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106-594: The Cup of Macedonia ( Macedonian : Куп на Македонија , Kup na Makedonija ) is the top knockout tournament and the second most important football competition in North Macedonia after the Macedonian First League championship. The cup was established in 1992 after local clubs had abandoned the Yugoslav First League and Yugoslav Cup competitions following the breakup of Yugoslavia . As of 2014,

212-411: A common church for Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs which would use a common modern Macedo-Bulgarian literary standard. The period between 1840 and 1870, saw a struggle to define the dialectal base of the common language called simply "Bulgarian", with two opposing views emerging. One ideology was to create a Bulgarian literary language based on Macedonian dialects, but such proposals were rejected by

318-422: A consonant and is conjugated as an irregular verb. The perfect tense can be formed using both to be ( сум ) and to have ( има ) as auxiliary verbs . The first form inflects the verb for person and uses a past active participle: сум видел многу работи ("I have seen a lot of things"). The latter form makes use of a clitic that agrees in number and gender with the object of the sentence and the passive participle of

424-446: A definite direct or indirect object is used, a clitic pronoun will refer to the object with the verb: Јас не му ја дадов книгата на момчето ("I did not give the book to the boy"). The direct object is a remnant of the accusative case and the indirect of the dative. Reflexive pronouns also have forms for both direct and indirect objects: себе се , себе си . Examples of personal pronouns are shown below: Relative pronouns can refer to

530-479: A different meaning and with stress on both words, but that descriptive phrase is then not usually considered a compound: bláck bírd (any bird that is black) and bláckbird (a specific bird species ) and páper bág (a bag made of paper) and páper bag (very rarely used for a bag for carrying newspapers but is often also used for a bag made of paper). Some languages are described as having both primary stress and secondary stress . A syllable with secondary stress

636-497: A given syllable in a word. The position of word stress in a word may depend on certain general rules applicable in the language or dialect in question, but in other languages, it must be learned for each word, as it is largely unpredictable, for example in English . In some cases, classes of words in a language differ in their stress properties; for example, loanwords into a language with fixed stress may preserve stress placement from

742-543: A grammatical aspect ( глаголски вид ) that is a typical feature of Slavic languages . Verbs can be divided into imperfective ( несвршени ) and perfective ( свршени ) indicating actions whose time duration is unknown or occur repetitively or those that show an action that is finished in one moment. The former group of verbs can be subdivided into verbs which take place without interruption (e.g. Тој спие цел ден , "He sleeps all day long) or those that signify repeated actions (e.g. Ја бараше книгата но не можеше да ја најде , "He

848-419: A grammatical category which specifies the opposition of witnessed and reported actions (also known as renarration). Per this grammatical category, one can distinguish between минато определено i.e. definite past, denoting events that the speaker witnessed at a given definite time point, and минато неопределено i.e. indefinite past denoting events that did not occur at a definite time point or events reported to

954-412: A higher level than the individual word – namely within a prosodic unit . It may involve a certain natural stress pattern characteristic of a given language, but may also involve the placing of emphasis on particular words because of their relative importance (contrastive stress). An example of a natural prosodic stress pattern is that described for French above; stress is placed on the final syllable of

1060-454: A linguistic feature not found in other Slavic languages is the use of the suffix -иња to form plural of neuter nouns ending in -е : пиле - пилиња (a chick - chicks). Counted plural is used when a number or a quantifier precedes the noun; suffixes to express this type of plurality do not correspond with the regular plurality suffixes: два молива (two pencils), три листа (three leaves), неколку часа (several hours). The collective plural

1166-480: A means to disambiguate between two words ( храна , food vs. рана , wound). This explains the rarity of Х in the Macedonian language. ^3 They exhibit different pronunciations depending on dialect. They are dorso-palatal stops in the standard language and are pronounced as such by some native speakers. The word stress in Macedonian is antepenultimate and dynamic (expiratory). This means that it falls on

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1272-604: A member of the Balkan sprachbund. This period saw the introduction of many Turkish loanwords into the language. The latter half of the 18th century saw the rise of modern literary Macedonian through the written use of Macedonian dialects referred to as "Bulgarian" by writers. The first half of the 19th century saw the rise of nationalism among the South Slavic people in the Ottoman Empire. This period saw proponents of creating

1378-500: A more central (or " neutral ") articulation, and those in stressed syllables have a more peripheral articulation. Stress may be realized to varying degrees on different words in a sentence; sometimes, the difference is minimal between the acoustic signals of stressed and those of unstressed syllables. Those particular distinguishing features of stress, or types of prominence in which particular features are dominant, are sometimes referred to as particular types of accent: dynamic accent in

1484-465: A non-paired voiceless fricative, nine pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants and four pairs of stops . Out of all the Slavic languages, Macedonian has the most frequent occurrence of vowels relative to consonants with a typical Macedonian sentence having on average 1.18 consonants for every one vowel. The Macedonian language contains 5 vowels which are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/. For the pronunciation of

1590-883: A perfect tense formed by means of an auxiliary verb "to have", followed by a past participle in the neuter , also known as the verbal adjective . Other features that are only found in Macedonian and not in other Slavic languages include the antepenultimate accent and the use of the same vocal ending for all verbs in first person, present simple ( глед- a -м , јад- а -м , скок- а -м ). Macedonian distinguishes at least 12 major word classes , five of which are modifiable and include nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers and verbs and seven of which are invariant and include adverbs , prepositions, conjunctions , interjections , particles and modal words . Macedonian nouns ( именки ) belong to one of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and are inflected for number (singular and plural), and marginally for case . The gender opposition

1696-455: A person ( кој, која, кое - who), objects ( што - which) or serve as indicators of possession ( чиј, чија, чие - whose) in the function of a question or a relative word. These pronouns are inflected for gender and number and other word forms can be derived from them ( никој - nobody, нешто - something, сечиј - everybody's). There are three groups of demonstrative pronouns that can indicate proximate ( овој - this one (mas.)), distal ( онаа -

1802-440: A person. Adjectives accompany nouns and serve to provide additional information about their referents. Macedonian adjectives agree in form with the noun they modify and are thus inflected for gender, number and definiteness and убав changes to убава ( убава жена , a beautiful woman) when used to describe a feminine noun, убаво when used to describe a neuter noun ( убаво дете , a beautiful child) and убави when used to form

1908-472: A roughly constant rate and non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate that, which contrasts with languages that have syllable timing (e.g. Spanish ) or mora timing (e.g. Japanese ), whose syllables or moras are spoken at a roughly constant rate regardless of stress. It is common for stressed and unstressed syllables to behave differently as a language evolves. For example, in the Romance languages ,

2014-500: A set of three deictic articles: unspecified, proximal and distal definite article). Macedonian, Bulgarian and Albanian are the only Indo-European languages that make use of the narrative mood . According to Chambers and Trudgill , the question whether Bulgarian and Macedonian are distinct languages or dialects of a single language cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis, but should rather take into account sociolinguistic criteria, i.e., ethnic and linguistic identity. This view

2120-419: A short personal pronoun is added: Тоj легна ("He laid down") vs. Тоj го легна детето ("He laid the child down"). Additionally, verbs which are expressed with the reflexive pronoun се can become transitive by using any of the contracted pronoun forms for the direct object: Тој се смее - He is laughing, vs. Тој ме смее - "He is making me laugh"). Some verbs such as sleep or die do not traditionally have

2226-442: A string of words (or if that is a schwa , the next-to-final syllable). A similar pattern is found in English (see § Levels of stress above): the traditional distinction between (lexical) primary and secondary stress is replaced partly by a prosodic rule stating that the final stressed syllable in a phrase is given additional stress. (A word spoken alone becomes such a phrase, hence such prosodic stress may appear to be lexical if

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2332-470: A total of 16 clubs have reached the cup finals and the most successful side in the history of the competition is Vardar , who have triumphed 5 times in their 6 cup final appearances. They are followed by Rabotnički and Sloga Jugomagnat , who have won 4 titles. The big cup for the Cup of Macedonia was made by the academic sculptor Naso Bekarovski. It is 51 centimeters tall and weighs 10.5 kilograms and reflects all

2438-504: A vowel changes from a stressed to an unstressed position. In English, unstressed vowels may reduce to schwa -like vowels, though the details vary with dialect (see stress and vowel reduction in English ). The effect may be dependent on lexical stress (for example, the unstressed first syllable of the word photographer contains a schwa / f ə ˈ t ɒ ɡ r ə f ər / , whereas the stressed first syllable of photograph does not /ˈfoʊtəˌɡræf -ɡrɑːf/ ), or on prosodic stress (for example,

2544-491: A word or part of a word, that is given particular focus). There are various ways in which stress manifests itself in the speech stream, and they depend to some extent on which language is being spoken. Stressed syllables are often louder than non-stressed syllables, and they may have a higher or lower pitch . They may also sometimes be pronounced longer . There are sometimes differences in place or manner of articulation . In particular, vowels in unstressed syllables may have

2650-650: Is Old Church Slavonic . During much of its history, this dialect continuum was called "Bulgarian", although in the late 19th century, its western dialects came to be known separately as "Macedonian". Standard Macedonian was codified in 1945 and has developed modern literature since. As it is part of a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages , Macedonian has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Bulgarian and varieties of Serbo-Croatian . Linguists distinguish 29 dialects of Macedonian , with linguistic differences separating Western and Eastern groups of dialects. Some features of Macedonian grammar are

2756-636: Is connected with alternations in vowels and/or consonants , which means that vowel quality differs by whether vowels are stressed or unstressed. There may also be limitations on certain phonemes in the language in which stress determines whether they are allowed to occur in a particular syllable or not. That is the case with most examples in English and occurs systematically in Russian , such as за́мок ( [ˈzamək] , ' castle ' ) vs. замо́к ( [zɐˈmok] , ' lock ' ); and in Portuguese , such as

2862-779: Is Bulgarian followed by Serbo-Croatian and Slovene , although the last is more distantly related. Together, South Slavic languages form a dialect continuum . Macedonian, like the other Eastern South Slavic idioms has characteristics that make it part of the Balkan sprachbund , a group of languages that share typological , grammatical and lexical features based on areal convergence, rather than genetic proximity. In that sense, Macedonian has experienced convergent evolution with other languages that belong to this group such as Greek, Aromanian , Albanian and Romani due to cultural and linguistic exchanges that occurred primarily through oral communication. Macedonian and Bulgarian are divergent from

2968-467: Is a tonal language , stressed syllables have been found to have tones that are realized with a relatively large swing in fundamental frequency , and unstressed syllables typically have smaller swings. (See also Stress in Standard Chinese .) Stressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful than non-stressed syllables. Word stress, or sometimes lexical stress , is the stress placed on

3074-474: Is added as a suffix to nouns. An individual feature of the Macedonian language is the use of three definite articles, inflected for gender and related to the position of the object, which can be unspecified, proximate or distal. Proper nouns are per definition definite and are not usually used together with an article, although exceptions exist in the spoken and literary language such as Совче то , Маре то , Наде то to demonstrate feelings of endearment to

3180-504: Is an Eastern South Slavic language. It is part of the Indo-European language family , and is one of the Slavic languages , which are part of a larger Balto-Slavic branch . Spoken as a first language by around 1.6 million people, it serves as the official language of North Macedonia . Most speakers can be found in the country and its diaspora , with a smaller number of speakers throughout

3286-551: Is avoided by some speakers who strive for a clear, formal pronunciation. ^2 Inherited Slavic /x/ was lost in the Western dialects of Macedonian on which the standard is based, having become zero initially and mostly /v/ otherwise. /x/ became part of the standard language through the introduction of new foreign words (e.g. хотел , hotel), toponyms ( Пехчево , Pehčevo ), words originating from Old Church Slavonic ( дух , ghost), newly formed words ( доход , income) and as

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3392-658: Is characterized by 46–47 phonetic and grammatical isoglosses. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels ( yers ), vocalic sonorants, and the back nasal *ǫ. That classification distinguishes between the following 6 groups: The phonological system of Standard Macedonian is based on the Prilep-Bitola dialect. Macedonian possesses five vowels , one semivowel , three liquid consonants , three nasal stops , three pairs of fricatives , two pairs of affricates ,

3498-436: Is conditioned by the weight of particular syllables. They are said to have a regular stress rule. Statements about the position of stress are sometimes affected by the fact that when a word is spoken in isolation, prosodic factors (see below) come into play, which do not apply when the word is spoken normally within a sentence. French words are sometimes said to be stressed on the final syllable, but that can be attributed to

3604-591: Is even represented in writing using diacritical marks, for example in the Spanish words c é lebre and celebr é . Sometimes, stress is fixed for all forms of a particular word, or it can fall on different syllables in different inflections of the same word. In such languages with phonemic stress, the position of stress can serve to distinguish otherwise identical words. For example, the English words insight ( / ˈ ɪ n s aɪ t / ) and incite ( / ɪ n ˈ s aɪ t / ) are distinguished in pronunciation only by

3710-417: Is generally fixed and falls on the antepenultimate syllable while Eastern dialects have non-fixed stress systems that can fall on any syllable of the word, that is also reminiscent of Bulgarian dialects. Additionally, Eastern dialects are distinguishable by their fast tonality, elision of sounds and the suffixes for definiteness. The Northern dialectal group is close to South Serbian and Torlakian dialects and

3816-452: Is markedly analytic in comparison with other Slavic languages, having lost the common Slavic case system . The Macedonian language shows some special and, in some cases, unique characteristics due to its central position in the Balkans. Literary Macedonian is the only South Slavic literary language that has three forms of the definite article, based on the degree of proximity to the speaker, and

3922-592: Is no vocative case in neuter nouns. The role of the vocative is only facultative and there is a general tendency of vocative loss in the language since its use is considered impolite and dialectal. The vocative can also be expressed by changing the tone. There are three different types of plural: regular, counted and collective . The first plural type is most common and used to indicate regular plurality of nouns: маж - мажи (a man - men), маса - маси (a table - table), село - села (a village - villages). There are various suffixes that are used and they differ per gender;

4028-479: Is not distinctively marked in the plural. Masculine nouns usually end in a consonant or a vowel ( -a , -o or -e ) and neuter nouns end in a vowel ( -o or -e ). Virtually all feminine nouns end in the same vowel, -a . The vocative of nouns is the only remaining case in the Macedonian language and is used to address a person directly. The vocative case always ends with a vowel, which can be either an -у ( јунаку : hero vocative) or an -e ( човече : man vocative) to

4134-539: Is not necessarily a feature of all languages: some, such as French and Mandarin Chinese , are sometimes analyzed as lacking lexical stress entirely. The stress placed on words within sentences is called sentence stress or prosodic stress . That is one of the three components of prosody , along with rhythm and intonation . It includes phrasal stress (the default emphasis of certain words within phrases or clauses ), and contrastive stress (used to highlight an item,

4240-542: Is often realized phonetically as [aː] ; e.g. ⟨саат⟩ /saat/ [saːt] ' colloq. hour', ⟨змии⟩ - snakes. In other words, two vowels appearing next to each other can also be pronounced twice separately (e.g. пооди - to walk). The consonant inventory of the Macedonian language consists of 26 letters and distinguishes three groups of consonants ( согласки ): voiced ( звучни ), voiceless ( безвучни ) and sonorant consonants ( сонорни ). Typical features and rules that apply to consonants in

4346-451: Is phonemic in many dialects (varying in closeness to [ ʌ ] or [ ɨ ] ) but its use in the standard language is marginal. When writing a dialectal word and keeping the schwa for aesthetic effect, an apostrophe is used; for example, ⟨к’смет⟩ , ⟨с’нце⟩ , etc. When spelling words letter-by-letters, each consonant is followed by the schwa sound. The individual letters of acronyms are pronounced with

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4452-595: Is recognized and unstressed syllables are phonemically distinguished for vowel reduction . They find that the multiple levels posited for English, whether primary–secondary or primary–secondary–tertiary , are not phonetic stress (let alone phonemic ), and that the supposed secondary/tertiary stress is not characterized by the increase in respiratory activity associated with primary/secondary stress in English and other languages. (For further detail see Stress and vowel reduction in English .) Prosodic stress , or sentence stress , refers to stress patterns that apply at

4558-487: Is said to be accented or tonic ; the latter term does not imply that it carries phonemic tone . Other syllables or words are said to be unaccented or atonic . Syllables are frequently said to be in pretonic or post-tonic position, and certain phonological rules apply specifically to such positions. For instance, in American English , /t/ and /d/ are flapped in post-tonic position. In Mandarin Chinese , which

4664-405: Is stressed relative to unstressed syllables but not as strongly as a syllable with primary stress. As with primary stress, the position of secondary stress may be more or less predictable depending on language. In English, it is not fully predictable, but the different secondary stress of the words organization and accumulation (on the first and second syllable, respectively) is predictable due to

4770-644: Is supported by Jouko Lindstedt , who has suggested the reflex of the back yer as a potential boundary if the application of purely linguistic criteria were possible. As for the Slavic dialects of Greece , Trudgill classifies the dialects in the east Greek Macedonia as part of the Bulgarian language area and the rest as Macedonian dialects . According to Riki van Boeschoten , dialects in eastern Greek Macedonia (around Serres and Drama ) are closest to Bulgarian, those in western Greek Macedonia (around Florina and Kastoria ) are closest to Macedonian, while those in

4876-421: Is the same as of all other modern Slavic languages , i.e. of the subject-verb-object (SVO) type and has flexible word order . Macedonian vocabulary has been historically influenced by Turkish and Russian . Somewhat less prominent vocabulary influences also came from neighboring and prestige languages . The international consensus outside of Bulgaria is that Macedonian is an autonomous language within

4982-837: Is the smartest girl in her class). The only adjective with an irregular comparative and superlative form is многу which becomes повеќе in the comparative and најмногу in the superlative form. Another modification of adjectives is the use of the prefixes при- and пре- which can also be used as a form of comparison: престар човек (a very old man) or пристар човек (a somewhat old man). Three types of pronouns can be distinguished in Macedonian: personal ( лични ), relative ( лично-предметни ) and demonstrative ( показни ). Case relations are marked in pronouns. Personal pronouns in Macedonian appear in three genders and both in singular and plural. They can also appear either as direct or indirect object in long or short forms. Depending on whether

5088-431: Is unknown due to the policies of neighboring countries and emigration of the population, estimates ranging between 1.4 million and 3.5 million have been reported. According to the 2002 census, the total population of North Macedonia was 2,022,547, with 1,344,815 citizens declaring Macedonian their native language . Macedonian is also studied and spoken to various degrees as a second language by all ethnic minorities in

5194-423: Is used for nouns that can be viewed as a single unit: лисје (a pile of leaves), ридје (a unit of hills). Irregular plural forms also exist in the language: дете - деца (child - children). A characteristic feature of the nominal system is the indication of definiteness . As with other Slavic languages, there is no indefinite article in Macedonian. The definite article in Macedonian is postpositive, i.e. it

5300-460: Is with fragments of the history and cultural heritage of Macedonia, the Stone Bridge and the pattern of the Macedonian carpet. Key Sources: Source: Source: Macedonian language Macedonian ( / ˌ m æ s ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ə n / MASS -ih- DOH -nee-ən ; македонски јазик , translit. makedonski jazik , pronounced [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik] )

5406-567: The Bulgarian Empire and was referred to as such due to works of the Ohrid Literary School . Towards the end of the 13th century, the influence of Serbian increased as Serbia expanded its borders southward. During the five centuries of Ottoman rule , from the 15th to the 20th century, the vernacular spoken in the territory of current-day North Macedonia witnessed grammatical and linguistic changes that came to characterize Macedonian as

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5512-463: The East and South Slavic languages , Lithuanian , Greek , as well as others, in which the position of stress in a word is not fully predictable, are said to have phonemic stress . Stress in these languages is usually truly lexical and must be memorized as part of the pronunciation of an individual word. In some languages, such as Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan , Lakota and, to some extent, Italian, stress

5618-626: The prosodic stress , which is placed on the last syllable (unless it is a schwa in which case the stress is placed on the second-last syllable) of any string of words in that language. Thus, it is on the last syllable of a word analyzed in isolation. The situation is similar in Mandarin Chinese . French and Georgian (and, according to some authors, Mandarin Chinese) can be considered to have no real lexical stress. With some exceptions above, languages such as Germanic languages , Romance languages ,

5724-509: The Bulgarian codifiers. That period saw poetry written in the Struga dialect with elements from Russian . Textbooks also used either spoken dialectal forms of the language or a mixed Macedo-Bulgarian language. Subsequently, proponents of the idea of using a separate Macedonian language emerged. Krste Petkov Misirkov 's book Za makedonckite raboti ( On Macedonian Matters ) published in 1903,

5830-516: The Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum, although since Macedonian and Bulgarian are mutually intelligible and are socio-historically related, a small minority of linguists are divided in their views of the two as separate languages or as a single pluricentric language . 5 May, the day when the government of Yugoslav Macedonia adopted the Macedonian alphabet as the official script of

5936-1009: The Macedonian language include assimilation of voiced and voiceless consonants when next to each other, devoicing of vocal consonants when at the end of a word, double consonants and elision. At morpheme boundaries (represented in spelling) and at the end of a word (not represented in spelling), voicing opposition is neutralized . ^1 The alveolar trill ( /r/ ) is syllabic between two consonants; for example, ⟨прст⟩ [ˈpr̩st] 'finger'. The dental nasal ( /n/ ) and dental lateral ( /ɫ/ ) are also syllabic in certain foreign words; e.g. ⟨њутн⟩ [ˈɲutn̩] ' newton ', ⟨Попокатепетл⟩ [pɔpɔkaˈtɛpɛtɫ̩] ' Popocatépetl ', etc. The labiodental nasal [ɱ] occurs as an allophone of /m/ before /f/ and /v/ (e.g. ⟨трамвај⟩ [ˈtraɱvaj] ' tram '). The velar nasal [ŋ] similarly occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/ (e.g. ⟨англиски⟩ [ˈaŋɡliski] 'English'). The latter realization

6042-488: The case of loudness, pitch accent in the case of pitch (although that term usually has more specialized meanings), quantitative accent in the case of length, and qualitative accent in the case of differences in articulation. They can be compared to the various types of accents in music theory . In some contexts, the term stress or stress accent specifically means dynamic accent (or as an antonym to pitch accent in its various meanings). A prominent syllable or word

6148-545: The centre ( Edessa and Salonica ) are intermediate between the two. The Slavic people who settled in the Balkans during the 6th century CE, spoke their own dialects and used different dialects or languages to communicate with other people. The "canonical" Old Church Slavonic period of the development of Macedonian started during the 9th century and lasted until the first half of the 11th century. It saw translation of Greek religious texts. The Macedonian recension of Old Church Slavonic also appeared around that period in

6254-467: The country and within the region of Macedonia , including Pirin Macedonia into Bulgaria and Aegean Macedonia into Greece. Variations in consonant pronunciation occur between the two groups, with most Western regions losing the /x/ and the /v/ in intervocalic position ( глава (head): /ɡlava/ = /ɡla/: глави (heads): /ɡlavi/ = /ɡlaj/) while Eastern dialects preserve it. Stress in the Western dialects

6360-634: The country. Outside North Macedonia, there are small ethnic Macedonian minorities that speak Macedonian in neighboring countries including 4.697 in Albania (1989 census), 1,609 in Bulgaria (2011 census) and 12,706 in Serbia (2011 census). The exact number of speakers of Macedonian in Greece is difficult to ascertain due to the country's policies. Estimates of Slavophones ranging anywhere between 50,000 and 300,000 in

6466-437: The fact that the stress falls on the first syllable in the former and on the second syllable in the latter. Examples from other languages include German Tenor ( [ˈteːnoːɐ̯] ' gist of message ' vs. [teˈnoːɐ̯] ' tenor voice ' ); and Italian ancora ( [ˈaŋkora] ' anchor ' vs. [aŋˈkoːra] ' more, still, yet, again ' ). In many languages with lexical stress, it

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6572-491: The first Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) meeting, Macedonian was declared an official language. With this, it became the last of the major Slavic languages to achieve a standard literary form. As such, Macedonian served as one of the three official languages of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1991. Although the precise number of native and second language speakers of Macedonian

6678-610: The first syllable in American English , with a secondary stress on the "tor" syllable ( láboratory often pronounced "lábratory"). The Spanish word video is stressed on the first syllable in Spain ( v í deo ) but on the second syllable in the Americas ( vid e o ). The Portuguese words for Madagascar and the continent Oceania are stressed on the third syllable in European Portuguese ( Madag á scar and Oce â nia ), but on

6784-471: The fourth syllable in Brazilian Portuguese ( Madagasc a r and Ocean i a ). With very few exceptions, English compound words are stressed on their first component. Even the exceptions, such as mankínd , are instead often stressed on the first component by some people or in some kinds of English. The same components as those of a compound word are sometimes used in a descriptive phrase with

6890-502: The future can be formed by either adding the negation particle at the beginning не ќе одам (I will not go) or using the construction нема да ( нема да одам ). There is no difference in meaning, although the latter form is more commonly used in spoken language. Another future tense is future in the past which is formed using the clitic ќе and the past tense of the verb inflected for person, таа ќе заминеше ("she would have left"). Similar to other Slavic languages, Macedonian verbs have

6996-407: The important historical, cultural, geographical and natural values and treasures of Macedonia. The soccer ball represents a poppy, and the top flower of the poppy is made of four petals that symbolize the four parts of Macedonia. Under the ball are the flames that symbolize the centuries-old struggle of the Macedonian people. The pillar is wrapped with vines and grapes that symbolize the gourd, the base

7102-587: The language are found at universities across Europe ( France , Germany , Austria , Italy , Russia ) as well as Australia, Canada and the United States ( Chicago and North Carolina ). During the standardization process of the Macedonian language, the dialectal base selected was primarily based on the West-Central dialects, which spans the triangle of the communities Makedonski Brod , Kičevo , Demir Hisar , Bitola , Prilep , and Veles . These were considered

7208-680: The last decade of the 20th century have been reported. Approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside North Macedonia per 1964 estimates with Australia , Canada , and the United States being home to the largest emigrant communities. Consequently, the number of speakers of Macedonian in these countries include 66,020 (2016 census), 15,605 (2016 census) and 22,885 (2010 census), respectively. Macedonian also has more than 50,000 native speakers in countries of Western Europe , predominantly in Germany , Switzerland and Italy . The Macedonian language has

7314-409: The main stress was on the penultimate syllable. An operational definition of word stress may be provided by the stress "deafness" paradigm. The idea is that if listeners perform poorly on reproducing the presentation order of series of stimuli that minimally differ in the position of phonetic prominence (e.g. [númi]/[numí] ), the language does not have word stress. The task involves a reproduction of

7420-436: The meaning of a sentence; for example: I didn't take the test yesterday. (Somebody else did.) I didn't take the test yesterday. (I did not take it.) I didn't take the test yesterday. (I did something else with it.) I didn't take the test yesterday. (I took one of several, or I didn't take the specific test that would have been implied.) I didn't take the test yesterday. (I took something else.) I didn't take

7526-474: The middle vowels / е / and / о / by native Macedonian speakers, various vowel sounds can be produced ranging from [ɛ] to [ẹ] and from [o] to [ọ]. Unstressed vowels are not reduced , although they are pronounced more weakly and shortly than stressed ones, especially if they are found in a stressed syllable. The five vowels and the letter р (/r/) which acts as a vowel when found between two consonants (e.g. црква , "church"), can be syllable-forming. The schwa

7632-625: The most widespread and most likely to be adopted by speakers from other regions. The initial idea to select this region as a base was first proposed in Krste Petkov Misirkov's works as he believed the Macedonian language should abstract on those dialects that are distinct from neighboring Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Serbian. Based on a large group of features, Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern, Western and Northern groups. The boundary between them geographically runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along

7738-832: The one there (fem.)) and unspecific ( тоа - that one (neut.)) objects. These pronouns have served as a basis for the definite article. Macedonian verbs agree with the subject in person (first, second or third) and number (singular or plural). Some dependent verb constructions ( нелични глаголски форми ) such as verbal adjectives ( глаголска придавка : плетен/плетена ), verbal l-form ( глаголска л-форма : играл/играла ) and verbal noun ( глаголска именка : плетење ) also demonstrate gender. There are several other grammatical categories typical of Macedonian verbs, namely type, transitiveness, mood, superordinate aspect (imperfective/perfective aspect ). Verb forms can also be classified as simple, with eight possible verb constructions or complex with ten possible constructions. Macedonian has developed

7844-415: The order of stimuli as a sequence of key strokes, whereby key "1" is associated with one stress location (e.g. [númi] ) and key "2" with the other (e.g. [numí] ). A trial may be from two to six stimuli in length. Thus, the order [númi-númi-numí-númi] is to be reproduced as "1121". It was found that listeners whose native language was French performed significantly worse than Spanish listeners in reproducing

7950-515: The original Latin short vowels /e/ and /o/ have often become diphthongs when stressed. Since stress takes part in verb conjugation, that has produced verbs with vowel alternation in the Romance languages. For example, the Spanish verb volver (to return, come back) has the form v o lví in the past tense but v ue lvo in the present tense (see Spanish irregular verbs ). Italian shows

8056-452: The plural ( убави мажи, убави жени, убави деца ). Adjectives can be analytically inflected for degree of comparison with the prefix по- marking the comparative and the prefix нај- marking the superlative . Both prefixes cannot be written separately from the adjective: Марија е паметна девојка (Marija is a smart girl), Марија е попаметна од Сара (Marija is smarter than Sara), Марија е најпаметната девојка во нејзиниот клас (Marija

8162-439: The pronunciation of words is analyzed in a standalone context rather than within phrases.) Another type of prosodic stress pattern is quantity sensitivity – in some languages additional stress tends to be placed on syllables that are longer ( moraically heavy ). Prosodic stress is also often used pragmatically to emphasize (focus attention on) particular words or the ideas associated with them. Doing this can change or clarify

8268-412: The property of being transitive. Stress (linguistics) Since stress can be realised through a wide range of phonetic properties, such as loudness, vowel length, and pitch (which are also used for other linguistic functions), it is difficult to define stress solely phonetically. The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress . Some languages have fixed stress , meaning that

8374-437: The reason why Persian listeners are stress "deaf" is that their accent locations arise postlexically. Persian thus lacks stress in the strict sense. Stress "deafness" has been studied for a number of languages, such as Polish or French learners of Spanish. The orthographies of some languages include devices for indicating the position of lexical stress. Some examples are listed below: Though not part of normal orthography,

8480-435: The remaining South Slavic languages in that they do not use noun cases (except for the vocative , and apart from some traces of once productive inflections still found scattered throughout these two) and have lost the infinitive . They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles (unlike standard Bulgarian, which uses only one article, standard Macedonian as well as some south-eastern Bulgarian dialects have

8586-549: The republic, is marked as Macedonian Language Day . This is a working holiday , declared as such by the government of North Macedonia in 2019. Macedonian belongs to the eastern group of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages in the Indo-European language family, together with Bulgarian and the extinct Old Church Slavonic . Some authors also classify the Torlakian dialects in this group. Macedonian's closest relative

8692-414: The rivers Vardar and Crna . There are numerous isoglosses between these dialectal variations, with structural differences in phonetics, prosody (accentuation), morphology and syntax. The Western group of dialects can be subdivided into smaller dialectal territories, the largest group of which includes the central dialects. The linguistic territory where Macedonian dialects were spoken also span outside

8798-416: The root of masculine nouns. For feminine nouns, the most common final vowel ending in the vocative is -o ( душо , sweetheart vocative; жено , wife vocative). The final suffix -e can be used in the following cases: three or polysyllabic words with the ending -ица ( мајчице , mother vocative), female given names that end with -ка : Ратка becomes Ратке and -ја : Марија becomes Марије or Маријо . There

8904-489: The same phenomenon but with /o/ alternating with /uo/ instead. That behavior is not confined to verbs; note for example Spanish v ie nto ' wind ' from Latin v e ntum , or Italian f uo co ' fire ' from Latin f o cum . There are also examples in French, though they are less systematic : v ie ns from Latin venio where the first syllable was stressed, vs v e nir from Latin venire where

9010-439: The same rules ( не‿му‿јá‿даде , did not give it to him; не‿ќé‿дојде , he will not come). Other uses include the imperative form accompanied by short pronoun forms ( дáј‿ми : give me), the expression of possessives ( мáјка‿ми ), prepositions followed by a noun ( зáд‿врата ), question words followed by verbs ( когá‿дојде ) and some compound nouns ( сувó‿грозје - raisins, киселó‿млеко - yoghurt) among others. Macedonian grammar

9116-513: The same stress of the verbs órganize and accúmulate . In some analyses, for example the one found in Chomsky and Halle's The Sound Pattern of English , English has been described as having four levels of stress: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, but the treatments often disagree with one another. Peter Ladefoged and other phoneticians have noted that it is possible to describe English with only one degree of stress, as long as prosody

9222-548: The same stress. Linking is a common feature of the Macedonian language. This linguistic phenomenon is called акцентска целост and is denoted with a spacing tie ( ‿ ) sign. Several words are taken as a single unit and thus follow the rules of the stress falling on the antepenultimate syllable. The rule applies when using clitics (either enclitics or proclitics) such as the negating particle не with verbs ( тој нé‿дојде , he did not come) and with short pronoun forms. The future particle ќе can also be used in-between and falls under

9328-460: The schwa in the same way: ⟨ МПЦ ⟩ ( [mə.pə.t͡sə] ). The lexicalized acronyms ⟨ СССР ⟩ ( [ɛs.ɛs.ɛs.ɛr] ) and ⟨МТ⟩ ( [ɛm.tɛ] ) (a brand of cigarettes), are among the few exceptions. Vowel length is not phonemic. Vowels in stressed open syllables in disyllabic words with stress on the penultimate can be realized as long, e.g. ⟨Велес⟩ [ˈvɛːlɛs] ' Veles '. The sequence /aa/

9434-496: The source language, or the special pattern for Turkish placenames . In some languages, the placement of stress can be determined by rules. It is thus not a phonemic property of the word, because it can always be predicted by applying the rules. Languages in which the position of the stress can usually be predicted by a simple rule are said to have fixed stress . For example, in Czech , Finnish , Icelandic , Hungarian and Latvian ,

9540-435: The speaker, excluding the time component in the latter case. Examples: Но, потоа се случија работи за кои не знаев ("But then things happened that I did not know about") vs. Ми кажаа дека потоа се случиле работи за кои не знаев ("They told me that after, things happened that I did not know about"). The present tense in Macedonian is formed by adding a suffix to the verb stem which is inflected per person, form and number of

9646-549: The status of an official language only in North Macedonia, and is a recognized minority and official language in parts of Albania ( Pustec ), Romania , Serbia ( Jabuka and Plandište ) and Bosnia and Herzegovina . There are provisions to learn Macedonian in Romania as Macedonians are an officially recognized minority group. Macedonian is studied and taught at various universities across the world and research centers focusing on

9752-494: The stress almost always comes on the first syllable of a word. In Armenian the stress is on the last syllable of a word. In Quechua , Esperanto , and Polish , the stress is almost always on the penult (second-last syllable). In Macedonian , it is on the antepenult (third-last syllable). Other languages have stress placed on different syllables but in a predictable way, as in Classical Arabic and Latin , where stress

9858-434: The stress on virtually any multisyllable word falls on a particular syllable, such as the penultimate (e.g. Polish ) or the first (e.g. Finnish ). Other languages, like English and Russian , have lexical stress , where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way but lexically encoded. Sometimes more than one level of stress, such as primary stress and secondary stress , may be identified. Stress

9964-654: The stress patterns by key strokes. The explanation is that Spanish has lexically contrastive stress, as evidenced by the minimal pairs like topo ( ' mole ' ) and topó ( ' [he/she/it] met ' ), while in French, stress does not convey lexical information and there is no equivalent of stress minimal pairs as in Spanish. An important case of stress "deafness" relates to Persian. The language has generally been described as having contrastive word stress or accent as evidenced by numerous stem and stem-clitic minimal pairs such as /mɒhi/ [mɒ.hí] ( ' fish ' ) and /mɒh-i/ [mɒ́.hi] ( ' some month ' ). The authors argue that

10070-401: The subject. Macedonian verbs are conventionally divided into three main conjugations according to the thematic vowel used in the citation form (i.e. 3p - pres - sg ). These groups are: a -group, e -group and и -group. Furthermore, the и -subgroup is divided into three more subgroups: а- , е- and и- subgroups. The verb сум (to be) is the only exception to the rule as it ends with

10176-495: The syllables of tomorrow would be small compared to the differences between the syllables of dinner , the emphasized word. In these emphasized words, stressed syllables such as din in din ner are louder and longer. They may also have a different fundamental frequency, or other properties. The main stress within a sentence, often found on the last stressed word, is called the nuclear stress . In many languages, such as Russian and English , vowel reduction may occur when

10282-401: The test yesterday . (I took it some other day.) As in the examples above, stress is normally transcribed as italics in printed text or underlining in handwriting. In English, stress is most dramatically realized on focused or accented words. For instance, consider the dialogue "Is it brunch tomorrow?" "No, it's dinner tomorrow." In it, the stress-related acoustic differences between

10388-540: The third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable in other words. This is sometimes disregarded when the word has entered the language more recently or from a foreign source. To note which syllable of the word should be accented, Macedonian uses an apostrophe over its vowels. Disyllabic words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable: дéте ( [ˈdɛtɛ] : child), мáјка ( [ˈmajka] : mother) and тáтко ( [ˈtatkɔ] : father). Trisyllabic and polysyllabic words are stressed on

10494-673: The third-to-last syllable: плáнина ( [ˈpɫanina] : mountain) планѝната ( [pɫaˈninata] : the mountain) планинáрите ( [pɫaniˈnaritɛ] : the mountaineers). There are several exceptions to the rule and they include: verbal adverbs (i.e. words suffixed with -ќи ): e.g. викáјќи ( [viˈkajci] : shouting), одéјќи ( [ɔˈdɛjci] : walking); adverbs of time: годинáва ( [godiˈnava] : this year), летóво ( [leˈtovo] : this summer); foreign loanwords : e.g. клишé ( [kliˈʃɛ:] cliché), генéза ( [ɡɛˈnɛza] genesis), литератýра ( [litɛraˈtura] : literature), Алексáндар ( [alɛkˈsandar] , Alexander ). Linking occurs when two or more words are pronounced with

10600-455: The transnational region of Macedonia . Macedonian is also a recognized minority language in parts of Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Romania , and Serbia and it is spoken by expatriate communities predominantly in Australia , Canada , and the United States . Macedonian developed out of the western dialects of the Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum , whose earliest recorded form

10706-470: The triplet sábia ( [ˈsaβjɐ] , ' wise woman ' ), sabia ( [sɐˈβiɐ] , ' knew ' ), sabiá ( [sɐˈβja] , ' thrush ' ). Dialects of the same language may have different stress placement. For instance, the English word laboratory is stressed on the second syllable in British English ( labóratory often pronounced "labóratry", the second o being silent), but

10812-475: The use of a dynamic stress that falls on the ante-penultimate syllable, three suffixed deictic articles that indicate noun position in reference to the speaker and the use of simple and complex verb tenses . Macedonian orthography is phonemic with a correspondence of one grapheme per phoneme . It is written using an adapted 31-letter version of the Cyrillic script with six original letters. Macedonian syntax

10918-425: The verb in its uninflected form ( го имам гледано филмот , "I have seen that movie"). Another past form, the aorist is used to describe actions that have finished at a given moment in the past: одев ("I walked"), скокаа ("they jumped"). Future forms of verbs are conjugated using the particle ќе followed by the verb conjugated in present tense, ќе одам (I will go). The construction used to express negation in

11024-464: The word of is pronounced with a schwa when it is unstressed within a sentence, but not when it is stressed). Many other languages, such as Finnish and the mainstream dialects of Spanish , do not have unstressed vowel reduction; in these languages vowels in unstressed syllables have nearly the same quality as those in stressed syllables. Some languages, such as English , are said to be stress-timed languages ; that is, stressed syllables appear at

11130-607: Was looking for the book but he could not find it"). Perfective verbs are usually formed by adding prefixes to the stem of the verb, depending on which, they can express actions that took place in one moment ( чукна , "knocked"), actions that have just begun ( запеа , "start to sing"), actions that have ended ( прочита , "read") or partial actions that last for short periods of time ( поработи , "worked"). The contrast between transitive and intransitive verbs can be expressed analytically or syntactically and virtually all verbs denoting actions performed by living beings can become transitive if

11236-475: Was the first attempt to formalize a separate literary language. With the book, the author proposed a Macedonian grammar and expressed the goal of codifying the language and using it in schools. The author postulated the principle that the Prilep-Bitola dialect be used as a dialectal basis for the formation of the Macedonian standard language; his idea however was not adopted until the 1940s. On 2 August 1944 at

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