49-571: The Madeley Wood Company was formed in 1756 when the Madeley Wood Furnaces, also called Bedlam Furnaces, were built beside the River Severn , one mile west of Blists Hill . The Madeley Wood Furnaces or Bedlam Furnaces were owned by this company, which held mineral leases in Madeley Parish, enabling it to extract coal and iron ore. The works were taken over by Abraham Darby III of
98-619: A broad beam canal, joins the Severn at Hawford , near to the River Salwarpe , and connects to the Droitwich Canal (narrow beam) in the name town, which then forms a link to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal. The two Droitwich canals re-opened in 2010 after major restoration. The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal connects the Severn at Gloucester to the Severn at Sharpness , avoiding a stretch of
147-858: Is the longest river in Great Britain . It is also the river with the most voluminous flow of water by far in all of England and Wales , with an average flow rate of 107 m /s (3,800 cu ft/s) at Apperley , Gloucestershire. It rises in the Cambrian Mountains in mid Wales , at an altitude of 2,001 feet (610 m), on the Plynlimon massif, which lies close to the Ceredigion / Powys border near Llanidloes . The river then flows through Shropshire , Worcestershire and Gloucestershire . The county towns of Shrewsbury , Worcester and Gloucester lie on its course. The Severn's major tributaries are
196-624: Is thought to derive from a British word * sabrinā , possibly from an older form * samarosina , meaning "land of summertime fallow". During the Roman occupation the Severn was known by the Romano-British Latin name Sabrina . Milton 's 1634 masque Comus makes Sabrina a nymph who had drowned in the river. In Shrewsbury , there is now a statue of Sabrina in the Dingle Gardens at
245-408: Is tidal. Several more villages sit beside the tidal stretch. Amongst these are Elmore , Epney and Framilode on the east bank and Minsterworth , Broadoak and Newnham on Severn on the west bank. The Severn is bridged at many places, and many of these bridges are notable in their own right. The Iron Bridge at Ironbridge was the world's first iron arch bridge. Several other bridges crossing
294-583: The Arkendale H and Wastdale H died in the accident. There have been frequent floods in Shrewsbury , Bewdley and elsewhere. More recently the river flooded during the 2007 United Kingdom floods and the 2019–20 United Kingdom floods . There is a public right of navigation between Pool Quay , near Welshpool , and Stourport. However this stretch of the river has little traffic, other than small boats, canoes and some tour boats in Shrewsbury. Below Stourport, where
343-616: The Clent Hills , near St Kenelm's Church at Romsley . It flows north into the adjacent West Midlands at Halesowen . It then flows westwards through Cradley Heath and Stourbridge , where it leaves the Black Country . It is joined by the Smestow Brook at Prestwood before it winds around southwards to Kinver , and then flows back into Worcestershire. It then passes through Wolverley , Kidderminster and Wilden to its confluence with
392-758: The Coalbrookdale Company in 1776. When the company was reorganised in 1797, the Madeley Wood Works became separate from Coalbrookdale, continuing (in conjunction with the Ketley Ironworks ) in the hands of the Reynolds family who had been in partnership with the Darby family at Coalbrookdale since the 1760s. After Joseph Reynolds decided to concentrate on his bank, the Madeley Wood Company works passed to
441-760: The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal provides a navigable channel south. Between the docks and Lower Parting Llanthony Weir marks the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the East Channel of the river. In the tidal section of the river below Gloucester, the Gloucester Harbour Trustees are the competent harbour authority. The Trustees maintain navigation lights at various points along the river (including on Chapel Rock and Lyde Rock, and leading lights at Slime Road, Sheperdine and Berkeley Pill). There are locks on
490-534: The Irish Sea through Cheshire causing a large lake to develop across much of Shropshire. It was supposed that this lake, named as Lake Lapworth , overtopped its southern margin and rapidly cut down to form the Ironbridge Gorge providing the Severn with a southerly exit to the sea as remains the case today. An alternative theory which has gained favour in recent years does away with Lake Lapworth, suggesting that
539-520: The Quarry , as well as a metal sculpture erected in 2013. There is a different deity associated with the Severn Estuary: Nodens , represented as mounted on a seahorse , riding on the crest of the Severn bore . The Welsh form of the name is Afon Hafren ( pronounced [ˈavɔn ˈhavrɛn] ) first recorded in the 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae . The Old Welsh form of
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#1732852511946588-689: The River Meese and the River Roden , until it joins the River Severn near Attingham Park , Atcham . Extensive peat bog formerly existed, extending from Crudgington on the Tern as far as Newport . At Longdon-on-Tern , the Tern is spanned by the Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct , the world's first large-scale cast iron navigable aqueduct ( Benjamin Outram 's 13 m cast iron Holmes Aqueduct pre-dated it by
637-520: The River Tern , after flowing south from Market Drayton and being joined by the River Meese and the River Roden , meets the Severn at Attingham Park . The River Worfe joins the Severn's left bank just above Bridgnorth , before the Mor, Borle and Dowles brooks join on the opposite bank over the next few miles, the last-named draining Wyre Forest . The River Stour rises in the north of Worcestershire in
686-726: The Second Severn Crossing road bridge, and carries the South Wales Main Line section of the Great Western Main Line under the channel. The original line built before the Severn Tunnel was the South Wales Railway from Gloucester , that followed the estuary alongside present day stations of Lydney , Chepstow , Caldicot and Severn Tunnel Junction to Newport . Cars could also be transported through
735-700: The Usk all flow into the estuarine section of the Severn. The main tributaries are described in sequence below. The first tributary of significance is the Afon Dulas , joining from the south immediately upstream of Llanidloes , with the Afon Clywedog joining in the town. The Afon Cerist , bolstered by the Afon Trannon , and the Afon Carno join as left bank tributaries immediately upstream of Caersws. Mochdre Brook enters on
784-907: The Vyrnwy , the Tern , the Teme , the Warwickshire Avon , and the Worcestershire Stour . By convention, the River Severn is usually considered to end, and the Severn Estuary to begin, after the Second Severn Crossing , between Severn Beach in South Gloucestershire and Sudbrook, Monmouthshire . The total area of the Estuary's drainage basin is 4,409 square miles (11,419 km ). That figure excludes
833-456: The Anstice family, one of whom had managed it, and their business became another Madeley Wood Company. The name Bedlam Furnaces may have originated with a painting by John Sell Cotman (1782–1842) who painted the furnace in 1803 and titled it Bedlam Furnace Near Irongate, [sic] Shropshire . He was on tour with a fellow less well known artist called Paul Sandby Munn (1773–1845) who also painted
882-506: The Hatherley and Horsbere brooks, before it reaches Gloucester. The River Leadon enters the tidal West Channel of the Severn at Over, immediately west of Gloucester. The River Frome is the second significant tributary to enter the tidal stretch of the Severn, doing so at Framilode. Bideford Brook drains the easternmost part of the Forest of Dean , entering the Severn estuary east of Blakeney . On
931-536: The SSW-NNE aligned valley either side of Welshpool is there any obvious relationship to geological structure; the valley follows the lines of the Severn Valley Faults. For much of the rest of its course it runs directly across geological structures. It was first proposed in the 1900s that the former northerly course of the upper Severn was disrupted during the course of the ice age by the blocking of its access to
980-594: The Severn Estuary from the mid 19th century to the late 1970s by P & A Campbell of Bristol . The vessels, Cardiff Queen , Bristol Queen , Glen Usk , Glen Gower and Britannia all operated on this route in the 1950s and 1960s. Since 1986 Waverley Excursions has operated occasional sailings to Sharpness and Lydney by the MV Balmoral . A number of ferries were also operated on the tidal river, for example at New Passage , Purton and Arlingham . The last ferry
1029-457: The Severn Tunnel. In the 1950s three trains a day made round trips between Severn Tunnel Junction and Pilning . The vehicles were loaded onto open flat bed carriages and pulled by a small pannier tank locomotive , although sometimes they were joined to a scheduled passenger train. The prudent owner paid to cover the vehicle with a sheet, as sparks often flew when the steam locomotive tackled
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#17328525119461078-527: The Severn at Stourport-on-Severn . The Dick Brook , Shrawley Brook and Grimley Brook enter on the right bank before the River Salwarpe , which runs through Droitwich enters on the opposite (east) bank. The River Teme flows eastwards from its source in Mid Wales , straddling the border between Shropshire and Herefordshire ; it is joined by the River Onny , River Corve and River Rea before it finally joins
1127-463: The Severn on the southern edge of Worcester . Bushley Brook joins just upstream of the confluence of the Warwickshire Avon with the Severn at Tewkesbury . One of several Avons, this one flows west through Rugby , Warwick and Stratford-upon-Avon . It is then joined by its tributary the River Arrow , before joining the Severn. The rivers Swilgate and Chelt also join the Severn's left bank, as do
1176-556: The Shropshire Plain, these lower Palaeozoic rocks are replaced by Permian and Triassic age strata though largely unseen beneath a thick cover of Quaternary deposits. Certain stretches also run across Carboniferous strata as at Shrewsbury and for much of the distance between Ironbridge and Bewdley. Permo-Triassic bedrock then continues until the Severn moves intermittently onto the Jurassic outcrop from Tewkesbury southwards. Only in
1225-692: The area of the River Wye and the Bristol Avon , both of which flow into the Severn Estuary. The Estuary discharges into the Bristol Channel , which opens into the Celtic Sea and from there into the Atlantic Ocean. An etymology has been proposed, which signifies that 'Severn' is an anglicized version of a ancient Celtic phrase signifying 'a gap (in the coastline)', referring to the estuary. The name Severn
1274-571: The boats The Pride of the Midlands and The Earl Grosvenor . River Tern The River Tern (also historically known as the Tearne ) is a river in Shropshire , England . It rises north-east of Market Drayton in the north of the county. The source of the Tern is considered to be the lake in the grounds of Maer Hall , Staffordshire . From here it flows for about 30 miles (48 km), being fed by
1323-605: The club-rush growing along the banks of the River Severn to make wicker baskets. The name history shows evidence of Scandinavian influence: In the Summer of 893 a coalition of all of the Danish armies in England made a determined attempt to annex western Mercia to Danish Mercia. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC) recorded an account of the Battle of Buttington , and included this description of
1372-576: The county of Powys . The first town it encounters downstream of its source is Llanidloes where it is joined by the Dulas and the Clywedog. It flows past the villages of Llandinam and Caersws before reaching Newtown . It then runs by Abermule and Cilcewydd before flowing beside Welshpool , the last town on its course in Wales. Entering Shropshire and England, a few villages such as Shrawardine sit back from
1421-527: The lower Severn to enable seagoing boats to reach as far as Stourport. The most northerly lock is at Lincomb, about 1 mile (1.6 km) downstream from Stourport. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal , the Worcester and Birmingham Canal , (both narrow beam) and the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal join the Severn at Stourport, Worcester and Gloucester respectively. The Droitwich Barge Canal ,
1470-581: The name Habren was recorded c.800. Documented history of the Welsh name: The toponym for Habren might be: The English form of the name (" Severn ") is derived from Old English Sæfern . However the name is also influenced by English dialect seave (" sedge, rush ") hence the origin of the name Seaverne recorded in the 16th–17th century. Common club-rush ( Schoenoplectus lacustris ) prefers to grow in shallow water such as that found in ponds, streams and river margins. The Hwicce people used
1519-654: The name of the Dalvík – Grímsey ferry in Iceland . The River Severn's current form is the result of a multi-million year history and complex underlying geology but is in part the result of glaciation during the last ice age in the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period. Within Wales, the river runs through a landscape formed in Ordovician and Silurian rocks. As it enters
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1568-651: The opposite (southeast) bank the flow of the River Cam is usurped by the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal before reaching the estuary. The Lyd enters the west bank of the estuary at Lydney Harbour , opposite the place where Berkeley Pill carries the waters of the Little Avon River into it. The final tributary before the Severn Bridge is the collection of streams which enter via Oldbury Pill. The River Wye, from its source in Plynlimon in Wales (2 miles (3 km) from
1617-535: The river as it meanders eastwards towards the county town of Shrewsbury . More villages, notably Atcham , Wroxeter and Cressage sit beside the river as it turns southeast and heads for the gorge at Ironbridge before turning south for Bridgnorth . The Shropshire villages of Quatford and Hampton Loade and the Worcestershire village of Upper Arley follow, before the Severn runs through Bewdley and Stourport-on-Severn in quick succession. The river then passes
1666-439: The river is more navigable for larger craft, users must obtain permits from the Canal & River Trust , who are the navigation authority . During spring freshet the river can be closed to navigation. At Upper Parting above Gloucester, the river divides into two, and flows either side of Alney Island to Lower Parting. The West Channel is no longer navigable. The East Channel is navigable as far as Gloucester Docks, from where
1715-432: The river were designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford . The two major road bridges of the Severn crossing link south eastern Wales with the southern counties of England. Prior to the construction of the first bridge in 1966, the channel was crossed by the Aust Ferry . Other notable bridges include: The Severn Tunnel , completed in 1886 by John Hawkshaw on behalf of the Great Western Railway , lies near
1764-446: The route taken by the Danes : "... Foron þa up be Temese oþþæt hie gedydon æt Sæferne , þa up be Sæferne . The Seafarer (poem) ..."þæt he a his sæfore sorge næbbe, to hwon hine Dryhten gedon wille." ..."that he never in his seafaring has a worry, as to what his Lord will do to him." — A passage in Old English poem The name Sæfern might be related to: The Old Norse name Sæfari ("Seafarer") lives on as
1813-422: The same subject and titled it Bedlam Furnace, Madeley Dale, Shropshire . It was both a metaphor (the place appeared to the painters to resemble a lunatic asylum), and simultaneously a jest at the expense of Fletcher of Madeley (1729–1785) a then famous Methodist preacher in whose parish the ironworks were located. The furnaces were also painted, under the same name, by the painter Edward Dayes (d. 1804) at around
1862-406: The same time. This work is now part of the Tate Gallery . The site history through the 20th century is less well documented. Dense vegetation cover was allowed to establish itself amongst the ruins until the late 1950s when the site was subject to spoil dumping, which completely buried the furnace bases. In the 1970s what was to become the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust began clearing and restoring
1911-463: The site remained active in the production of pig iron until 1912 when the ironworks ceased production, following the blowing in of two of the furnaces. The furnace settings and blowing houses are now preserved, but unrestored, as part of the Blists Hill Victorian Town , one of the Ironbridge Gorge Museums . River Severn The River Severn ( Welsh : Afon Hafren , pronounced [ˈavɔn ˈhavrɛn] ), at 220 miles (354 km) long,
1960-501: The slope leading to the tunnel exit. A railway coach was provided for passengers and drivers. Reservations could be made and the fee for the car was about thirty shillings (£1.50) in the early 1950s. There have been many disasters on the Severn , which have claimed perhaps 300 lives, depending on sources, especially during the 20th century. The Severn Railway Bridge was badly damaged by the collision of two river barges in 1960, which led to its demolition in 1970. Five crew members of both
2009-420: The source of the Severn), flows generally south east through the Welsh towns of Rhayader and Builth Wells . It enters Herefordshire , flows through Hereford , and is shortly afterwards joined by the River Lugg , before flowing through Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth , and then southwards where it forms part of the border between England ( Forest of Dean ) and Wales . The Wye flows into the Severn estuary south of
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2058-536: The tidal river which is dangerous to navigate. The Stroudwater Navigation used to join the tidal Severn at Framilode , but since the 1920s has connected to the Severn only via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal. The Lydney Canal is a short canal which connects Lydney to the river. The section of the river between Tewkesbury and Worcester forms part of the Avon Ring , a 109-mile (175 km) circular cruising route which includes 129 locks and covers parts of three other waterways. Paddle steamers were operated in
2107-406: The town of Chepstow . The Mounton Brook and Nedern Brooks enter on the Monmouthshire side between the two motorway crossings. The Port of Bristol is on the Severn Estuary , where another River Avon flows into it through the Avon Gorge . The River Usk and the Ebbw River flow into the Severn Estuary at Uskmouth just south of Newport . The river's course within Wales lies wholly within
2156-420: The upper Severn flowed beneath the icesheet in a bedrock hollow known as the Severn Trench eastwards from Melverley to the Ironbridge Gorge. It is possible that the trench and gorge were cut over successive ice ages. Over its length, there are a large number of tributaries, but the three largest feeding the non-tidal river are the Vyrnwy , the Teme and the Warwickshire Avon . The Wye , the Bristol Avon and
2205-405: The villages of Astley Burf and Holt Fleet before entry into the city of Worcester . Several villages sit back from the river before it runs by Upton-upon-Severn and then enters Gloucestershire as it joins with the Warwickshire Avon outside of Tewkesbury . A few more villages intervene, notable amongst which is Maisemore before the river enters the city of Gloucester from which point it
2254-405: The waters of the Banwy , Cain and Tanat , before forming part of the border between England and Wales, and joining the Severn near Melverley , Shropshire. The River Perry joins on the left bank above Shrewsbury , while both the Rad Brook and the Rea Brook , which flows northeast from its source at Marton Pool near the Welsh border, join the Severn within the town. The left bank tributary,
2303-446: The western edge of Newtown, followed by the Bechan Brook just northeast of the town. The Mule enters at Abermule , and the River Rhiw east of Berriew , followed shortly by the Camlad which rises above Churchstoke and by the Luggy Brook. The left bank Sylfaen Brook enters at Welshpool , and the Bele Brook via the New Cut east of Arddlin . The River Vyrnwy, which begins at Lake Vyrnwy , flows eastwards through Powys , gathering
2352-413: The works. Upon its opening in 1790, the ironworks had access to the Shropshire Canal , the Blists Hill section of which ran immediately to the east of the Blists Hill works site. Proximity of raw materials and the means of transporting the finished product persuaded the company to build a blast furnace at Blists Hill in 1832. Additional furnaces were added in 1840 and 1844, making a total of three, and
2401-419: Was the Aust Ferry , which closed in 1966 when the Severn Bridge opened. One of the Aust ferries, Severn Princess , is still in Chepstow although largely derelict. Currently the only passenger boat operating between Shrewsbury & Gloucester is the 'River King' vessel that operates in Stourport. Worcester River Cruises used to run boat trips up and down the river between Tewkesbury and Stourport, operating
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