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17-463: MT2 may refer to: Melatonin receptor 1B Metallothionein 2A Metals Treatment Technologies (Methyl-Co(III) methylamine-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase Montana Highway 2 Montana's 2nd congressional district No. 2 Morse taper , a size of machine taper [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
34-514: A 20 percent elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes . MTNR1B mRNA is expressed in human islets, and immunocytochemistry confirms that it is primarily localized in beta cells in islets . The following MT2R ligands have selectivity over MT1R: This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine , which is in the public domain . Immunocytochemistry Immunocytochemistry ( ICC )
51-456: A block of solid tissue, cells grown within a culture , cells deposited from suspension , or cells taken from a smear . In contrast, immunohistochemical samples are sections of biological tissue , where each cell is surrounded by tissue architecture and other cells normally found in the intact tissue. Immunocytochemistry is a technique used to assess the presence of a specific protein or antigen in cells (cultured cells, cell suspensions) by use of
68-478: A low-viscosity medium make good candidates for smear preparations. Dilute cell suspensions existing in a dilute medium are best suited for the preparation of cytospins through cytocentrifugation. Cell suspensions that exist in a high-viscosity medium, are best suited to be tested as swab preparations. The constant among these preparations is that the whole cell is present on the slide surface. For any intercellular reaction to take place, immunoglobulin must first traverse
85-478: A particular sample express the antigen in question. In cases where an immunopositive signal is found, ICC also allows researchers to determine which sub-cellular compartments are expressing the antigen. Immunocytochemistry differs from immunohistochemistry in that the former is performed on samples of intact cells that have had most, if not all, of their surrounding extracellular matrix removed. This includes individual cells that have been isolated from
102-444: A specific antibody, which binds to it, thereby allowing visualization and examination under a microscope. It is a valuable tool for the determination of cellular contents from individual cells. Samples that can be analyzed include blood smears, aspirates, swabs, cultured cells, and cell suspensions. There are many ways to prepare cell samples for immunocytochemical analysis. Each method has its own strengths and unique characteristics so
119-522: Is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTNR1B gene . This gene encodes the MT 2 protein , one of two high-affinity forms of a receptor for melatonin , the primary hormone secreted by the pineal gland . This gene product is an integral membrane protein that is a G-protein coupled , 7- transmembrane receptor . It is found primarily in the retina and brain ; however, this detection requires RT-PCR . It
136-422: Is a common laboratory technique that is used to anatomically visualize the localization of a specific protein or antigen in cells by use of a specific primary antibody that binds to it. The primary antibody allows visualization of the protein under a fluorescence microscope when it is bound by a secondary antibody that has a conjugated fluorophore . ICC allows researchers to evaluate whether or not cells in
153-551: Is applied and binds to the secondary antibody. When the quaternary reagent, or substrate, is applied, the enzymatic end of the tertiary reagent converts the substrate into a pigment reaction product, which produces a color (many colors are possible; brown, black, red, etc.,) in the same location that the original primary antibody recognized that antigen of interest. Some examples of substrates used (also known as chromogens) are AEC (3-Amino-9-EthylCarbazole), or DAB ( 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine ). Use of one of these reagents after exposure to
170-409: Is thought to participate in light-dependent functions in the retina and may be involved in the neurobiological effects of melatonin. Besides the brain and retina this receptor is expressed on the bone forming cells where it regulates their function in depositing bone. Several studies have identified MTNR1B receptor mutations that are associated with increased average blood sugar level and around
187-438: The cell membrane that is intact in these preparations. Reactions taking place in the nucleus can be more difficult, and the extracellular fluids can create unique obstacles in the performance of immunocytochemistry. In this situation, permeabilizing cells using detergent (Triton X-100 or Tween-20) or choosing organic fixatives (acetone, methanol, or ethanol) becomes necessary. Antibodies are an important tool for demonstrating both
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#1732930467542204-429: The necessary enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase conjugated to an antibody reagent) produces a positive immunoreaction product. Immunocytochemical visualization of specific antigens of interest can be used when a less specific stain like H&E (Hematoxylin and Eosin) cannot be used for a diagnosis to be made or to provide additional predictive information regarding treatment (in some cancers, for example). Alternatively
221-512: The presence and the subcellular localization of an antigen. Cell staining is a very versatile technique and, if the antigen is highly localized, can detect as few as a thousand antigen molecules in a cell. In some circumstances, cell staining may also be used to determine the approximate concentration of an antigen, especially by an image analyzer. There are many methods to obtain immunological detection on tissues, including those tied directly to primary antibodies or antisera. A direct method involves
238-522: The right method can be chosen for the desired sample and outcome. Cells to be stained can be attached to a solid support to allow easy handling in subsequent procedures. This can be achieved by several methods: adherent cells may be grown on microscope slides, coverslips, or an optically suitable plastic support. Suspension cells can be centrifuged onto glass slides ( cytospin ), bound to solid support using chemical linkers, or in some cases handled in suspension. Concentrated cellular suspensions that exist in
255-709: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MT2&oldid=1248632363 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Melatonin receptor 1B 244701 ENSG00000134640 ENSMUSG00000050901 P49286 Q8CIQ6 Q3SXF8 NM_005959 NM_145712 NP_005950 NP_663758 Melatonin receptor 1B , also known as MTNR1B ,
272-426: The secondary antibody may be covalently linked to a fluorophore ( FITC and Rhodamine are the most common) which is detected in a fluorescence or confocal microscope. The location of fluorescence will vary according to the target molecule, external for membrane proteins, and internal for cytoplasmic proteins. In this way immunofluorescence is a powerful technique when combined with confocal microscopy for studying
289-442: The use of a detectable tag (e.g., fluorescent molecule, gold particles, etc., ) directly to the antibody that is then allowed to bind to the antigen (e.g., protein) in a cell. Alternatively, there are many indirect methods . In one such method, the antigen is bound by a primary antibody which is then amplified by use of a secondary antibody which binds to the primary antibody. Next, a tertiary reagent containing an enzymatic moiety
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