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30-557: Multi-National Force-Iraq was established to handle strategic level issues while Multi-National Corps – Iraq, a subordinate command, directed the tactical battle. A number of US Army corps headquarters rotated into Iraq to provide the MNC-I headquarters. Also created under MNF-I was the Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq (MNSTC-I), which primarily directed the reconstruction of Iraqi security forces. With

60-703: A bomb went off in the Iraqi Parliament cafeteria, killing Mohammed Awad (a member of the Sunni National Dialogue Front) and injuring 22, including one of the vice presidents. The Green Zone was shelled with rocket and mortar fire almost daily from March 23, 2008, until May 5, 2008, causing numerous civilian and military casualties; as stated in a USA Today article, a high percentage of the rocket and mortar fire originated in Sadr City . On April 6, 2008, two U.S. soldiers were killed and 17 more wounded when

90-598: A rocket or mortar attack struck inside the Green Zone. On July 22, 2010, three Triple Canopy security guard contractors (two Ugandans and one Peruvian ) were killed and 15 more wounded (including two U.S. nationals) when a rocket attack struck inside the International Zone. Since the handover of sovereignty to Iraqis, many of the facilities in the Green Zone have been turned over to the new Iraqi government. A number of embassies are located there. The largest embassy in

120-513: Is also known as Karradat Mariam , so named for a locally famous woman who helped the poor people of Baghdad. The area was taken by US military forces in April 2003 in some of the heaviest fighting during the capture of Baghdad. In the lead-up to the US invasion of Iraq, Saddam and many high status residents of the area were evacuated because of the anticipated aerial bombardment of the area by US forces. Most of

150-588: Is definitely deployed within MNF-I but whether it is actually under 4th Infantry Division/MND Baghdad is unknown. The complete rotation to brigade level under MNF-I is as follows: Headquarters: V Corps (Fwd) The Pentagon announced on 20 June 2006 the units that will be deploying to Iraq as part of the OIF 06-08 rotation of forces: Multi-National Corps-Iraq oversaw divisions in the north of Iraq (MND-N), in Baghdad (MND-B), and in

180-605: Is protected by the Tigris River – the only entrance to the zone from this side is the Arbataash Tamuz (July 14) Bridge (named for the date that the former regime came to power). The Green Zone was frequently shelled by insurgents with mortars and rockets , though these attacks caused few casualties. In October 2004 it was hit by two suicide bombings , which destroyed the bazaar and the Green Zone Cafe . On April 12, 2007,

210-530: The 1st Corps Support Command based at Logistics Support Area Anaconda at Balad, Iraq , was providing theatre logistics support. The two units in OIF Rotation (OIF-3) deployed July 2004, were the U.S. Army 3rd Infantry Division and the 42nd Infantry Division of the New York National Guard. The 3rd Infantry Division headquarters commanded two brigades of the division and the 256th Infantry Brigade of

240-701: The Green Zone during the occupation to refer to an area under the full control of the Coalition Forces , in contrast to the Red Zone . The Green Zone was the governmental headquarters of the Coalition Provisional Authority that oversaw the public administration of the country from April 2003 until June 2004, when it was succeeded by the Iraqi Interim Government . The latter facilitated

270-532: The Iraqi Police and Border Enforcement, Facilities Protection, and other forces. It was headquartered in the International Zone ( Green Zone ) in Baghdad at Phoenix Base, a former elementary school. The Office of Security Cooperation, which existed for only three months, was replaced by the Office of Security Transition (OST). General Petraeus first took command of the Office of Security Transition; its deputy commander

300-615: The Karkh district of central Baghdad , Iraq , and the seat of the Iraqi government . View over Green Zone , which contains governmental headquarters and the army, in addition to containing the headquarters of the American embassy and the headquarters of foreign organizations and agencies of other countries. The International Zone was a heavily fortified zone in the center of the Iraqi capital that served as

330-637: The Directorate of Defense Affairs and Directorate of Interior Affairs: In addition, the organization partnered with the NATO Training Mission – Iraq (NTM-I) as the commander of MNSTC-I is "dual hatted" as the NTM-I commander as well. In June 2009, the organization structure changed again with the creation of the Iraqi Training and Advisory Mission (ITAM) led by US Army Major General Richard J. Rowe, Jr ,

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360-734: The Iraqi Security Assistance Mission (ISAM), and the Partnership Strategy Group (PSG-I). ITAM and ISAM, INCTF and PSG-I report to the Deputy Commanding General. ITAM was focused on institutional training while ISAM focused on Foreign Military Sales . Under the new ITAM structure: Under the new PSG-I structure: Joint Headquarters Assistance Team (JHQ-AT) was absorbed into the PSG-I organization. ISAM: The organizations under ISAM mirror ITAM, though it took over

390-533: The Louisiana National Guard. The division relieved the 1st Cavalry Division in and around Baghdad. The complete OIF-3 rotation to brigade level under MNF-I was as follows: Headquarters XVIII Airborne Corps The OIF 4 rotation was announced on 14 December 2004. The 4th Infantry Division's second deployment to Iraq began in the fall of 2005. The division headquarters replaced the 3rd Infantry Division, which had been directing security operations as

420-579: The MNSTC-I mission was a central part of the U.S. exit strategy . Among the advisors sent were large numbers of both Army National Guard , including both line battalions and Special Forces, and United States Army Reserve , including significant elements of the 98th Division . Owen West's book The Snake Eaters includes open complaints about the quality of advisors; there was a perception that mentoring teams were staffed with "leftovers." Advisors did not arrive prepared: their knowledge of Iraqi culture and Islam

450-470: The Ministries of Defense and Interior. All of these missions were consolidated under the new command MNSTC-I. MNSTC-I was originally organized into three training teams, listed below, but later grew dramatically as newer missions and needs were identified. The three former organizations were: MNSTC-I expanded from the three original organizations to consists of the following subordinate units organized under

480-490: The U.S. training mission was "delegitimizing." Michael Ferriter was the successor Deputy Commander, Advising and Training, United States Forces - Iraq , from January to October 2011. Green Zone The Green Zone ( Arabic : المنطقة الخضراء , romanized :  al-minṭaqah al-ḫaḍrā ) is the most common name for the International Zone of Baghdad . It is a 10-square-kilometer (3.9 sq mi) area in

510-495: The conflict, but most were urban poor who had been homeless or lived in slums before the war and saw moving into the abandoned houses as a sizable increase in their standard of living. They felt that since they were not Ba'athist, they had as much right to the vacated houses as the Coalition authorities. As of 2009, there continued to be some five thousand of these Iraqis living in the International Zone. The area came to be known as

540-546: The drawdown of US forces from Iraq per the Status of Forces Agreement and President George W. Bush 's announced timeline, Multi-National Corps – Iraq merged back into its parent command of MNF-I, which was renamed United States Forces – Iraq (USF-I) following the withdrawal of all remaining coalition partners from the country. Canadian Major Generals Walter Natynczyk , Peter Devlin , and Nicholas Matern served as Deputy Commanding Generals of Multi-National Corps – Iraq. In 2005,

570-571: The duties of the Security Assistance Office (SAO). MNSTC-I published a monthly magazine, The Advisor , with information on the training of the Iraqi Security Forces. MNSTC-I was replaced by United States Forces – Iraq in 2010. MNSTC–I became U.S. Forces – Iraq, Advising and Training, which was under a major general who remained double-hatted as Commander, NATO Training Mission – Iraq . Kalinovsky cites Visser and argues

600-405: The entry checkpoints. The Green Zone was completely surrounded by high concrete blast walls , T-Walls and barbed wire fences with access only available through a handful of entry control points, all controlled by Coalition troops. It is this security that made the Green Zone the safest area of Baghdad, and gave its name colloquially as "the bubble". The southern and eastern side of the zone

630-568: The first elections held after the US-led invasion, in 2005. Entry to the Green Zone was under the control of a small garrison of American troops who manned the various checkpoints. They were typically a battalion of soldiers at FOB Prosperity , under the command of the Multi-National Division – Baghdad . Additionally, a battalion of coalition soldiers from the Republic of Georgia also manned

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660-405: The headquarters for Multi-National Division - Baghdad . The 4th assumed responsibility on January 7, 2006 for four provinces in central and southern Iraq: Baghdad, Karbala, An-Najaf and Babil. On 7 January 2006, MND-Baghdad also assumed responsibility for training Iraqi security forces and conducting security operations in the four provinces. The 36th Aviation Brigade's subordination is unclear. It

690-547: The headquarters of successive Iraqi regimes. It was the administrative center for the Ba'ath Party . The area was not originally home to the villas of government officials though it was the location of a number of military bases, government ministries, and presidential palaces inhabited by Saddam Hussein and his family. The largest of these was the Republican Palace that was President Saddam Hussein's primary seat of power. The area

720-532: The heels of the forward invading forces decided they were ideal for use by Coalition administrators. Jay Garner , head of the reconstruction team, set up his headquarters in the former Republican Palace ; other villas were taken by groups of government officials and private contractors. Eventually some five thousand officials and civil contractors settled in the area. The abandoned buildings were not only attractive to Coalition forces, but also to homeless Iraqis. Among these were individuals who had lost their homes in

750-512: The remaining residents fled as US ground forces closed in on the Iraqi capital out of a fear of arrest by Coalition forces or possible reprisals by disgruntled Iraqis. Some of the original inhabitants who did not flee continued to live in the area but many are also undocumented squatters referred to as the "215 Apartments". Coalition airstrikes at the outset of the fighting left a sizable number of buildings in central Baghdad abandoned. The Coalition Provisional Authority administrators who arrived on

780-591: The south (MND-S). MND-S was itself a fusion of two former multi-national (UK and Australia) divisions: Multi-National Division-Center (MND-C) and the British led Multi-National Division – Southeast (MND-SE). The withdrawal of MND-SE ended non-U.S. "coalition force" deployment in Iraq. The United States Marine Corps had sole responsibility for "West Iraq". Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq Multi-National Security Transition Command – Iraq ( MNSTC-I )

810-611: The world, namely, the U.S. embassy is located in the southern part of the International or "Green" Zone overlooking the Tigris River. On 1 January 2009, full control of the International Zone (formerly "Green Zone") was handed over to Iraqi security forces, though the Zone remained off-limits to the public. This changed on 4 October 2015, when it was opened to the public with certain restrictions, and again on 10 December 2018, when parts of

840-576: Was "literally power point deep." The command was a direct outgrowth of the need to create a new Iraqi Army under the Coalition Provisional Authority . To do this the Coalition Military Assistance Training Team (CMATT) was established under Major General Paul Eaton . Separate efforts under the State Department were designed to build a new police force through the [Civilian Police Assistance Team] and advisory missions to

870-697: Was Brigadier Nigel Aylwin-Foster of the British Army . The OST, whose lifespan was a mere month, was effectively only a name change for the Office of Security Cooperation. The OST was replaced by MNSTC-I. MNSTC-I's mission was to assist the Defense and Interior Ministries by improving Iraqi quality and institutional performance. MNSTC-I aimed for the ISF to increasingly assume responsibility for population protection and develop Iraqi security institutions capable of sustaining security with reduced Coalition involvement. Therefore,

900-780: Was a training and organizational-support command of the United States Department of Defense . It was established in June 2004. It was a military formation of Multi-National Force – Iraq responsible for developing, organizing, training, equipping, and sustaining the Iraqi Ministry of Defense (MoD), with the Iraqi Armed Forces , including the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service ; and the Ministry of Interior (Iraq) with

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