MRC-5 ( Medical Research Council cell strain 5) is a diploid cell culture line composed of fibroblasts , originally developed from the lung tissue of a 14-week-old aborted Caucasian male fetus . The cell line was isolated by J.P. Jacobs and colleagues in September 1966 from the seventh population doubling of the original strain, and MRC-5 cells themselves are known to reach senescence in around 45 population doublings.
20-616: MRC-5 cells are currently used to produce several vaccines including for hepatitis A , varicella and polio . During the COVID-19 pandemic , anti-vaccination and anti-abortion activists believed that MRC-5 was an ingredient of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine , citing a study from the University of Bristol. David Matthews, a co-author for this study, clarified that MRC-5 was solely used for testing purposes to determine "how
40-535: A government or Department of Health pays for the license). There are also arrangements for free access in much of Latin America and in "low-income countries", typically via HINARI . All countries have free access to two-page abstracts of all Cochrane Reviews and short plain-language summaries of selected articles. Cochrane Reviews appear to be relatively underused in the United States for two reasons: 1) Public access to
60-618: A person who has not previously received hepatitis A vaccine and who has direct contact with someone with hepatitis A should get hepatitis A vaccine within two weeks after exposure. Severe side effects are very rare. Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 15% of children and half of adults. Most hepatitis A vaccines contain inactivated virus while a few contain weakened virus. The ones with weakened virus are not recommended during pregnancy or in those with poor immune function . A few formulations combine hepatitis A with either hepatitis B or typhoid vaccine . Soreness or redness where
80-411: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A . It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life. If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle . The first hepatitis A vaccine
100-399: Is a collection of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties provided by Cochrane and other organizations. At its core is the collection of Cochrane Reviews , a database of systematic reviews and meta-analyses that summarize and interpret the results of medical research. The Cochrane Library aims to make the results of well-conducted clinical trials readily available and
120-581: Is a key resource in evidence-based medicine . The Cochrane Library is a subscription-based database, published initially by Update Software and now published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. as part of Wiley Online Library. In many countries, including parts of Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Scandinavian countries, New Zealand, Australia, India, South Africa, and Poland, it has been made available free to all residents by "national provision" (typically
140-487: The Cochrane Library in the United States is limited (the state of Wyoming is an exception, having paid for a license to enable free access to Cochrane Reviews for all residents of Wyoming). 2) The government-funded U.S. National Library of Medicine maintains an alternative database MEDLINE , which is free of charge to everyone and has significantly more extensive coverage than Cochrane. From 26 March to 26 May 2020,
160-528: The Cochrane Library provided temporary unrestricted access to everyone in every country in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Cochrane Library consists of the following databases after significant changes in 2018: The Cochrane Library now also features results from Special Collections and Editorials as well as an option to link out to other reviews compiled by Epistemonikos . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Protocols, and CENTRAL are produced by Cochrane . The Cochrane reviews take
180-516: The Oxford vaccine behaves when it is inside a genetically normal human cell." The manufacturing of the vaccine used the HEK 293 fetal cell line, the kidney cells of an aborted or spontaneously miscarried female fetus, though the cells are filtered out of the final product. This microbiology -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about vaccines or vaccination
200-445: The best protection. The initial dose of the vaccine should be followed up by a booster six to twelve months later. Protection against hepatitis A begins approximately two to four weeks after the initial vaccination. Protection lasts at least 15 years and is estimated to last at least 25 years if the booster is administered. A Cochrane review found that both types of vaccines offer significant protection, for at least two years using
220-553: The efficacy of a particular medical intervention. Finished reviews are available as a full report with diagrams, in condensed form or as a plain language summary, in order to provide for every reader of the review. According to Journal Citation Reports , The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews has a 2021 impact factor of 11.874, ranking 20th of 172 journals in the Medicine, General and Internal category, down from 11th in 2020 (167 journals). Reviews are abstracted and indexed in
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#1732855125439240-468: The following bibliographic databases : Science Citation Index Expanded , Scopus , CINAHL , EMBASE , MEDLINE . The Cochrane Library Feedback tool allows users to provide comments on and feedback of Cochrane Reviews and Protocols in The Cochrane Library. If accepted, the feedback will be published in a scrolling list of comments in reverse chronological order, with the most recent submission at
260-573: The format of full-length methodological studies. Cochrane researchers will perform searches of medical and health databases including MEDLINE / PubMed , EMBASE , PsycINFO , CINAHL , etc.; a continually updated database of trials called the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); hand searching, where researchers look through entire libraries of scientific journals by hand and; reference checking of obtained articles in order to identify additional studies that are relevant to
280-488: The inactivated vaccine and at least five years with the attenuated vaccine. The review concluded that the inactivated vaccine is safe, but required more high quality evidence to assess the safety of the attenuated vaccine. Several commercial hepatitis A vaccines are available. The definition of (U)nits varies among manufacturers depending on how hepatitis A antigen is measured in their products. Cochrane review The Cochrane Library (named after Archie Cochrane )
300-422: The question they are attempting to answer. The quality of each study is carefully assessed using predefined criteria and evidence of weak methodology or the possibility that a study may have been affected by bias is reported in the review. Cochrane researchers then apply statistical analysis to compare the data of the trials. This creates a review of studies, or systematic review , giving a comprehensive view of
320-514: The shot is given, fever, headache, tiredness, or loss of appetite can happen after hepatitis A vaccine. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death. Within the US, the vaccine Vaqta, developed by Maurice Hilleman and his team at Merck & Co. was licensed in 1995. The vaccine was phased in, around 1996, for children living in high-risk areas. In 1999, its usage
340-628: The top of the page. The Collaboration has a procedure for the event of serious error, an event which has only occurred once in its history. Annual colloquia have been conducted by Cochrane since 1993. From 1994 onwards, Cochrane has maintained a database of posters and presentations of past colloquia. From 2009 onwards, Cochrane published the abstracts of those colloquia as supplements to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . From 2010 to 2016, an annual newsletter related to Cochrane methodology called Cochrane Methods ( ISSN 2044-4702 ),
360-460: The virus, and people who are living in communities where an outbreak is present. Hepatitis A is the most common vaccine-preventable virus acquired during travel, so people traveling to places where the virus is common like the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Central America, South America, Asia, and Eastern Europe should be vaccinated. The vaccine is given in the muscle of the upper arm, in two doses for
380-647: Was approved in the European Union in 1991, and the United States in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends universal vaccination in areas where the disease is moderately common. Where the disease is very common, widespread vaccination is not recommended as all people typically develop immunity through infection during childhood. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccinating: In addition,
400-715: Was widened to areas with elevating levels of infection. In the US as of 2007 , the vaccine is strongly recommended for all children 12 to 23 months of age in an attempt to eradicate the virus nationwide. Although the original Food and Drug Administration (FDA) license for Havrix by GlaxoSmithKline is dated 1995, it had been approved in Europe in 1991. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccination of all children over one year of age, people whose sexual activity puts them at risk, people with chronic liver disease, people who are being treated with clotting factor concentrates, people working in close proximity to
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