129-415: [REDACTED] I-580 The MacArthur Maze (or more simply the Maze ; formally, the East Bay Distribution Structure ) is a large freeway interchange in Oakland , California . It splits traffic coming off the east end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge into three freeways: the Eastshore (I-80/I-580), MacArthur (I-580) and Nimitz (I-880). San Francisco Bay Area traffic funnels across
258-453: A crack down the front of the building. Many homes were dislodged if they were not bolted to their foundations. There were structural failures of twin bridges across Struve Slough near Watsonville. In Moss Landing, the liquefaction destroyed the causeway that carried the Moss Beach access road across a tidewater basin, damaged the approach and abutment of the bridge linking Moss Landing spit to
387-560: A crucial link to rescue workers. Widespread search operations were organized to find possible victims inside the remains of fallen structures. As many as six teams of dogs and their handlers were at work identifying the large number of damaged buildings that held no victims. The quake claimed one life in Watsonville : a driver who collided with panicked horses after they escaped their collapsed corral. In other Santa Cruz and Monterey county locations such as Boulder Creek and Moss Landing ,
516-405: A gas station, where he found a taxi and was given a ride to Oakland Kaiser Medical Center. No other vehicles or persons were involved in the accident. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) initially reported that they suspected that the tanker had been speeding and bounced off a guard rail, leading to the overturn. The driver was found to have a clean record the preceding decade; drug or alcohol use
645-469: A large slide and one person was killed by a rockfall along the coast. Other areas with certain soil conditions were susceptible to site amplification due to the effects of liquefaction , especially near the shore of San Francisco Bay (where its effects were severe in the Marina District ) and to the west of the epicenter near rivers and other bodies of water. Minor lateral spreading was also seen along
774-631: A length of 290 mi (470 km) during the 1906 shock, both to the north of San Francisco and to the south in the Santa Cruz Mountains region. Several long term forecasts for a large shock along the San Andreas Fault in that area had been made public prior to 1989 (the event and its aftershocks occurred within a recognized seismic gap ) but the earthquake that transpired was not what had been anticipated. The 1989 Loma Prieta event originated on an undiscovered oblique-slip reverse fault that
903-651: A loop Interstate with a directional suffix and was what is now I-580 from I-5 to Oakland. However, I-5W and most of the other Interstates around the country with directional suffixes were eventually renumbered or eliminated, except for I-35E and I-35W in Texas and Minnesota, and more recently in Texas, the designations of I-69W , I-69C , and I-69E , along with proposed suffixed segments for future extensions of I-14 and I-27 . The former route of I-5W now corresponds to I-580 from I-5 to Oakland, I-80 from Oakland to Vacaville , and I-505 from Vacaville to I-5 near Dunnigan. For
1032-471: A number of structures were damaged, with some knocked off of their foundations. Many residents slept outside their homes out of concern for further damage from aftershocks, of which there were 51 with magnitudes greater than 3.0 in the following 24 hours, and 16 more the second day. The earthquake damaged several historic buildings in the Old Town district of Salinas , and some were later demolished. Damage to
1161-610: A section of the San Andreas Fault System and was named for the nearby Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains . With an M w magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ), the shock was responsible for 63 deaths and 3,757 injuries. The Loma Prieta segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been relatively inactive since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (to
1290-453: A substantial increase in noise was measured in the frequency range 0.01–10 Hz. The measurement instrument was a single-axis search-coil magnetometer that was being used for low frequency research. Precursor increases of noise apparently started a few days before the earthquake, with noise in the range 0.01–0.5 Hz rising to exceptionally high levels about three hours before the earthquake. The Fraser-Smith et al. report remains one of
1419-680: Is instead Stockton , a vestige of when this segment used to be part of US 50 . I-580 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The route is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System and
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#17328443358811548-463: Is located adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. Since many forecasts had been presented for the region near Loma Prieta, seismologists were not taken by surprise by the October 1989 event. Between 1910 and 1989 there were 20 widely varying forecasts that were announced, with some that were highly specific, covering multiple aspects of an event, while others were less complete and vague. With a M6.5 event on
1677-422: Is not seen in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Three scenarios were presented that might explain this disparity. The first is that the geometry of the San Andreas Fault goes through a transition every several thousand years. Secondly, slip type could vary from event to event. And lastly, the 1989 event did not occur on the San Andreas Fault. While the effects of a four-year drought limited the potential of landslides ,
1806-449: Is now a landscaped parkway and has been renamed Mandela Parkway. In 2007 Mandela Parkway was linked at its north end with the west end of Yerba Buena Avenue, creating a new through route into Emeryville . At 3:42 am on Sunday, April 29, 2007, a tank truck carrying 8,600 U.S. gallons (33,000 L) of unleaded gasoline overturned on the connector from Interstate 80 west (from Berkeley ) to Interstate 880 south. The intense heat from
1935-610: Is officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) from the San Leandro city limits to SR 24 and from I-5 to I-205, meaning that these are substantial sections of highway passing through a "memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community. Trucks over 4.5 short tons (4.1 t; 4.0 long tons) are prohibited through Oakland between Grand Avenue and
2064-484: Is required to carry either a FasTrak Flex or CAV (Clean Air Vehicle) transponder, with its switch set to indicate the number of the vehicle's occupants (1, 2, or 3 or more). Solo drivers may also use the FasTrak standard tag without the switch. Drivers without any FasTrak tag will be assessed a toll violation regardless of whether they qualified for free. Interstate 5W ( I-5W ) was originally conceived as part of
2193-559: Is the only freeway that crosses the Diablo Range, making it the safest route through the mountains. Prior to the construction of this route, traffic was detoured to Pacheco ( SR 152 ) and Polonio ( SR 46 ) passes. I-580 provides Interstate Highway access between San Francisco and Los Angeles since I-5 runs east of the Bay Area. However, the primary control city listed on freeway signs along eastbound I-580 between I-80 and I-205
2322-548: The Hayward exit ramps was also reengineered at this time. Significant expansion to the segment between I-680 and I-205 began in 2006. Among the projects along this segment were the high-occupancy vehicle lanes in each direction, a westbound auxiliary lane between Fallon and Tassajara roads, a new interchange at Isabel Avenue in Livermore, the reconstruction of several interchanges, the construction of additional truck climbing lanes for
2451-585: The Lodi resident and California Highway Patrol officer killed while chasing down a DUI driver). The western terminus of I-580 is roughly 10 miles (16 km) north of San Francisco in the city of San Rafael ( Marin County ), at the junction with US 101 . The interchange with US 101 is incomplete, only allowing continuous travel from southbound US 101 to eastbound I-580 (via exit 451B) and from westbound I-580 to northbound US 101. Traffic headed
2580-716: The MacArthur Maze to San Rafael is the most recent to be signed as I-580, beginning in 1984. Before 1984, this segment was part of SR 17 . From the Maze to the interchange locally known as the "Hoffman Split" in Albany , just north of the Gilman Street interchange (Hoffman Boulevard was the predecessor of I-580 in this section), I-580 follows the Eastshore Freeway , a wrong-way concurrency with I-80 for its entirety: northward on
2709-592: The Northridge earthquake ) in roughly one month by expediting its internal approval process and offering an incentive program for the contractors. On May 7, 2007, the I-880 connector reopened at 4:30 a.m. to traffic. Substantial work was done to strengthen of the structure, which had sunk 9 inches (230 mm) due to the collapse of the I-580 connector onto the I-880 connector. C. C. Myers , Inc., which had completed repairs to
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#17328443358812838-517: The Oakland Athletics , it is sometimes referred to as the "World Series earthquake" , with the championship games of the year being referred to as the "Earthquake Series". Rush-hour traffic on the Bay Area freeways was much lighter than normal because the game, being played at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, was about to begin, and this may have prevented a larger loss of life, as several of
2967-532: The Salinas River rail bridge and subsequent repairs led to reduced traffic on the Monterey Branch Line , which contributed to the discontinuance of freight rail services in western Monterey County. The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge suffered severe damage, as a 76-by-50-foot (23 m × 15 m) section of the upper deck on the eastern cantilever side fell onto the deck below. The quake caused
3096-737: The San Andreas Fault system because of its strong influence in the state as the boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate ; it is the most studied fault on Earth. Andrew Lawson , a geologist from the University of California, Berkeley , had named the fault after the San Andreas Lake (prior to the occurrence of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake ) and later led an investigation into that event. The San Andreas Fault ruptured for
3225-696: The San Francisco Bay Area to I-5 at a point outside the southern city limits of Tracy in the Central Valley . I-580 forms a concurrency with I-80 between Albany and Oakland , the latter of which is the location of the MacArthur Maze interchange immediately east of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge . I-580 provides a connection from the Bay Area to the southern San Joaquin Valley and Southern California via I-5, as I-5 bypasses
3354-611: The San Joaquin Valley near the city of Patterson . In the 1990s, the freeway segment from Castro Valley through Pleasanton was enlarged and otherwise reengineered in conjunction with the construction of the Blue Line of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). The BART tracks were placed in a new median between the westbound and eastbound lanes of I-580 as was the new Dublin/Pleasanton station . The interchange with I-238 and
3483-475: The Santa Monica Freeway after the 1994 Northridge earthquake well ahead of schedule, submitted a winning bid of $ 876,075 to repair the damage to the I-580 connector. The bid was estimated to cover only one-third of the cost of the work, but the firm counted on making up the shortfall with an incentive of $ 200,000 per day if the work was completed before June 27, 2007. On the evening of Thursday, May 24,
3612-520: The State office of Emergency Services issued (for the first time in Bay Area history) short term advisories for a possible large earthquake, which meant there was "a slightly increased likelihood of an M6.5 event on the Santa Cruz Mountains segment of the San Andreas fault". The advisories following the two Lake Elsman events were issued in part because of the statements made by WGCEP and because they were two of
3741-605: The Summit area of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Liquefaction was also a significant issue, especially in the heavily damaged Marina District of San Francisco , but its effects were also seen in the East Bay, and near the shore of Monterey Bay , where a non-destructive tsunami was also observed. Because it happened during a national live broadcast of the 1989 World Series , the annual championship series of Major League Baseball , taking place between Bay Area teams San Francisco Giants and
3870-511: The Transbay Tube between the date of the earthquake and December 3 that same year. The worst disaster of the earthquake was the collapse of the double-deck Cypress Street Viaduct of Interstate 880 in West Oakland . The failure of a 1.25-mile (2.0 km) section of the viaduct, also known as the "Cypress Structure" and the "Cypress Freeway", killed 42 and injured many more. Built in
3999-520: The "Hoffman Split". After joining I-80, I-580 runs directly south for several miles along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in the segment known as the Eastshore Freeway , then enters the MacArthur Maze . The segment between the Hoffman Split and the MacArthur Maze is a wrong-way concurrency , meaning I-580 east is signed as I-80 west, and vice versa. From the MacArthur Maze, I-580 is known as
MacArthur Maze - Misplaced Pages Continue
4128-445: The 6.9 M w Loma Prieta earthquake , the double-decked Cypress Street Viaduct on I-880 between I-80 and the 14th Street exit collapsed, crushing cars and killing 42 people. Traffic on the MacArthur Maze headed towards I-880 was re-routed to I-580 and I-980, and ramps at both ends of the viaduct leading to the former Cypress Structure were temporarily signed for local traffic access to Cypress Street. The Cypress Street Viaduct
4257-719: The Bay Area to the east. A portion of I-580 is called the MacArthur Freeway , after General Douglas MacArthur . Other portions are named the John T. Knox Freeway (after a former speaker pro tempore of the California State Assembly ), the Eastshore Freeway (after its location on San Francisco Bay ), the Arthur H. Breed Jr. Freeway (after a former California State assemblyperson and senator—the stretch itself lying between
4386-556: The Bay Area's major transportation structures suffered catastrophic failures. The collapse of a section of the double-deck Nimitz Freeway in Oakland was the site of the largest number of casualties for the event, but the collapse of human-made structures and other related accidents contributed to casualties occurring in San Francisco, Los Gatos , and Santa Cruz. The history of earthquake investigations in California has been largely focused on
4515-624: The Bay Bridge along the alignment of the old Grand Avenue Viaduct was built in 1995). The replacement sections of the Nimitz Freeway dispensed with the double-deck design. It was built near the Union Pacific railway tracks around the outskirts of West Oakland, rather than bisecting that neighborhood as the Cypress Viaduct had. Cypress Street, which ran on each side of the old double-deck highway,
4644-569: The Bay Bridge from the north–south traffic between Cypress and the Eastshore Highway. The enlargement to the Maze was consonant with plans already underway to build the double-deck Cypress Viaduct (which was later incorporated into the Nimitz Freeway, then-signed as SR 17 and later as I-880). In addition, MacArthur Boulevard was to be expanded into a freeway (the MacArthur Freeway, I-580). The nickname "MacArthur" Maze originated sometime after
4773-606: The Bay Bridge in the 1930s; construction of the East Bay Distribution Structure itself started on April 8, 1934. The media and public nicknamed it the "Maze" as early as June 1936. The site, wholly contained within the city of Oakland , was chosen because it was where major approaches to the Bay bridge were to come together and where tracks from the Southern Pacific , Santa Fe , and Key System railroads intersected. It
4902-548: The Bay Bridge, as well as drivers traveling up and down the East Bay. For long-distance traffic accessing other parts of the country, I-80 is the primary Interstate Highway for points east. Although Interstate 5, the main north–south Interstate Highway on the West Coast of the United States , bypasses the Bay Area to the east, connections are provided to the Maze via I-505 and I-80 from the north, and I-580, along with I-205 , to
5031-503: The Bay Bridge. A parallel set of ramps handled eastward/southward traffic. Film footage of the early Maze can be seen in the 1941 movie Shadow of the Thin Man , as Nick and Nora Charles drive off the Bay Bridge on their way to Golden Gate Fields in Albany . In the original 1936 configuration, traffic flows had to weave for about 550 feet (170 m); a third level was completed on October 24, 1955, separating traffic between MacArthur and
5160-650: The CHP revoked the license for transporting hazardous materials from Sabek Transportation, the owner of the tank truck, after an investigation found 36 violations of its operations and equipment. Interstate 580 (California) Interstate 580 ( I-580 ) is an approximately 76-mile-long (122 km) east–west auxiliary Interstate Highway in Northern California . The heavily traveled spur route of I-80 runs from US Route 101 (US 101) in San Rafael in
5289-555: The Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland) the intensity of the shaking was more severe and lasted longer. The strong motion records also allowed for the causative fault to be determined – the rupture was related to the San Andreas Fault System. While a Mercalli Intensity of VIII ( Severe ) covered a large swath of territory relatively close to the epicenter (including the cities of Los Gatos, Santa Cruz, and Watsonville ) farther to
MacArthur Maze - Misplaced Pages Continue
5418-627: The Eastshore is signed I-80 east and I-580 west; headed southward, one finds signs indicating I-80 west and I-580 east. At the Hoffman Split, I-580 leaves the Eastshore Freeway in a northwesterly direction through the cities of Albany and Richmond . It then crosses San Francisco Bay over the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge . The freeway in this section, officially named the John T. Knox Freeway,
5547-505: The Emergency Broadcast System to the public after the quake because the engineering department at KNBR experienced major technical malfunctions and difficulties. The malfunctions during the aftermath of the earthquake caused confusion as to whether an earthquake would cause the Emergency Broadcast System to activate. KNBR began using an emergency generator, hooking up the signal from a command center right after their nearby studio
5676-629: The General as "MacArthur Boulevard" which, for the most part, still parallels the MacArthur Freeway. The renaming occurred on March 26, 1942, by a resolution of the Oakland City Council . The freeway was opened to traffic in eight segments until its completion in May 1966 (last segment, connecting with SR 238 (now I-238 ), in Castro Valley, opened May 20, 1966). The segment of I-580 running from
5805-446: The HOT lanes' hours of operation is weekdays between 5:00 am and 8:00 pm. Solo drivers are tolled using a congestion pricing system based on the real-time levels of traffic. Carpools, motorcycles, and clean air vehicles are not charged. All tolls are collected using an open road tolling system, and therefore there are no toll booths to receive cash. Each vehicle using the HOT lanes
5934-435: The I-580 connector re-opened, just before the busy Memorial Day weekend. The deadline to finish the project was beaten by over a month, with the contractor earning a $ 5 million bonus for early completion. The entire reconstruction project was completed only 26 days after the original accident. A state projection concluded that the connector collapse had cost roughly $ 6 million per day in total economic impact. On May 25, 2007,
6063-657: The MacArthur Freeway, which runs through Oakland and San Leandro to Castro Valley . About halfway to Castro Valley from the Maze, is an interchange with the Warren Freeway ( State Route 13 ). Between this interchange and Castro Valley, I-580 runs near or along the trace of the Hayward Fault , a major branch of the San Andreas Fault . In Castro Valley, I-580 turns eastward toward Dublin Canyon before descending into Dublin and Pleasanton . After passing through Livermore ,
6192-479: The MacArthur Maze has been considered to include or instead refer to the four-level stack interchange completed in 1985 between California State Route 24 , Interstate 980 , and Interstate 580, about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the East Bay Distribution Structure. However, CalTrans unequivocally regards "MacArthur Maze" as only referring to the Distribution Structure. The maze was constructed along with
6321-424: The Oakland side of the bridge to shift 7 in (18 cm) to the east, and caused the bolts of one section to shear off, sending the 250-short-ton (230 t; 500,000 lb; 226,800 kg) section of roadbed crashing down like a trapdoor. Traffic on both decks came to a halt, blocked by the section of the roadbed. Police began unsnarling the traffic jam, telling drivers to turn their cars around and drive back
6450-557: The San Juan Bautista segment, or an M7 event on the San Francisco Peninsula segment, United States Geological Survey (USGS) seismologist Allan Lindh's 1983 forecasted rupture length of 25 miles (40 km) (starting near Pajaro Gap, and continuing to the northwest) for the San Juan Bautista segment nearly matched the actual rupture length of the 1989 event. An updated forecast was presented in 1988, at which time Lindh took
6579-457: The San Leandro border. Specifically, eastbound trucks cannot travel beyond Grand Avenue/Lakeshore Avenue (exit 21B), and those going westbound must get off at MacArthur Boulevard/Foothill Boulevard (exit 30). They are instead instructed to take I-238 in Castro Valley and then I-880 through Oakland as an alternative route. The California Highway Patrol may however temporarily lift
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#17328443358816708-557: The Santa Cruz Historic Building Survey. The four oldest were built in 1894, the five oldest withstood the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Immediately, a number of civilians began to free victims from the rubble of Ford's Department Store and the Santa Cruz Coffee Roasting Company – both buildings had collapsed inward on customers and employees alike. Two police officers crawled through voids in
6837-404: The Santa Cruz Mountains was about 15 seconds, but strong ground motion recordings revealed that the duration of shaking was not uniform throughout the affected area (because of different types and thicknesses of soil ). At sites with rocky terrain, the duration was shorter and the shaking was much less intense, and at locations with unconsolidated soil (like the Marina District in San Francisco or
6966-411: The Santa Cruz Mountains, pieces of concrete fell from a parking structure at the Sunnyvale Town Center , a two-level shopping mall in Santa Clara County. More moderate damage resulted from the August 8, 1989, shock (intensity VII, Very strong ) when chimneys were toppled in Cupertino , Los Gatos, and Redwood Estates . Other damage included cracked walls and foundations and broken underground pipes. At
7095-425: The affected area, many people had left work early or were staying late to participate in after work group viewings and parties. As a consequence the normally crowded freeways contained unusually light traffic. If traffic had been normal for a Tuesday rush hour , injuries and deaths would certainly have been higher. The initial media reports failed to take into account the game's effect on traffic and initially estimated
7224-406: The ban for short periods to reduce traffic congestion when major accidents occur on I-880 or I-238. The truck prohibition has been in effect since before the freeway was built in 1963 as part of US 50. Both the FHWA and Caltrans imposed the restriction, partly because the city of Oakland already had a truck ban through the area prior to the freeway's construction. Since then, the restriction
7353-455: The ban. He did however concede that the California State Legislature would have to eventually repeal the aforementioned rule in the California Vehicle Code for any change to occur. Tolls are collected only for westbound traffic on the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge . An open road tolling system is used on the bridge, and they can be paid by either a FasTrak transponder or license plate tolling . The high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane leading to
7482-413: The bridge requires a car with three or more people. High-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes along I-580 between Pleasanton and Livermore opened in February 2016. The eastbound express lanes stretch 12 miles (19 km) between Hacienda Drive and North Greenville Road. The westbound express lanes extend an additional two miles (3.2 km) west to San Ramon Road/Foothill Road. As of August 2022 ,
7611-435: The cable cars. Amtrak intercity rail service into Oakland from the California Zephyr continued, but the Coast Starlight was temporarily suspended north of Salinas because of damage to the Southern Pacific 's Coast Line . The earthquake changed the Bay Area's automobile transportation landscape. Not only did the quake force seismic retrofitting of all Bay Area bridges, it caused enough damage that some parts of
7740-405: The cities of Castro Valley and Dublin ), the William Elton "Brownie" Brown Freeway (after a Tracy resident instrumental in determining the route of I-5 through the San Joaquin Valley ), the Sgt. Daniel Sakai Memorial Highway (after the Castro Valley resident and Oakland SWAT officer killed in the 2009 shootings of Oakland police officers ), and the John P. Miller Memorial Highway (after
7869-534: The city streets which were part of US 50 between Castro Valley and the large interchange along the eastern approach to the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in Oakland now called the MacArthur Maze . The freeway was named in honor of World War II General Douglas MacArthur . Prior to the construction of this freeway, the various city streets of Oakland that were designated for US 50 (principally 38th Street, Hopkins Street, Moss Avenue, Excelsior Avenue, and part of Foothill Boulevard) had been renamed for
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#17328443358817998-420: The collapse of buildings along the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz, and five people were killed in the collapse of a brick wall on Bluxome Street in San Francisco. When the earthquake hit, the third game of the 1989 World Series baseball championship was about to begin. Because of the unusual circumstance that both of the World Series teams (the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics ) were based in
8127-425: The collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct on the Nimitz Freeway ( Interstate 880 ), where the upper level of a double-deck portion of the freeway collapsed, crushing the cars on the lower level, and causing crashes on the upper level. One 50-foot (15 m) section of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also collapsed, leading to a single fatality, Anamafi Moala, a 23-year-old woman. Three people were killed in
8256-484: The completion of the MacArthur Freeway in the early 1960s. Another round of extensive re-engineering followed the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , including the addition of diamond lane ramps and a huge girder flyover connecting the relocated northbound Nimitz with the northbound Eastshore Freeway (which is technically I-80 eastbound and I-580 westbound). The original 1936 ramps were removed during this 1990s construction. Reinforcements were completed in 2001–2002. During
8385-434: The damage. That same day, survivor Buck Helm was freed from the wreckage, having spent 90 hours trapped in his car. Dubbed "Lucky Buck" by the local radio, Helm lived for another 29 days on life support , but then died of respiratory failure at the age of 58. Although the freeway reopened in stages between 1997 and 1999, it was not fully rebuilt until 2001 so that it would comply with safety and reinforcement standards. In
8514-410: The death toll at 300, a number that was corrected to 63 in the days after the earthquake. After the earthquake occurred, a group led by Antony C. Fraser-Smith of Stanford University reported that the event was preceded by disturbances in background magnetic field noise as measured by a sensor placed in Corralitos , about 4.5 miles (7 km) from the epicenter. From October 5, they reported that
8643-444: The debris, found one victim alive and another dead inside the coffee house. Santa Cruz beach lifeguards assisted in moving the victims. Police dogs were brought in to help locate other victims. A woman was found dead inside Ford's. The civilians who were helpful initially, were soon viewed by police and fire officials as a hindrance to operations, with frantic coworkers and friends of a coffee house employee thought to be trapped under
8772-471: The degree that it was designated a seismic gap ) until two moderate foreshocks occurred in June 1988 and again in August 1989. Damage was heavy in Santa Cruz County and less so to the south in Monterey County , but effects extended well to the north into the San Francisco Bay Area , both on the San Francisco Peninsula and across the bay in Oakland . No surface faulting occurred, though many other ground failures and landslides were present, especially in
8901-431: The earthquake struck at approximately 5:04 PDT, sportscaster Tim McCarver was narrating taped highlights of Game 2, which had been played two days prior across the Bay Bridge in Oakland. Television viewers saw the video signal begin to break up, heard McCarver repeat a sentence as the shaking distracted him, and heard McCarver's colleague Al Michaels exclaim, "I'll tell you what, we're having an earth – ." At that moment,
9030-424: The earthquake. In Santa Cruz , close to the epicenter, 40 buildings collapsed, killing six people. At the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk, the Plunge Building was significantly damaged. Liquefaction also caused damage in the Watsonville area. For example, sand volcanoes formed in a field near Pajaro as well as in a strawberry field. The Ford's department store in Watsonville experienced significant damage, including
9159-403: The eastward ascent to the Altamont Pass, and plans to preserve the right-of-way to accommodate a future BART extension in the median of the freeway. In 2017, citing lack of interest from the Bay Area Rapid Transit District in bringing BART service east to Livermore, the Livermore City Council proposed a newly established local entity to undertake planning and construction of the extension, which
9288-681: The edge of the freeway. Nearby residents and factory workers came to the rescue, climbing onto the wreckage with ladders and forklifts and pulling trapped people out of their cars from under a four-foot gap in some sections. 60 members of Oakland's Public Works Agency left the nearby city yard and joined rescue efforts. Employees from Pacific Pipe drove heavy lift equipment to the scene and started using it to raise sections of fallen freeway enough to allow further rescue. Local workers continued their volunteer operation nonstop until October 21, 1989, when they were forced to pause as U.S. President George H. W. Bush and California Governor George Deukmejian viewed
9417-399: The epicenter resulted from liquefaction of soil used to create waterfront land. Other effects included sand volcanoes , landslides and ground ruptures. Some 12,000 homes and 2,600 businesses were damaged. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) turned people who were homeless prior to the earthquake away from homeless shelters and provided shelter for those with homes prior to
9546-708: The existing SR 180 is renumbered, which is unlikely due to its familiarity as the road to Kings Canyon National Park , there will not be an I-180 in California. 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake On October 17, 1989, at 5:04 p.m. local time, the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred at the Central Coast of California. The shock was centered in The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park in Santa Cruz County , approximately 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Santa Cruz on
9675-563: The few bridges spanning the bay, so the Maze's central location near the east end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge makes it a hub for east–west and north–south traffic to and from San Francisco and Oakland . It sits next to the Port of Oakland , the fourth-busiest container port in the United States . Four freeways intersect at this interchange: Local traffic using the interchange includes East Bay commuters to and from San Francisco via
9804-1009: The former generally gets more traffic than the latter. For decades, the trucking industry lobbied to have the ban removed but was unsuccessful due to local opposition. In 2000, the California State Legislature passed Assembly Bill 500, adding the I-580 truck restriction into the California Vehicle Code. A collaborative study by the Environmental Defense Fund , Google , and the University of Texas at Austin used Google Street View cars equipped with air quality monitors to measure pollution data through Oakland. It found that along I-880, concentrations of black carbon were 80 percent higher, concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were 60 percent higher, and concentrations of nitric oxide were at least double than those along I-580. This has led community leaders to revisit
9933-400: The four deaths, one family lost their infant son who choked on dust while trapped for an hour inside their collapsed apartment. The Marina district was built on a landfill made of a mixture of sand, dirt, rubble, waste, and other materials containing a high percentage of groundwater . Some of the fill was rubble dumped into San Francisco Bay after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but most
10062-665: The freeway enters the Altamont Pass . The road emerges in the Central Valley west of Tracy , where, after I-205 splits near Altamont Raceway Park , it turns southeastward and terminates by merging with I-5 south of Tracy just shy of the Stanislaus County line. I-580 through Altamont Pass is a major crossing of the Diablo Range , linking the Central Valley to the Bay Area, and also a major route to Southern California. I-580
10191-438: The ground more severely. At the intersection of Beach and Divisadero Streets in San Francisco, a natural gas main rupture caused a major structure fire . The San Francisco Fire Department selected civilians to help run fire hoses from a distance because the nearby hydrant system failed. Since the bay was only two blocks from the burning buildings, water from the bay was pumped by the fireboat Phoenix , to engines on
10320-471: The incident, and on Monday April 30, all public transportation in the Bay Area was free, with the estimated cost of $ 2.5 million paid out of state funds. News commentators have pointed out the similarities to the disruption caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake 18 years earlier. While there was some serious congestion on the detour routes, the expected traffic jams and long delays did not fully materialize. This
10449-502: The large magnitude mainshock, the four accelerometers captured a useful record of the main event and more than half an hour of the early aftershock activity. The June 27, 1988, shock occurred with a maximum intensity of VI ( Strong ). Its effects included broken windows in Los Gatos, and other light damage in Holy City , where increased flow was observed at a water well . Farther away from
10578-500: The late 1950s and opened to traffic in 1957 (as SR 17), the Cypress Street Viaduct, a stretch of Interstate 880, was a double-deck freeway section made of nonductile reinforced concrete that was constructed above and astride Cypress Street in Oakland. Roughly half of the land the Cypress Viaduct was built on was filled marshland and the other half somewhat more stable alluvium . Because of new highway structure design guidelines –
10707-415: The local ABC station in San Francisco, was off the air for about 15 minutes, while KRON-TV (at the time the region's NBC affiliate) was off the air for about half an hour, and KGO-AM ( ABC News Radio ) was off the air for about 40 minutes. About an hour and 40 minutes after the quake, Fox affiliate KTVU resumed broadcasting, with their news anchors, Dennis Richmond and Elaine Corral reporting from
10836-413: The mainland and cracked the paved road on Paul's Island. In the Old Town historical district of the city of Salinas, unreinforced masonry buildings were partially destroyed. Following the quake, an estimated 1.4 million people experienced power losses that were mainly due to damaged electrical substations . Many San Francisco radio and television stations were temporarily knocked off the air. KGO-TV ,
10965-497: The meantime, traffic was detoured through nearby Interstate 980 , causing increased congestion. Instead of rebuilding Interstate 880 over the same ground, Caltrans rerouted the freeway farther west around the outskirts of West Oakland to provide better access to the Port of Oakland and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, and to meet community desires to keep the freeway from cutting through residential areas (at
11094-449: The most expensive natural disasters in U.S. history at the time. Private donations poured into aid relief efforts and on October 26, President George H. W. Bush signed a $ 1.1 billion ($ 2.7 billion today) earthquake relief package for California. Four people died in San Francisco's Marina District, four buildings were destroyed by fire, and seven buildings collapsed. Another 63 damaged structures were judged too dangerous to live in. Among
11223-474: The most frequently cited claims of a specific earthquake precursor; more recent studies have cast doubt on the connection, attributing the Corralitos signals to either unrelated magnetic disturbance or, even more simply, to sensor-system malfunction. The earthquake caused severe damage in some very specific locations in the Bay Area, most notably on unstable soil in San Francisco and Oakland . Oakland City Hall
11352-414: The most part, the I-580 freeway in this segment was constructed over or alongside the right-of-way of US 50 , previously part of the old Lincoln Highway , during the course of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The segment which begins at the split with I-205 was constructed during the same period of time over a new right-of-way to a junction with I-5, running through some low hills on the west side of
11481-400: The next morning. Large cracks in Oakland's runway and taxiway reduced the usable length to two-thirds normal, and damage to the dike required quick remediation to avoid flooding the runway with water from the bay. Oakland Airport repair costs were assessed at $ 30 million (equivalent to $ 77 million today). San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni) lost all power to electric transit systems when
11610-491: The next several hours, some of it picked up and broadcast nationally over their respective networks, as well as on CNN , in a manner anticipating later major catastrophes such as the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake and the 9/11 terror attacks ). Power was restored to most of San Francisco by midnight, and all but 12,000 customers had their power restored within two days. The quake caused an estimated $ 6 billion (equivalent to $ 15 billion today) in property damage, becoming one of
11739-551: The north, portions of San Francisco were assessed at intensity IX ( Violent ). At more than 44 miles (70 km) distant, the San Francisco Bay Area recorded peak horizontal accelerations that were as high as 0.26 g , and close to the epicenter they peaked at more than 0.6 g . In a general way, the location of aftershocks of the event delineated the extent of the faulting, which (according to seismologist Bruce Bolt ) extended about 24 miles (40 km) in length. Because
11868-519: The occurrence of an event at the location that was forecast by the WGCEP in 1988 was coincidental. The contrasting characteristics of the 1906 and 1989 events were examined by seismologists Hiroo Kanamori and Kenji Satake . The significant amount of vertical displacement in 1989 was a key aspect to consider because a long-term sequence of 1989-type events (with an 80–100-year recurrence interval) normally result in regions with high topographic relief , which
11997-480: The office of the Los Gatos City Manager, a window that was cracked had also been broken in the earlier shock. Also in Los Gatos, one man died when he fell or jumped through a window and impacted the ground five stories below. The Loma Prieta earthquake was named for Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which lies just to the east of the mainshock epicenter. The duration of the heaviest shaking in
12126-402: The open gap in time; the 1980 Mercury Zephyr plunged over the edge and smashed onto the collapsed roadbed. The driver, Anamafi Moala, died, and the passenger, her brother, was seriously injured. Caltrans removed and replaced the collapsed section, and re-opened the bridge on November 18. To assist with transportation during Bay Bridge repairs, Bay Area Rapid Transit ran 24-hour service in
12255-485: The opportunity to assign a new name to the San Juan Bautista segment – the Loma Prieta segment. In early 1988, the Working Group for California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) made several statements regarding their forecasts for the 225 mi (360 km) northern San Andreas Fault segment, the 56 mi (90 km) San Francisco Peninsula segment, and a 18.8–22 mi (30–35 km) portion of that segment which
12384-600: The other two directions is encouraged to use Sir Francis Drake Blvd . Heading eastward through the light industrial portion of eastern San Rafael, I-580 provides access to San Quentin State Prison at the eastern tip of land before joining the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge to cross San Francisco Bay . I-580 enters the city of Richmond in Contra Costa County midspan, then continues through Richmond to join I-80 in Albany at
12513-501: The quake hit, but otherwise suffered little damage and no injuries to operators or riders. Cable cars and electric trains and buses were stalled in place – half of Muni's transport capability was lost for 12 hours. Muni relied on diesel buses to continue abbreviated service until electric power was restored later that night, and electric units could be inspected and readied for service on the morning of October 18. After 78 hours, 96 percent of Muni services were back in operation, including
12642-560: The region's freeway system had to be demolished. Damage to the region's transportation system was estimated at $ 1.8 billion (equivalent to $ 4.4 billion today). The 1989 World Series featured the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants in the first cross-town World Series since 1956 . Game 3 of the series was scheduled to begin at San Francisco's Candlestick Park on October 17 at 5:35 PDT, and American television network ABC began its pre-game show at 5:00 PDT . When
12771-466: The requirement of ductile construction elements – instituted following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake , a limited degree of earthquake reinforcement was retrofitted to the Cypress Viaduct in 1977. The added elements were longitudinal restraints at transverse expansion joints in the box girder spans, but no studies were made of possible failure modes specific to the Cypress Viaduct. Caltrans has since received widespread backlash for not thoroughly studying
12900-438: The rubble continuing their efforts in the dark. Police arrested those who refused to stop searching. This became a political issue in the following days. The body of a young woman coffee worker was found under a collapsed wall late the next day. During the first few days following the quake, electric power to most Santa Cruz County subscribers was out, and some areas had no water. Limited phone service remained online, providing
13029-414: The rupture took place bilaterally, the duration of strong shaking was about half of what it would have been had it ruptured in one direction only. The duration of a typical M6.9 shock with a comparable rupture length would have been about twice as long. Gregory Beroza , a seismologist with Stanford University , made several distinctions regarding the 1906 and 1989 events. Near Loma Prieta, the 1906 rupture
13158-624: The shocks affected the mainshock's rupture process. Following the August 8, 1989, shock, in anticipation of an upcoming large earthquake, staff at the University of California, Santa Cruz deployed four accelerometers in the area, which were positioned at the UCSC campus, two residences in Santa Cruz, and a home in Los Gatos . Unlike other nearby (high gain ) seismographs that were overwhelmed (driven off scale) by
13287-534: The shore, and from there sprayed on the fire. The apartment structures that collapsed were older buildings that included ground-floor garages, which engineers refer to as a soft story building . In Santa Cruz, the Pacific Garden Mall was severely damaged, with falling debris killing three people, half of the six earthquake deaths in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties. Some 31 buildings were damaged enough to warrant demolition, seven of which had been listed in
13416-447: The shores of San Francisco Bay and to the south near Monterey Bay. Other ground effects included downslope movement, slumps , and ground cracks. Fifty-seven of the deaths were directly caused by the earthquake; six further fatalities were ruled to have been caused indirectly. In addition, there were 3,757 injuries as a result of the earthquake, 400 of which were serious. The highest number of deaths, 42, occurred in Oakland because of
13545-533: The signal from Candlestick Park was lost. The network put up a green ABC Sports "World Series" technical difficulties telop graphic while it scrambled to repair the video feed (the broadcast cameras and mics were powered by the local power supply), but audio from the stadium was restored after thirteen seconds via a telephone link: Al Michaels: Well, heh, I don't know if we're on the air... We are in commercial, I guess. Jim Palmer : Yes, yes, we hear you. Tim McCarver: I guess... Michaels: I don't hear
13674-498: The south. Furthermore, drivers on US 101 who want to bypass San Francisco can use I-880 from San Jose to the Maze, and then I-580 across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. Despite the interchange's size, it does not permit complete freedom of movement. Drivers approaching the Maze on I-880 from the south cannot directly reach I-580 east, nor can drivers on I-580 from the east turn onto I-880 south. In at least one instance,
13803-409: The station's parking lot. KCBS-AM ( CBS News Radio ) switched immediately to backup power and managed to stay on air despite a subsequent generator failure. KCBS later won a Peabody Award for their news coverage, as did KGO-TV. KNBR-AM (the designated station for the Bay Area's Emergency Broadcast System at the time) failed to communicate a catastrophe with the activation and instructions of
13932-582: The steep terrain near the epicenter was prone to movement, and up to 4,000 landslides may have occurred during the event. The majority of landslides occurred to the southwest of the epicenter, especially along road cuts in the Santa Cruz Mountains and in the Summit Road area, but also along the bluffs of the Pacific Coast, and as far north as the Marin Peninsula. Highway 17 was blocked for several weeks by
14061-432: The structure. When the earthquake hit, the shaking was amplified on the former marshland, and soil liquefaction occurred. When the earthquake struck, the freeway buckled and twisted before the support columns failed and the upper deck fell on the lower deck. Forty-two people were crushed to death in their cars. Cars on the upper deck were tossed around violently, some of them flipped sideways, and some were left dangling at
14190-409: The subsequent fuel spill and fire weakened the steel structure of the roadway above, which served as the connecting ramp from Interstate 80 east (from San Francisco ) to Interstate 580 east (to Oakland ), collapsing about 168 feet (51 m) of it onto the lower connector. The truck driver involved suffered second degree burns on his hands but was nonetheless able to walk 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to
14319-452: The three largest shocks to occur along the 1906 earthquake's rupture zone since 1914. The M L 5.3 June 1988 and the M L 5.4 August 1989 events also occurred on previously unknown oblique reverse faults and were within 3 mi (4.8 km) of the M6.9 Loma Prieta mainshock epicenter, near the intersection of the San Andreas and Sargent faults. Total displacement for these shocks
14448-530: The time the original viaduct was constructed, West Oakland was predominantly occupied by African- and Hispanic-Americans). Street-level Mandela Parkway now occupies the previous roadbed of the Cypress structure. Immediately after the earthquake, Bay Area airports were closed so officials could conduct a visual inspection and damage assessment procedures. San Jose International Airport , Oakland International Airport and San Francisco International Airport all opened
14577-502: The truck ban, particularly because I-880 runs along minority communities while I-580 runs through middle and upper middle class neighborhoods. Once a proponent of the ban when he served on the Oakland City Council in the 1990s, Alameda County Supervisor Nate Miley held a December 2021 virtual town hall on the issue, and asked both Caltrans and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District to conduct studies on
14706-621: The urgency to reopen such a vital highway link the project was expedited, and most demolition work and debris removal was completed by the Tuesday following the accident. For a historic comparison, Caltrans did replace a single damaged upper deck panel of the Bay Bridge (after the Loma Prieta earthquake ) and the collapsed portion of the I-10 Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles (after
14835-404: The way they had come. Eastbound drivers stuck on the lower deck between the collapse and Yerba Buena Island were routed up to the upper deck and westward back to San Francisco. A miscommunication made by emergency workers at Yerba Buena Island routed some drivers the wrong way; they were directed to the upper deck where they drove eastward toward the collapse site. One of these drivers did not see
14964-573: Was grandfathered in when the freeway was both renumbered and added to the Interstate Highway System . As a result, it is the only segment of Interstate Highway in California that is not part of the National Truck Network (several other California state highways have similar truck bans such as SR 2 and SR 85 , but not any other Interstates). With trucks normally rerouted onto I-880 instead of I-580 through Oakland,
15093-576: Was a temporary designation used in 1978 for the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge , now part of I-580. At the time, the bridge had been identified as part of SR 17 but was marked for inclusion in the Interstate Highway System. Briefly the bridge used the number 180, despite the Fresno -area SR 180 's use of the number. The California Streets and Highways Code has a policy against using one route number for multiple noncontiguous highways. Unless
15222-665: Was also recommended by the California State Assembly Transportation Committee. Assembly Bill 758 was signed by then- Governor of California Jerry Brown on October 13, 2017, formally establishing the Tri-Valley–San Joaquin Valley Regional Rail Authority to construct and maintain the alternative Valley Link commuter rail. The I-580 freeway in this segment was constructed starting in February 1960, adjacent to
15351-459: Was considered desirable to elevate the highway junction above the rails, thereby avoiding numerous grade crossings . The first configuration was relatively simple: westbound traffic from 38th Street (later MacArthur Boulevard) merged with northbound traffic from Cypress Street and crossed above the Southern Pacific tracks, then split into ramps north to the Eastshore Highway (US 40) and west to
15480-475: Was constructed from 1987 to 1991. It replaced a number of city streets which comprised the earlier highway leading to the San Rafael Bridge, principally, Hoffman and Cutting boulevards. After crossing the bridge, I-580 runs west to San Rafael , ending at an interchange with US 101 . This freeway segment supplanted an earlier boulevard constructed as part of SR 17. Interstate 180 ( I-180 )
15609-467: Was demolished soon after the earthquake, but a replacement freeway wasn't opened until July 1997, due to lawsuits by environmentalists and local residents. A second connection to the Maze, known as the East Bay Viaduct, opened in 1998 but due to safety concerns, as well as ongoing retrofitting on the eastern I-580 connector, the structure was not fully rebuilt until 2001 (though a connection northwest to
15738-458: Was determined not to be a factor in the accident. The collapse of this bridge cut off the return route from San Francisco for many East Bay commuters (primarily those whose destinations are Walnut Creek and southeastern Oakland). To help ease the expected traffic snarl, Caltrans set up temporary detours within the days following the incident, Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) added additional capacity to lines serving areas that had been impacted by
15867-468: Was evacuated after the earthquake until a US$ 80 million (equivalent to US$ 197 million today) seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was completed in 1995. Many other communities sustained severe damage throughout the region located in Alameda , San Mateo , Santa Clara , San Benito , Santa Cruz and Monterey counties. Major property damage in San Francisco's Marina District 60 mi (97 km) from
15996-404: Was more shallow, had more strike-slip, and occurred on a fault that was near vertical. The 1989 event's oblique-slip rupture was at 10 km and below on a fault plane that dipped 70° to the southwest. Because much of the slip in 1989 occurred at depth and the rupture propagated up dip, Beroza proposed that the overlying San Andreas Fault actually inhibited further rupture and also maintains that
16125-416: Was possibly due to commuters switching to alternate transit options, indicated by BART posting record ridership numbers during that time. Caltrans spokespersons estimated immediately after the accident that it would take weeks to clear the debris from the scene and months to rebuild the affected sections. Initial cost projections for rebuilding the I-580 connector alone reached $ 10 million. However, due to
16254-693: Was referred to as the southern Santa Cruz Mountains segment. The thirty year probability for one or more M7 earthquakes in the study area was given as 50%, but because of a lack of information and low confidence, a 30% probability was assigned to the Southern Santa Cruz Mountains segment. Two moderate shocks, referred to as the Lake Elsman earthquakes by the USGS, occurred in the Santa Cruz Mountains region in June 1988 and again in August 1989. Following each event,
16383-429: Was relatively small (approximately 4 in (100 mm) of strike-slip and substantially less reverse-slip) and although they occurred on separate faults and well before the mainshock, a group of seismologists considered these to be foreshocks because of when and where they occurred relative to the main event. Each event's aftershock sequence and effect on stress drop was closely examined, and their study indicated that
16512-465: Was sand and debris laid down in preparation for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition , a celebration of San Francisco's ability to rebound after its catastrophe in 1906. After the Exposition, apartment buildings were erected on the landfill. In the 1989 earthquake, the water-saturated unconsolidated mud, sand, and rubble suffered liquefaction , and the earthquake's vertical shock waves rippled
16641-507: Was severely shaken during the quake, when most of the KNBR staff were at Candlestick for the World Series. The Mayor of San Francisco, Art Agnos , later came on the air and provided an update on the earthquake. (All four network-affiliated TV stations (KRON, KGO, KTVU and CBS affiliate KPIX ) would recover enough to broadcast continuous breaking news coverage of the aftermath of the quake for
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