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65-486: The unit of energy consumed is deemed to be 33.7 kilowatt-hours without regard to the efficiency of conversion of heat energy into electrical energy, also measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). The equivalence of this unit to energy in a gallon of gasoline is true if and only if the heat engine, generating equipment, and power delivery to the car battery are 100% efficient. Actual heat engines differ vastly from this assumption. MPGe does not necessarily represent an equivalency in

130-567: A l c ) = 100 m p g e q u i v {\displaystyle FE_{alcohol}={\frac {1}{0.15}}\cdot (15\,mpg_{alc})=100\,mpg_{equiv}} For FFVs, an assumption is made that the vehicles would operate 50% of the time on the alternative fuel and 50% of the time on conventional fuel, resulting in a fuel economy that is based on a harmonic average of alternative fuel and conventional fuel. For example, for an alternative dual-fuel model that achieves 15 miles per gallon operating on an alcohol fuel and 25 mpg on

195-610: A t . g a s 3 ) ⋅ ( 100 f t n a t . g a s 3 0.823 g a l n a t . g a s ) ] = 203 m p g e q u i v {\displaystyle FE_{nat.gas}={\frac {1}{0.15}}{\frac {gal_{nat.gas}}{gal_{gasoline}}}\cdot \left[\left({\frac {25\,mi}{100\,ft_{nat.gas}^{3}}}\right)\cdot \left({\frac {100\,ft_{nat.gas}^{3}}{0.823\,gal_{nat.gas}}}\right)\right]=203\,mpg_{equiv}} The Energy Policy Act of 1992 expanded

260-428: A battery is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in ampere-hours ; to convert ampere-hour (Ah) to watt-hours (Wh), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source. This value is approximate, since the battery voltage is not constant during its discharge, and because higher discharge rates reduce the total amount of energy that the battery can provide. In the case of devices that output

325-465: A well-to-wheel basis. The methodology considers the upstream efficiency of the processes involved in the two fuel cycles. The energy content of gasoline is reduced from 33,705 Wh/gal to 83% of that, or about 27,975 Wh/gal well-to-tank, to account for the energy used in refinement and distribution. Similarly, the energy value for electricity produced from fossil fuel is reduced to 30.3% due to energy lost in generation and transmission, according to

390-401: A change over time. For example: miles per hour, kilometres per hour, dollars per hour. Power units, such as kW, already measure the rate of energy per unit time (kW= kJ / s ). Kilowatt-hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time. Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a change of power per hour, i.e. an acceleration in the delivery of energy. It is used to measure

455-435: A dedicated natural gas vehicle that achieves 25 miles per 100 cubic feet of natural gas would have a CAFE value as follows: F E n a t . g a s = 1 0.15 g a l n a t . g a s g a l g a s o l i n e ⋅ [ ( 25 m i 100 f t n

520-442: A different voltage than the battery, it is the battery voltage (typically 3.7 V for Li-ion ) that must be used to calculate rather than the device output (for example, usually 5.0 V for USB portable chargers). This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2,500 mAh battery, not five hours. The Board of Trade unit (B.T.U.) is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt-hour. The term derives from

585-401: A gallon of gasoline (mpg). Comparison of electric vehicles to vehicles that carried their own engine was debated, since the notion of a miles per gallon equivalent as a metric for electric vehicles made the competition trivial for electric vehicles and a corresponding miles per gallon as a metric for the others extremely difficult for the others. Miastrada Company made the case that this defeated

650-684: A general formula for MPGe is: MPGe = total miles driven [ total energy of all fuels consumed energy of one gallon of gasoline ] = ( total miles driven ) × ( energy of one gallon of gasoline ) total energy of all fuels consumed {\displaystyle {\text{MPGe}}={\frac {\text{total miles driven}}{\left[{\frac {\text{total energy of all fuels consumed}}{\text{energy of one gallon of gasoline}}}\right]}}={\frac {({\text{total miles driven}})\times ({\text{energy of one gallon of gasoline}})}{\text{total energy of all fuels consumed}}}} For EPA, this considers

715-574: A higher equivalent fuel economy for EVs improves the carmaker overall fleet fuel economy levels in complying with the CAFE standards, and Congress anticipated that such an incentive would help accelerate the commercialization of electric vehicles. The incentive factor chosen by DoE for EVs is the same ⁠ 1 / 0.15 ⁠ factor already applied in the regulatory treatment of other types of alternative fuel vehicles. When all factors are considered in DoE's formula,

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780-565: A miles per gallon equivalent, MPGe, as the metric to compare with the familiar miles per gallon used for gasoline vehicles. The research also concluded that the kWh per 100 miles metric was more confusing to focus group participants compared to a miles per kWh. Based on these results, EPA decided to use the following fuel economy and fuel consumption metrics on the redesigned labels: MPG (city and highway, and combined); MPGe (city and highway, and combined); Gallons per 100 miles; kWh per 100 miles. The proposed design and final content for two options of

845-582: A particular fuel can vary somewhat given its specific chemistry and production method. For example, in the new efficiency ratings that have been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) – see below – the energy content of a gallon of gasoline is assumed to be 114,989.12 BTU or 33.7 kWh. The miles per gallon equivalent cost of an alternative fuel vehicle can be calculated by

910-490: A partnership with the X Prize Foundation, they planned to report MPGe as one of several measures that will help consumers understand and compare vehicle efficiency for alternative fuel vehicles. As required by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), with the introduction of advanced-technology vehicles in the U.S. new information should be incorporated in the Monroney label of new cars and light-duty trucks sold in

975-689: A simple formula that works with only the capacity of the fuel source and its possible range to compare vehicles. With your local rates for gasoline and your fuel source you can easily compare your alternative fuel vehicle operating cost directly with a gasoline engine model with the following: MPG = mi / gal = $ gal ÷ $ u n i t capacity(unit) × mi {\displaystyle {\text{MPG}}={\text{mi}}/{\text{gal}}={{\$ \over {\text{gal}}}\div {\$ \over unit} \over {\text{capacity(unit)}}}\times {\text{mi}}} The formula includes

1040-932: A simple formula to directly compare the MPG operating costs (rather than the energy consumption of MPGe) with traditional vehicles since the cost of resources varies substantially from region to region. For reference, the complete equation is: MPG = mi / gal = $ gal ÷ $ unit capacity(unit) × capacity(unit) [ ( EnergyQuotient × 100 ) ÷ MPGe ] ÷ 100 {\displaystyle {\text{MPG}}={\text{mi}}/{\text{gal}}={{\$ \over {\text{gal}}}\div {\$ \over {\text{unit}}} \over {\text{capacity(unit)}}}\times {{\text{capacity(unit)}} \over [({\text{EnergyQuotient}}\times 100)\div {\text{MPGe}}]\div 100}} Also for those that prefer kWh/100 mi an equivalent

1105-451: A unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect. All the SI prefixes are commonly applied to the watt-hour: a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 Wh (kWh); a megawatt-hour is 1 million Wh (MWh); a milliwatt-hour is 1/1,000 Wh (mWh) and so on. The kilowatt-hour is commonly used by electrical energy providers for purposes of billing, since

1170-958: A vehicle that is rated at 84 MPGe or 40 kW/100 Mi efficiency and has a 16.5 kW EV battery of which 13.5 kWh is usable for electric driving with an advertised range of 33 miles per charge. Note: Using the battery size instead of the usable charge will provide a conservative value. Using actual charge and actual range driven will provide actual economy. MPG = mi / gal = $ 2.56 gal ÷ $ 0.13 kWh 13.5   kWh × 33.75   mi {\displaystyle {\text{MPG}}={\text{mi}}/{\text{gal}}={{\$ 2.56 \over {\text{gal}}}\div {\$ 0.13 \over {\text{kWh}}} \over 13.5~{\text{kWh}}}\times 33.75~{\text{mi}}} Calculate how many kWh per gallon Kilowatt-hour A kilowatt-hour ( unit symbol : kW⋅h or kW h ; commonly written as kWh )

1235-485: A yearly basis, in units such as megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) gigawatt-hours/year (GWh/yr) or terawatt-hours per year (TWh/yr). These units have dimensions of energy divided by time and thus are units of power. They can be converted to SI power units by dividing by the number of hours in a year, about 8760 h/yr . Thus, 1 GWh/yr = 1 GWh/8760 h ≈ 114.12 kW . Many compound units for various kinds of rates explicitly mention units of time to indicate

1300-575: Is a non-SI unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules (MJ) in SI units, which is the energy delivered by one kilowatt of power for one hour . Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by electric utilities . Metric prefixes are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ). The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour. The International System of Units (SI) unit of energy meanwhile

1365-402: Is accurately described as fuel consumption in some EPA brochures, but this unit appears in the fuel economy section of the Monroney label (which does not use the term fuel consumption). The miles per gallon gasoline equivalent is based on the energy content of gasoline. The energy obtainable from burning one US gallon of gasoline is 115,000 BTU, 33.70 kWh, or 121.3 MJ. To convert

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1430-529: Is calculated by multiplying the device's power consumption in kilowatts by the operating time in hours, and by the price per kilowatt-hour. The unit price of electricity charged by utility companies may depend on the customer's consumption profile over time. Prices vary considerably by locality. In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three. While smaller customer loads are usually billed only for energy, transmission services, and

1495-692: Is directly comparable to a standard internal combustion engine vehicle's fuel costs for its rated MPG. The formula with the correct units for a BEV or PHEV in all electric mode is like this. MPG = mi / gal = $ gal ÷ $ kWh charge(kWh) × mi {\displaystyle {\text{MPG}}={\text{mi}}/{\text{gal}}={{\$ \over {\text{gal}}}\div {\$ \over {\text{kWh}}} \over {\text{charge(kWh)}}}\times {\text{mi}}} Using EPA 2018 Fuel Economy Guides assumptions for national average pricing of $ 2.56/gal regular gasoline and $ 0.13/kWh we can calculate

1560-450: Is measured in watts , or joules per second . For example, a battery stores energy. When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power, the quicker the battery's stored energy is delivered. A higher power output will cause the battery's stored energy to be depleted in a shorter time period. Electric energy production and consumption are sometimes reported on

1625-445: Is often expressed as terawatt-hours (TWh) for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year . A 365-day year equals 8,760 hours, so over a period of one year, power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt-hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of about 114 megawatts for a period of one year. In 2020, the average household in the United States consumed 893 kWh per month. Raising

1690-533: Is similar. For the purposes of this calculation, the fuel economy is equal to the weighted average of the fuel economy while operating on natural gas and while operating on either gasoline or diesel fuel. AMFA specifies the energy content of 100 cubic feet of natural gas to be equal to 0.823 gallons-equivalent of natural gas, and the gallon equivalency of natural gas is considered to have a fuel content, similar to that for alcohol fuels, equal to 0.15 gallons of fuel. For example, under this conversion and gallon equivalency,

1755-505: Is simply: MPG = mi / gal = ( $ gal ÷ $ kWh ) ÷ kWh / 100   mi 100   mi {\displaystyle {\text{MPG}}={\text{mi}}/{\text{gal}}={\Bigl (}{\$ \over {\text{gal}}}\div {\$ \over {\text{kWh}}}{\Bigr )}\div {{\text{kWh}}/100~{\text{mi}} \over 100~{\text{mi}}}} This equation reduces down to

1820-474: Is the joule (symbol J). Because a watt is by definition one joule per second , and because there are 3,600 seconds in an hour, one kWh equals 3,600  kilojoules or 3.6 MJ. A widely used representation of the kilowatt-hour is kWh , derived from its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in billing for delivered energy to consumers by electric utility companies, and in commercial, educational, and scientific publications, and in

1885-467: Is used with loads or output that vary during the year but whose annual totals are similar from one year to the next. For example, it is useful to compare the energy efficiency of household appliances whose power consumption varies with time or the season of the year. Another use is to measure the energy produced by a distributed power source. One kilowatt-hour per year equals about 114.08 milliwatts applied constantly during one year. The energy content of

1950-560: The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program; and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to collect gas guzzler taxes . Fuel economy estimates for window stickers and CAFE standard compliance are different. The EPA MPGe rating shown in the Monroney label is based on the consumption of the on-board energy content stored in the fuel tank or in the vehicle's battery, or any other energy source, and only represents

2015-433: The annual electricity generation for whole countries and the world energy consumption . A kilowatt is a unit of power (rate of flow of energy per unit of time). A kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy. Kilowatt per hour would be a rate of change of power flow with time. Work is the amount of energy transferred to a system; power is the rate of delivery of energy. Energy is measured in joules , or watt-seconds . Power

Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-861: The tank-to-wheel energy consumption. CAFE estimates are based on a well-to-wheel basis and in the case of liquid fuels and electric drive vehicles also account for the energy consumed upstream to produce the fuel or electricity and deliver it to the vehicle. Fuel economy for CAFE purposes include an incentive adjustment for alternative fuel vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles which results in higher MPGe than those estimated for window stickers. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) enacted in 1988 provides Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) incentives for manufacturing alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) that are powered by ethanol , methanol , or natural gas fuels , either exclusively or in conjunction with gasoline or diesel fuel. These dual-fuel vehicles also are known as flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs). To provide incentives for

2145-405: The "MPG illusion". As mentioned above, confusion and misinterpretation is common in the public between the two types of " fuel efficiency ". Fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will go per amount of fuel (units of MPGe). Fuel consumption is the reciprocal of fuel economy, and measures the fuel used to drive a fixed distance (units of gal/100 miles or kWh/100 miles). The unit of Gal/100 miles

2210-752: The Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt. In May 2011, the NHTSA and EPA issued a joint final rule establishing new requirements for a fuel economy and environment label that is mandatory for all new passenger cars and trucks starting with model year 2013. The ruling includes new labels for alternative fuel and alternative propulsion vehicles available in the US market, such as plug-in hybrids, electric vehicles, flexible-fuel vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, and natural gas vehicles. The common fuel economy metric adopted to allow

2275-415: The SI. An electric heater consuming 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt) operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours. The cost of running an electrical device

2340-665: The U.S. are required to have this label showing the EPA's estimate of fuel economy of the vehicle. In a joint ruling issued in May 2011 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and EPA established the new requirements for a fuel economy and environment label that is mandatory for all new passenger cars and trucks starting with model year 2013. This ruling uses miles per gallon gasoline equivalent for all fuel and advanced technology vehicles available in

2405-424: The U.S. market including plug-in hybrids, electric vehicles , flexible-fuel vehicles , hydrogen fuel cell vehicle , natural gas vehicles , diesel-powered vehicles, and gasoline-powered vehicles. In addition to being displayed on new vehicles, fuel economy ratings are used by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to publish the annual Fuel Economy Guide; the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to administer

2470-458: The advertised range for the calculation. The formula works by deriving how much alternative fuel can be purchased for the cost of a gallon of gasoline, creating a ratio of this quantity to the storage capacity of the vehicle, and then multiplies this ratio by the vehicle's possible range. The result is number of miles the vehicle travels on alternative fuel for the same cost of a single gallon of gasoline. The end computation results in MPG unit and

2535-412: The comparison of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles is miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe). A gallon of gasoline equivalent means the number of kilowatt hours of electricity, cubic feet of compressed natural gas (CNG), or kilograms of hydrogen that is equal to the energy in a gallon of gasoline. The new labels also show for

2600-712: The conventional fuel, the resulting CAFE would be: F E d u a l − f u e l = [ 0.5 25 m p g c o n v e n t i o n a l + 0.5 100 m p g a l c e q u i v ] − 1 = 40 m p g c o m b i n e d e q u i v {\displaystyle FE_{dual-fuel}=\left[{\frac {0.5}{25\,mpg_{conventional}}}+{\frac {0.5}{100\,mpg_{alc\,equiv}}}\right]^{-1}=40\,mpg_{combined\,equiv}} Calculation of fuel economy for natural gas vehicles

2665-834: The country, such as ratings on fuel economy, greenhouse gas emissions , and other air pollutants . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) have conducted a series of studies to determine the best way to redesign this label to provide consumers with simple energy and environmental comparisons across all vehicles types, including battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles powered by gasoline and diesel, in order to help consumers choose more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles. These changes were proposed to be introduced in new vehicles beginning with model year 2012. The EPA rating for on board energy efficiency for electric vehicles before 2010

Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-558: The daily variation of demand (e.g. the slope of the duck curve ), or ramp-up behavior of power plants . For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h . Other uses of terms such as watts per hour are likely to be errors. Several other units related to kilowatt-hour are commonly used to indicate power or energy capacity or use in specific application areas. Average annual energy production or consumption can be expressed in kilowatt-hours per year. This

2795-453: The definition of alternative fuel to include liquefied petroleum gas , hydrogen , liquid fuels derived from coal and biological materials, electricity and any other fuel that the Secretary of Transportation determines to be substantially non-petroleum based and has environmental and energy security benefits. Beginning in 1993, manufacturers of these other alternative fuel automobiles that meet

2860-429: The energy efficiency or equivalent fuel economy of electric vehicles increases, being calculated in miles per the petroleum-equivalency factor of 82,049 Wh/gal rather than miles per the usual gasoline gallon equivalent of 33,705 Wh/gallon, for the purposes of CAFE credits to manufacturers. The Automotive X Prize competition was intended to encourage development of automobiles that would be capable of operating 100 miles on

2925-402: The first time an estimate of how much fuel or electricity it takes to drive 100 miles (160 km), introducing to U.S. consumers with fuel consumption per distance traveled, a metric commonly used in other countries. EPA explained that the objective is to avoid the traditional miles per gallon metric that can be potentially misleading when consumers compare fuel economy improvements, and known as

2990-456: The following energy content-based equivalency factors: A dedicated AFV which operates solely on alcohol would divide the alcohol fuel economy by the energy-equivalency factor of 0.15. As an example, a dedicated AFV that achieves 15 mpg fuel economy while operating on alcohol would have a CAFE calculated as follows: F E a l c o h o l = 1 0.15 ⋅ ( 15 m p g

3055-435: The highway. As part of the research and redesign process, EPA conducted focus groups where participants were presented with several options to express the consumption of electricity for plug-in electric vehicles . The research showed that participants did not understand the concept of a kilowatt hour as a measure of electric energy use despite the use of this unit in their monthly electric bills. Instead, participants favored

3120-404: The inherent efficiency of the vehicle as the range capability of a specific fuel source capacity directly represents the EPA testing, it then becomes universal regardless of weight, vehicle size, co-efficient of drag, rolling resistance as these directly influence the range possible and are accounted for. Driving style and weather conditions can be accounted for by using the achieved range instead of

3185-680: The late 1990s and early 2000s several electric cars were produced in limited quantities as a result of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) mandate for more fuel-efficient zero-emissions vehicles . Popular models available in California included the General Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4 EV. The U.S. DoE and EPA rating for on board energy efficiency for these electric vehicles was expressed as kilowatt hour /mile (KWh/mi),

3250-538: The liquid fuel; the energy losses due to power transmission; or the energy consumed for the transportation of the fuel from the well to the station. Basic values for the energy content of various fuels are given by the defaults used in the Department of Energy GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy used in Transportation) model, as follows: Note: 1 kWh is equivalent to 3,412 BTU The energy content of

3315-526: The media. It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering. This common representation, however, does not comply with the style guide of the International System of Units (SI). Other representations of the unit may be encountered: The hour is a unit of time listed among the non-SI units accepted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use with

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3380-735: The mile per gallon rating into other units of distance per unit energy used, the mile per gallon value can be multiplied by one of the following factors to obtain other units: MPGe is determined by converting the vehicle consumption per unit distance, as determined through computer modeling or completion of an actual driving cycle, from its native units into a gasoline energy equivalent. Examples of native units include W·h for electric vehicles, kg- H 2 for hydrogen vehicles, gallons for biodiesel or liquefied natural gas vehicles, cubic feet for compressed natural gas vehicles, and pounds for propane or Liquefied petroleum gas vehicles. Special cases for specific alternative fuels are discussed below, but

3445-403: The monthly energy consumption of a typical residential customer ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand kilowatt-hours. Megawatt-hours (MWh), gigawatt-hours (GWh), and terawatt-hours (TWh) are often used for metering larger amounts of electrical energy to industrial customers and in power generation. The terawatt-hour and petawatt-hour (PWh) units are large enough to conveniently express

3510-565: The most commonly known metric in science and engineering for measuring energy consumption, and used as the billing unit for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities . In order to address the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations mandated by the U.S. Congress in 1975, the U.S. Department of Energy established in July 2000 a methodology for calculating the petroleum-equivalent fuel economy of electric vehicles on

3575-478: The national average. This is normalized to the previous gasoline value, resulting in a well-to-vehicle gasoline-equivalent energy content of electricity of only 12,307 Wh/gal. The formula also includes a "fuel content factor" of ⁠ 1 / 0.15 ⁠ (about 6.667) to benefit electric vehicles, raising the value from 12,307 to 82,049 Wh/gal. This reward factor is intended provide an incentive for vehicle manufactures to produce and sell electric vehicles, as

3640-434: The new sticker label that would be introduced in 2013 model year cars and trucks were consulted for 60 days with the public in 2010, and both include miles per gallon equivalent and kWh per 100 miles as the fuel economy metrics for plug-in cars, but in one option MPGe and annual electricity cost are the two most prominent metrics. In November 2010, EPA introduced MPGe as comparison metric on its new sticker for fuel economy for

3705-451: The operating costs between alternative fuel vehicles and the MPG rating of internal combustion engine vehicles due to the wide variation in costs for the fuel sources regionally since the EPA assumes prices that represents the national averages. Miles per gallon equivalent cost for alternate fuel can be calculated with a simple conversion to the conventional mpg (miles per gallon, miles/gal). See conversion to MPG by cost below. The MPGe metric

3770-554: The purpose of the competition, to no avail. In April 2007, as part of Draft Competition Guidelines released at the New York Auto Show, MPGe was announced as the main merit metric for the Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize , a competition developed by the X Prize Foundation for super-efficient vehicles that can achieve at least 100 MPGe. In February 2009, Consumer Reports announced that, as part of

3835-438: The qualifying requirements can also benefit for special treatment in the calculation of their CAFE. In 1994 the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) introduced gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) as a metric for fuel economy for natural gas vehicles . NIST defined a gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) as 5.660 pounds of natural gas, and gasoline liter equivalent (GLE) as 0.678 kilograms of natural gas. During

3900-423: The rated capacity, larger consumers also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes. This compensates the power company for maintaining the infrastructure needed to provide peak power. These charges are billed as demand changes. Industrial users may also have extra charges according to the power factor of their load. Major energy production or consumption

3965-424: The tank-to-wheel for liquids and wall-to-wheel energy consumption for electricity, i.e. it measures the energy for which the owner usually pays. For EVs the energy cost includes the conversions from AC to charge the battery. The EPA MPGe ratings displayed in window stickers do not account for the energy consumption upstream, which includes the energy or fuel required to generate the electricity or to extract and produce

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4030-403: The temperature of 1 litre of water from room temperature to the boiling point with an electric kettle takes about 0.1 kWh. A 12 watt LED lamp lit constantly uses about 0.3 kW⋅h per 24 hours and about 9 kWh per month. In terms of human power , a healthy adult male manual laborer performs work equal to about half a kilowatt-hour over an eight-hour day. To convert a quantity measured in

4095-487: The widespread use of these fuels and to promote the production of AFVs and FFVs, AMFA grants AFV/FFV manufacturers CAFE credits, which allows them to raise their overall fleet fuel economy levels to comply with the CAFE standards. Beginning in 1993, manufacturers of qualified AFVs can improve their CAFE estimation by computing the weighted average of the fuel economy when operating on conventional fuel (gasoline and diesel) and when operating on alternative fuel(s). AMFA provides

4160-474: Was expressed as kilowatt hour per 100 miles (kWh/100 mi). For example, the window sticker of the 2009 Mini E showed an energy consumption of 33 kWh/100 mi for city driving and 36 kWh/100 mi on the highway, technically equivalent to 100 mpg‑e city and 94 mpg‑e highway. Similarly, the 2009 Tesla Roadster was rated 32 kWh/100 mi (110 mpg‑e) in city and 33 kWh/100 mi (100 mpg‑e) on

4225-665: Was introduced in November 2010 by EPA in the Monroney sticker of the Nissan Leaf electric car and the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid . The ratings are based on EPA's formula, in which 33.7 kWh (121 MJ) of electricity is equivalent to one (U.S.) gallon of gasoline, and the energy consumption of each vehicle during EPA's five standard drive cycle tests simulating varying driving conditions. All new cars and light-duty trucks sold in

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