, in the past some Sufi masters have "retired from mainstream society in order to avoid harassment by mobs incited by hostile clerics who had branded all Sufis as unbelievers and heretics". On the other hand, Inayat Khan affirmed that "Sufism is the ancient school of wisdom, of quietism, and it has been
4536-521: The decision is not of the Director-General, a Japanese professor claimed that Mrs. Bokova might have interest in courting China. In October 2016, after opposing an Arab-backed resolution in UNESCO denying Temple Mount 's connection to Judaism, Bokova received death threats, prompting her protection to be reinforced. In 2018 it was announced that Irina Bokova will be teaching at the Kyung Hee University in Korea. Kyung Hee University also awarded Bokova an honorary doctorate in Peace Studies, and she assumed
4620-429: The doctrines of Salafi-Jihadist organizations that wage armed insurgencies , (such as al-Qaeda , Islamic State , Boko Haram , etc.) the Western journalist Graeme Wood notes that while both believe that God’s law is the only law and are "committed" to expanding the Dar al-Islam (the land of Islam), Salafi quietists share other quietist Muslims' concern about disunity in the Muslim community ( Ummah ). Wood quotes
4704-407: The early 2010s, with Madkhalists gaining followers in western Kazakhstan , where the Government of Kazakhstan views them and other Islamists with suspicion. Regardless of these gains, Western analysts have still described the movement as now being relegated to a primarily European phenomenon. Analysts have estimated that Madkhalists and their allies comprise just over half of the Salafist movement in
4788-403: The early companions, who demarcated reclusion from un-Islamic practices such as monasticism and cleared it from any suggestion of divisiveness, there were those amongst the Sufis who regarded "ascetic seclusion alone as the means of attaining goodness". In addition, some of the companions interpreted these prophetic and Qur’anic recommendations figuratively. Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi (750-869 CE),
4872-417: The edicts of Madkhalists seriously. Political scientist Omar Ashour has described the movement as resembling a cult, and English-language media has referred to the group as such. In addition to Arab regimes, U.S. policymakers and senior advisors to the U.S. Department of State have also reportedly advised the U.S. government to fund al-Madkhali and his strain of thought. The movement has, in essence, been
4956-412: The error was immediately removed. Bokova was a member of the Bulgarian communist party until 1990, when the party was renamed in Bulgarian Socialist Party , and her membership was cancelled, after changes in the law that year required that employees of several ministries, among them Foreign Affairs, should not be members of any political party. Bokova was two terms member of the Bulgarian Parliament –
5040-476: The executive board of UNESCO nominated her for second term as Director-General. She was re-elected by the UNESCO General Conference on 12 November 2013. In 2009, while most of the Bulgarian media was supportive of Ms. Bokova's future role at the helm of UNESCO, some raised questions about her past as a daughter of a member of the totalitarian communist elite. Bulgarian-born German writer Iliya Troyanov criticised Bokova's election as Director-General of UNESCO in
5124-405: The exhibit was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January at UNESCO's Paris headquarters with fully prepared exhibition material already in place. In a letter to Bokova, Abdulla al Neaimi, an official from the United Arab Emirates, expressed "deep worry and great disapproval" over the program showing the age old connection between Israel and the Jewish people. The US State Department said it
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#17328560093735208-417: The first term in 1990-1991 during the 7th Grand (Constitutional) National Assembly , elected as a majoritarian representative with the Bulgarian Socialist Party list, and the second, during the 39th National Assembly , in 2001–2005, with the Coalition for Bulgaria list. In addition to her mother tongue Bulgarian , she speaks English , French , Spanish and Russian . She is married to Kalin Mitrev,
5292-590: The first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān ( In the shade of the Qurʾān ) and his 1966 manifesto Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq ( Milestones ), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles. According to Qutb, the Muslim community has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to jahiliyah (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow
5376-404: The highest Muslim authority this right due to the 59th quranic verse in Surah An-Nisa , which translates as: “O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. ” Relations with governments of countries which are Muslim but not Arab have not always been as smooth. Both Madkhali brothers actively encouraged Muslims inside and outside of Indonesia to join
5460-465: The inauguration of the exhibition People, Book, Land: The 3,500 year Relationship of the Jewish People with the Holy Land in the U.S. capital. Bokova inaugurated the exhibition in the presence of Edward Royce , Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Eliot Engel , Ranking Member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Israel's Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer and Rabbi Marvin Hier . On 28 March 2015, she launched Unite4Heritage ,
5544-502: The movement's leader by the Muslim brotherhood who accuse them of often dramatising or exaggerating praise given by Salafist scholars and attempting to stifle or intimidate Salafists with opposing views to those of Madkhali and Madkhalists. Political quietism in Islam In the context of political aspects of the religion of Islam , political quietism has been used to refer to the religiously-motivated withdrawal from political affairs or skepticism that mere mortals can establish
5628-450: The ninth Director-General of UNESCO, marking two firsts: she became both the first female and the first Southeastern European to head the agency. At UNESCO, Bokova advocated for gender equality, improved education and preventing funding for terrorism, especially by enforcing the protection of intellectual goods. A firm opponent of racism and anti-Semitism, Director-General Bokova led UNESCO's activities on Holocaust remembrance. Irina Bokova
5712-448: The origin of many cults of a mystical and philosophical nature." Scholar Nikki Keddie also states that traditionally Sufis were "generally noted more for political quietism than for activism found in the sects". In Twelver Shia Islam , religious leaders who have been described as "quietist" include; Their stance is not a complete withdrawal from politics, since they affirm that a "true Islamic government" cannot be established until
5796-454: The other hand, Western intelligence agencies have identified Madkhalists as a group which can be supported and funded discreetly by the US, in comparison to the rest of the groups seen under the wider Salafi movement. Interaction with non-Muslim societies, where most Madkhalists reside, also distinguishes the movement. While most Salafi Muslims in the Western world are noted for adjusting their religious lifestyles for pragmatic participation in
5880-530: The political arena. After high-ranking members of Saudi Arabia's religious establishment denounced the movement in general, and Saudi Grand Mufti and Permanent Committee head Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh 's criticism of Rabee al-Madkhali specifically, the movement lost its support base within the wider Arab world . The remaining followers of Madkhali within Saudi Arabia tend to be foreign workers of Western origins, Saudis from Rabee al-Madkhali's hometown, and Kuwaitis and Yemenis. Madkhali also retains
5964-431: The position from Koïchiro Matsuura of Japan. She entered the office of the Director-General as both the first woman, and the first Southeastern European to take this role. On 15 October 2009, the 35th session of the General Conference elected Irina Bokova of Bulgaria as the tenth Director-General of UNESCO. The investiture took place in a ceremony in Room I in the afternoon of Friday 23 October 2009. On 4 October 2013,
6048-471: The propagation of their message ( da'wah ) through lessons, sermons, and other missionary activities and stay away from politics and violence, which they leave to the ruler.” Another Western scholar—Quintan Wiktorowicz—uses the term purist to describe Salafists who sound similar (according to Jacob Olidort) to what Wagemakers describes as quietist : “they emphasize a focus on nonviolent methods of propagation, purification and education. They view politics as
6132-471: The radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like Yusuf al-Qaradawi . The ethics of some of the companions of Muhammad , who became paradigms of what can be called an early Sunni isolationism, were later adopted by Muslim ascetical groups, who would be later known as the Sufis . However, unlike
6216-503: The return of the twelfth Imam . Until this time, Muslims must "search for the best form of government", advising rulers to ensure that "laws inimical to sharia" are not implemented. However, others (for example, Ali al-Sistani) advise a pluralistic , democratic system of government until the return of the Mahdi. Their "quietism" is justified by the notion that humans are prone to errors or corruption, therefore no mortal human can ever establish
6300-499: The six official UN languages (the requirement is for two). She has a clear vision about the mission and activity of the organization. In July 2015 EurActiv published an article by former Irish Minister for European Affairs and Minister for the Environment Dick Roche, titled The next UN Secretary-General? Bokova ticks all the boxes , arguing in favor of Irina Bokova's candidacy. On 29 September 2015, David Clark, chairman of
6384-459: The threat to Iraq's antiquities from increased violence and instability, Bokova implemented an emergency plan to safeguard artifacts of Iraq's cultural heritage. On 19 October 2015, German DW reported that Japan threatens to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing Massacre in the latest listing for its "Memory of the World" program. While
6468-543: The traditional Islamic duty of hisbah (forbidding wrong and commanding right) when administered by "the hand" (instead of by word or silently) in the larger society, was reserved for the authorities. According to the Western scholar Bernard Lewis , quietism is contrasted with "activist" Islam: There are in particular two political traditions, one of which might be called quietist, the other activist. The arguments in favour of both are based, as are most early Islamic arguments, on
6552-399: The wider society, Madkhalists in particular are noted for minimizing contact with non-Muslims. Also unlike the wider Islamist movement, Madkhalists don't seem to focus on converting Western societies to Islam due to giving most concern in persuading Muslims to adopt a more orthodox Muslim lifestyle and preferring to simply accept and defend their rights as a minority community. The polemics of
6636-421: The world with their hearts in order to conquer their egos. This resulted in a debate within the Sufi movement about what form asceticism should take, with enlightened Sufis arguing in favour of shunning the world with one’s heart, since morality is to be conceived in a social context and the true saint should be the one who participates in the social and economic life of the society. After the death of Muhammad and
6720-422: Was alleged that German chancellor Angela Merkel put pressure on the government of Bulgaria to abandon Bokova's candidacy and instead nominate Georgieva, and had sought Russian support for this move. Germany categorically denied the allegation. After five informal polls at the UN Security Council, in which Bokova took between third and sixth place, on 28 September 2016, the Bulgarian government announced that it
6804-478: Was nominating Kristalina Georgieva as secretary-general candidate. Since the rules for nominating UN Secretary-General do not provide the option of replacing a candidate, unless they agreed to stand down, which Irina Bokova said she would not do, from 28 September 2016 there were two Bulgarian candidates, with Kristalina Georgieva being the " sole and unique candidate of Bulgaria ". As a candidate to replace Ban Ki-moon , Bokova participated in informal dialogues at
6888-759: Was opened on 11 June 2014 in Paris, in a ceremony with participation by Mrs. Bokova and the Dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center , Rabbi Marvin Hier . The exhibit was co-sponsored by Israel, Canada, and Montenegro, and was called "a breakthrough" by its author, professor Robert Wistrich . On 18 November 2015 Irina Bokova was given the Special Award of the Simon Wiesenthal Center at a ceremony in Washington, D.C., for
6972-518: Was outraged at the move, "UNESCO's decision is wrong and should be reversed." Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs said "is no appropriate rationale to delay the exhibition and deeply disappointed by the decision made to postpone it". The Wiesenthal Center called the move an "Absolute outrage, the Arabs don't want the world to know that the Jews have a 3,500-year relationship to the Land of Israel". The exhibition
7056-610: Was to help preserve political authority as part of pragmatic quiet activity. al-Sarhan further states that 12th century Persian authorship while epitomizing political activism on one hand, very much gave into the divinely sanctioned absolutism of the caliphs on the other. Strategy through advice literature was a subtle expression of political activism calling for equitable and sound governance within four corners of religious diktats while continuation of pragmatic obedience to authority in power. Egyptian mufti Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy gave an interview in 1988 arguing among other things that
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