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67-465: The scf and the scm are units of molecular quantity for gases can be used with the ideal gas law to compute the quantity per unit of volume for other pressures and temperatures. In spite of the label "standard", there is a variety of definitions, mainly depending on the type of gas. Since, for a given volume, the quantity is proportional to the pressure and temperature , each definition fixes base values for pressure and temperature. Since natural gas

134-522: A US-based non-profit organization working in cooperation with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, has defined a set of standards in a regulation entitled the "Uniform Regulation for the Method of Sale of Commodities". This regulation defines a standard cubic foot, for compressed or liquefied gases in refillable cylinders other than LPG by, "A standard cubic foot of gas is defined as

201-423: A better mathematician than Dr. Einstein , simply because he had more endurance. The googolplex is, then, a specific finite number, equal to 1 with a googol zeros after it. John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10 . This gives rise to the name googolplexplex for 10 = 10 . Conway and Guy have proposed that N-minex be used as a name for 10 , giving rise to

268-454: A century earlier. In chemistry, it has been known since Proust's law of definite proportions (1794) that knowledge of the mass of each of the components in a chemical system is not sufficient to define the system. Amount of substance can be described as mass divided by Proust's "definite proportions", and contains information that is missing from the measurement of mass alone. As demonstrated by Dalton's law of partial pressures (1803),

335-564: A cubic foot at a temperature of 21 °C (70 °F) and a pressure of 101.325 kilopascals [kPa] (14.696 psia)". Yet other definitions are in use for industrial gas , where, in the US, a standard cubic foot for industrial gas use is defined at 70 °F (21.1 °C) and 14.696 psia (101.325 kPa), while in Canada, a standard cubic meter for industrial gas use is defined at 15 °C (59 °F) and 101.325 kPa (14.696 psia). An actual volume can be converted to

402-450: A fact that greatly aided their acceptance: It was not necessary for a chemist to subscribe to atomic theory (an unproven hypothesis at the time) to make practical use of the tables. This would lead to some confusion between atomic masses (promoted by proponents of atomic theory) and equivalent weights (promoted by its opponents and which sometimes differed from relative atomic masses by an integer factor), which would last throughout much of

469-414: A mass of exactly 12  g . The four different definitions were equivalent to within 1%. Because a dalton , a unit commonly used to measure atomic mass , is exactly 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, this definition of the mole entailed that the mass of one mole of a compound or element in grams was numerically equal to the average mass of one molecule or atom of the substance in daltons, and that

536-449: A measurement of mass is not even necessary to measure the amount of substance (although in practice it is usual). There are many physical relationships between amount of substance and other physical quantities, the most notable one being the ideal gas law (where the relationship was first demonstrated in 1857). The term "mole" was first used in a textbook describing these colligative properties . Developments in mass spectrometry led to

603-439: A naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending it further. The words bymillion and trimillion were first recorded in 1475 in a manuscript of Jehan Adam . Subsequently, Nicolas Chuquet wrote a book Triparty en la science des nombres which was not published during Chuquet's lifetime. However, most of it was copied by Estienne de La Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, L'arismetique . Chuquet's book contains

670-428: A passage in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits, with the comment: Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers point tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinq quyllion Le six sixlion Le sept. septyllion Le huyt ottyllion Le neuf nonyllion et ainsi des ault' se plus oultre on vouloit preceder (Or if you prefer the first mark can signify million,

737-562: A quantity proportional to the number of elementary entities of a substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 10 elementary entities (approximately 602 sextillion or 602 billion times a trillion), which can be atoms, molecules, ions, ion pairs, or other particles . The number of particles in a mole is the Avogadro number (symbol N 0 ) and the numerical value of the Avogadro constant (symbol N A ) expressed in mol . The value

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804-421: A second"—although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year or the particle physicist's barn . Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest, and giving them names is one way people try to conceptualize and understand them. One of

871-448: A special name derived from the mole is the katal , defined as one mole per second of catalytic activity . Like other SI units, the mole can also be modified by adding a metric prefix that multiplies it by a power of 10 : One femtomole is exactly 602,214,076 molecules; attomole and smaller quantities cannot be exactly realized. The yoctomole, equal to around 0.6 of an individual molecule, did make appearances in scientific journals in

938-478: A standard volume using the following equation: Where, Example: How many standard cubic feet are in 1 cubic foot of gas at 80 °F and gauge pressure 50 psi? (assuming that there is 13.6 psi atmospheric pressure and ignoring super compressibility) Mole (unit) The mole (symbol mol ) is a unit of measurement , the base unit in the International System of Units (SI) for amount of substance ,

1005-421: A still larger number: "googolplex". A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out. It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would happen if one tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera

1072-483: A substance is equal to its relative atomic (or molecular) mass multiplied by the molar mass constant , which is almost exactly 1 g/mol. Like chemists, chemical engineers use the unit mole extensively, but different unit multiples may be more suitable for industrial use. For example, the SI unit for volume is the cubic metre, a much larger unit than the commonly used litre in the chemical laboratory. When amount of substance

1139-402: A substance was redefined as containing "exactly 6.022 140 76 × 10 elementary entities" of that substance. Since its adoption into the International System of Units in 1971, numerous criticisms of the concept of the mole as a unit like the metre or the second have arisen: October 23, denoted 10/23 in the US, is recognized by some as Mole Day . It is an informal holiday in honor of

1206-446: A tenuous, artificial existence, rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of how large numbers are named. Even well-established names like sextillion are rarely used, since in the context of science, including astronomy, where such large numbers often occur, they are nearly always written using scientific notation . In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript, e.g. "The X-ray emission of

1273-438: Is also expressed in kmol (1000 mol) in industrial-scaled processes, the numerical value of molarity remains the same, as kmol m 3 = 1000  mol 1000  L = mol L {\textstyle {\frac {\text{kmol}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ mol}}}{1000{\text{ L}}}}={\frac {\text{mol}}{\text{L}}}} . Chemical engineers once used

1340-554: Is an imprecise mix of various molecular species, chiefly methane but with varying proportions of other gases, a standard cubic foot of natural gas does not represent a precise unit of mass, but a molecular quantity, expressed in moles . For petroleum gases, the standard cubic foot (scf) is defined as one cubic foot of gas at 60 °F (288.7 K; 15.56 °C) and at normal sea level air pressure. The pressure definition differs between sources, but are all close to normal sea level air pressure. The standard cubic meter of gas (scm)

1407-792: Is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. The terms "milliardo" in Italian, "Milliarde" in German, "miljard" in Dutch, "milyar" in Turkish, and "миллиард," milliard (transliterated) in Russian, are standard usage when discussing financial topics. The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number n occurring in 10 (short scale) or 10 (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with

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1474-544: Is commonly expressed by its molar concentration , defined as the amount of dissolved substance per unit volume of solution, for which the unit typically used is mole per litre (mol/L). The number of entities (symbol N ) in a one-mole sample equals the Avogadro number (symbol N 0 ), a dimensionless quantity . Historically, N 0 approximates the number of nucleons ( protons or neutrons ) in one gram of ordinary matter . The Avogadro constant (symbol N A = N 0 /mol ) has numerical multiplier given by

1541-551: Is sometimes attributed to French mathematician Jacques Peletier du Mans c.  1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system), but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum , which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term. Concerning names ending in -illiard for numbers 10 , milliard

1608-441: Is understood to be in short scale of the table below (and is only accurate if referring to short scale rather than long scale). Indian English does not use millions, but has its own system of large numbers including lakhs (Anglicised as lacs) and crores . English also has many words, such as "zillion", used informally to mean large but unspecified amounts; see indefinite and fictitious numbers . Usage: Apart from million ,

1675-492: Is used in the context of the SI system . It is similarly defined as the quantity of gas contained in a cubic meter at a temperature of 15 °C (288.150 K; 59.000 °F) and a pressure of 101.325 kilopascals (1.0000 atm; 14.696 psi). Converting volume units between the standard cubic foot and the standard cubic meter is not exact, as the base temperature and pressure used are different, but for most practical situations

1742-408: Is widely used in chemistry as a convenient way to express amounts of reactants and amounts of products of chemical reactions . For example, the chemical equation 2 H 2 + O 2 → 2 H 2 O can be interpreted to mean that for each 2 mol molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) and 1 mol molecular oxygen (O 2 ) that react, 2 mol of water (H 2 O) form. The concentration of a solution

1809-479: The 2019 revision of the SI , which redefined the mole by fixing the value of the Avogadro constant, making it very nearly equivalent to but no longer exactly equal to the gram-mole), but whose name and symbol adopt the SI convention for standard multiples of metric units – thus, kmol means 1000 mol. This is equivalent to the use of kg instead of g. The use of kmol is not only for "magnitude convenience" but also makes

1876-414: The kilogram-mole (notation kg-mol ), which is defined as the number of entities in 12 kg of C, and often referred to the mole as the gram-mole (notation g-mol ), then defined as the number of entities in 12 g of C, when dealing with laboratory data. Late 20th-century chemical engineering practice came to use the kilomole (kmol), which was numerically identical to the kilogram-mole (until

1943-557: The s for "standard" is often omitted. Common units of gas volumes include ccf (hundred standard cubic feet), Mcf (thousand standard cubic feet), and MMcf (million standard cubic feet). The "M" refers to the Roman numeral for thousand, while a double "M" ("MM") represent one thousand thousands, or one million. Bcf (billion standard cubic feet), Tcf (trillion standard cubic feet), Qcf (quadrillion standard cubic feet), etc., are also used. The National Conference on Weights and Measures ,

2010-448: The 1,000,003rd "-illion" number, equals one "millinillitrillion"; 10 , the 11,000,670,036th "-illion" number, equals one "undecillinilli­septua­ginta­ses­centilli­sestrigint­illion"; and 10 , the 9,876,543,210th "-illion" number, equals one "nonillise­septua­ginta­octingentillitres­quadra­ginta­quingentillideciducent­illion". The following table shows number names generated by

2077-480: The 14th CGPM. Before the 2019 revision of the SI , the mole was defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 (the most common isotope of carbon ). The term gram-molecule was formerly used to mean one mole of molecules, and gram-atom for one mole of atoms. For example, 1 mole of MgBr 2 is 1 gram-molecule of MgBr 2 but 3 gram-atoms of MgBr 2 . In 2011,

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2144-807: The 24th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) agreed to a plan for a possible revision of the SI base unit definitions at an undetermined date. On 16 November 2018, after a meeting of scientists from more than 60 countries at the CGPM in Versailles, France, all SI base units were defined in terms of physical constants. This meant that each SI unit, including the mole, would not be defined in terms of any physical objects but rather they would be defined by physical constants that are, in their nature, exact. Such changes officially came into effect on 20 May 2019. Following such changes, "one mole" of

2211-527: The Avogadro number with the unit reciprocal mole (mol ). The ratio n = N / N A is a measure of the amount of substance (with the unit mole). Depending on the nature of the substance, an elementary entity may be an atom , a molecule , an ion , an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as a proton . For example, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound ) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element ) contain equal numbers of substance, with one atom of mercury for each molecule of water, despite

2278-453: The Imagination in the following passage: The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely 1 with one hundred zeroes after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for

2345-420: The adoption of oxygen-16 as the standard substance, in lieu of natural oxygen. The oxygen-16 definition was replaced with one based on carbon-12 during the 1960s. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures defined the mole as "the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12." Thus, by that definition, one mole of pure C had

2412-400: The basic SI unit of mol/s were to be used, which would otherwise require the molar mass to be converted to kg/mol. For convenience in avoiding conversions in the imperial (or US customary units ), some engineers adopted the pound-mole (notation lb-mol or lbmol ), which is defined as the number of entities in 12 lb of C. One lb-mol is equal to 453.592 37  g‑mol , which is

2479-435: The chemical convenience of having oxygen as the primary atomic mass standard became ever more evident with advances in analytical chemistry and the need for ever more accurate atomic mass determinations. The name mole is an 1897 translation of the German unit Mol , coined by the chemist Wilhelm Ostwald in 1894 from the German word Molekül ( molecule ). The related concept of equivalent mass had been in use at least

2546-422: The definition of the gram was not mathematically tied to that of the dalton, the number of molecules per mole N A (the Avogadro constant) had to be determined experimentally. The experimental value adopted by CODATA in 2010 is N A = 6.022 141 29 (27) × 10  mol . In 2011 the measurement was refined to 6.022 140 78 (18) × 10  mol . The mole was made the seventh SI base unit in 1971 by

2613-681: The difference can be ignored. Comparing the same volume between the 15 °C (288.15 K) and 101.325 kPa standard cubic meter versus the 60 °F (288.71 K) and 14.73 psi (101.56 kPa) standard cubic foot gives an error of 0.04%. A standard cubic foot in the US Customary System is approximately equivalent to 0.02833 standard cubic meters in the SI system. In the natural gas industry, where quantities are often expressed in standard cubic feet, large multiples of standard cubic feet are generally not expressed with metric prefixes , but rather with prefixes based on roman numerals, where

2680-432: The earliest examples of this is The Sand Reckoner , in which Archimedes gave a system for naming large numbers. To do this, he called the numbers up to a myriad myriad (10 ) "first numbers" and called 10 itself the "unit of the second numbers". Multiples of this unit then became the second numbers, up to this unit taken a myriad myriad times, 10 ·10 =10 . This became the "unit of the third numbers", whose multiples were

2747-505: The early modern era: the long and short scales . Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-English-speaking areas, including continental Europe and Spanish -speaking countries in Latin America . These naming procedures are based on taking the number n occurring in 10 (short scale) or 10 (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with

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2814-484: The equations used for modelling chemical engineering systems coherent . For example, the conversion of a flowrate of kg/s to kmol/s only requires dividing by the molar mass in g/mol (as kg kmol = 1000  g 1000  mol = g mol {\textstyle {\frac {\text{kg}}{\text{kmol}}}={\frac {1000{\text{ g}}}{1000{\text{ mol}}}}={\frac {\text{g}}{\text{mol}}}} ) without multiplying by 1000 unless

2881-445: The extension of this system indefinitely to provide English short-scale names for any integer whatsoever. The name of a number 10 , where n is greater than or equal to 1000, is formed by concatenating the names of the numbers of the form 10 , where m represents each group of comma-separated digits of n , with each but the last "-illion" trimmed to "-illi-", or, in the case of m = 0, either "-nilli-" or "-nillion". For example, 10 ,

2948-572: The financial world (and by the US dollar ), this was adopted for official United Nations documents. Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had originally popularized the short scale worldwide, reverted to the long scale. The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 10 . It is seldom seen in American usage and rarely in British usage, but frequently in continental European usage. The term

3015-698: The name googolminex for the reciprocal of a googolplex, which is written as 10 ) . None of these names are in wide use. The names googol and googolplex inspired the name of the Internet company Google and its corporate headquarters , the Googleplex , respectively. This section illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past vigintillion . Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million (the long scale ): 1,000,000 = 1 million ; 1,000,000 = 1 billion ; 1,000,000 = 1 trillion ; and so on. It

3082-476: The name of a significantly larger number was used in 2024, when the Russian news outlet RBK stated that the sum of legal claims against Google in Russia totalled 2 undecillion (2 x 10 ) rubles , or US $ 20 decillion (US $ 2 x 10 ); a value worth more than all financial assets in the world combined. A Kremlin spokesperson, Dmitry Peskov , stated that this value was symbolic. Names of larger numbers, however, have

3149-454: The names of large numbers have been forced into common usage as a result of hyperinflation . The highest numerical value banknote ever printed was a note for 1 sextillion pengő (10 or 1 milliard bilpengő as printed) printed in Hungary in 1946. In 2009, Zimbabwe printed a 100 trillion (10 ) Zimbabwean dollar note, which at the time of printing was worth about US$ 30. In global economics,

3216-693: The naming pattern ( unvigintillion , duovigintillion , duo­quinqua­gint­illion , etc.). All of the dictionaries included googol and googolplex , generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew (see below). None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc.). The Oxford English Dictionary comments that googol and googolplex are "not in formal mathematical use". Some names of large numbers, such as million , billion , and trillion , have real referents in human experience, and are encountered in many contexts, particularly in finance and economics. At times,

3283-613: The nineteenth century. Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) was instrumental in the determination of relative atomic masses to ever-increasing accuracy. He was also the first chemist to use oxygen as the standard to which other masses were referred. Oxygen is a useful standard, as, unlike hydrogen, it forms compounds with most other elements, especially metals . However, he chose to fix the atomic mass of oxygen as 100, which did not catch on. Charles Frédéric Gerhardt (1816–56), Henri Victor Regnault (1810–78) and Stanislao Cannizzaro (1826–1910) expanded on Berzelius' works, resolving many of

3350-434: The number of daltons in a gram was equal to the number of elementary entities in a mole. Because the mass of a nucleon (i.e. a proton or neutron ) is approximately 1 dalton and the nucleons in an atom's nucleus make up the overwhelming majority of its mass, this definition also entailed that the mass of one mole of a substance was roughly equivalent to the number of nucleons in one atom or molecule of that substance. Since

3417-402: The number of grains of sand that would be required to fill the known universe, and found that it was no more than "one thousand myriad of the eighth numbers" (10 ). Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that have no existence outside the imagination. One motivation for such a pursuit is that attributed to the inventor of the word googol , who

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3484-472: The problems of unknown stoichiometry of compounds, and the use of atomic masses attracted a large consensus by the time of the Karlsruhe Congress (1860). The convention had reverted to defining the atomic mass of hydrogen as 1, although at the level of precision of measurements at that time – relative uncertainties of around 1% – this was numerically equivalent to the later standard of oxygen = 16. However

3551-454: The radio galaxy is 1.3 × 10  joules ." When a number such as 10 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out as "ten to the forty-fifth" or "ten to the forty-five". This is easier to say and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion", which means something different in the long scale and the short scale. When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used—thus " femtosecond ", not "one quadrillionth of

3618-416: The same numerical value as the number of grams in an international avoirdupois pound . Greenhouse and growth chamber lighting for plants is sometimes expressed in micromoles per square metre per second, where 1 mol photons ≈ 6.02 × 10 photons. The obsolete unit einstein is variously defined as the energy in one mole of photons and also as simply one mole of photons. The only SI derived unit with

3685-483: The same reasoning as Conway and Guy did for the numbers up to nonillion, could probably be used to form acceptable prefixes. The Conway–Guy system for forming prefixes: Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 10 , Conway and Guy co-devised with Allan Wechsler the following set of consistent conventions that permit, in principle,

3752-581: The second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go). Adam and Chuquet used the long scale of powers of a million; that is, Adam's bymillion (Chuquet's byllion ) denoted 10 , and Adam's trimillion (Chuquet's tryllion ) denoted 10 . The names googol and googolplex were invented by Edward Kasner 's nephew Milton Sirotta and introduced in Kasner and Newman's 1940 book Mathematics and

3819-435: The solid is composed of a certain number of moles of such entities. In yet other cases, such as diamond , where the entire crystal is essentially a single molecule, the mole is still used to express the number of atoms bound together, rather than a count of molecules. Thus, common chemical conventions apply to the definition of the constituent entities of a substance, in other cases exact definitions may be specified. The mass of

3886-417: The suffix -illion . Names of numbers above a trillion are rarely used in practice; such large numbers have practical usage primarily in the scientific domain, where powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript. However, these somewhat rare names are considered acceptable for approximate statements. For example, the statement "There are approximately 7.1 octillion atoms in an adult human body"

3953-446: The suffix -illion . In this way, numbers up to 10  = 10 (short scale) or 10  = 10 (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 9 or smaller. For larger n (between 10 and 999), prefixes can be constructed based on a system described by Conway and Guy. Today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers and, using

4020-738: The third numbers, and so on. Archimedes continued naming numbers in this way up to a myriad myriad times the unit of the 10 -th numbers, i.e. ( 10 8 ) ( 10 8 ) = 10 8 ⋅ 10 8 , {\displaystyle (10^{8})^{(10^{8})}=10^{8\cdot 10^{8}},} and embedded this construction within another copy of itself to produce names for numbers up to ( ( 10 8 ) ( 10 8 ) ) ( 10 8 ) = 10 8 ⋅ 10 16 . {\displaystyle ((10^{8})^{(10^{8})})^{(10^{8})}=10^{8\cdot 10^{16}}.} Archimedes then estimated

4087-489: The two quantities having different volumes and different masses. The mole corresponds to a given count of entities. Usually, the entities counted are chemically identical and individually distinct. For example, a solution may contain a certain number of dissolved molecules that are more or less independent of each other. However, the constituent entities in a solid are fixed and bound in a lattice arrangement, yet they may be separable without losing their chemical identity. Thus,

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4154-516: The unit among chemists. The date is derived from the Avogadro number, which is approximately 6.022 × 10 . It starts at 6:02 a.m. and ends at 6:02 p.m. Alternatively, some chemists celebrate June 2 ( 06/02 ), June 22 ( 6/22 ), or 6 February ( 06.02 ), a reference to the 6.02 or 6.022 part of the constant. Sextillion Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since

4221-428: The words in this list ending with - illion are all derived by adding prefixes ( bi -, tri -, etc., derived from Latin) to the stem - illion . Centillion appears to be the highest name ending in -"illion" that is included in these dictionaries. Trigintillion , often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending

4288-459: The year the yocto- prefix was officially implemented. The history of the mole is intertwined with that of units of molecular mass , and the Avogadro constant . The first table of standard atomic weight was published by John Dalton (1766–1844) in 1805, based on a system in which the relative atomic mass of hydrogen was defined as 1. These relative atomic masses were based on the stoichiometric proportions of chemical reaction and compounds,

4355-417: Was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by Chuquet . Traditional American usage (which was also adapted from French usage but at a later date), Canadian, and modern British usage assign new names for each power of one thousand (the short scale ). Thus, a billion is 1000 × 1000 = 10 ; a trillion is 1000 × 1000 = 10 ; and so forth. Due to its dominance in

4422-412: Was certain that any finite number "had to have a name". Another possible motivation is competition between students in computer programming courses, where a common exercise is that of writing a program to output numbers in the form of English words. Most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following

4489-472: Was chosen on the basis of the historical definition of the mole as the amount of substance that corresponds to the number of atoms in 12  grams of C , which made the mass of a mole of a compound expressed in grams, numerically equal to the average molecular mass or formula mass of the compound expressed in daltons . With the 2019 revision of the SI , the numerical equivalence is now only approximate but may be assumed for all practical purposes. The mole

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